No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The Wheat Sector in India: Production, Policies and Food Security
Abstract
Over the past two decades (1990–2010) India has experienced a dramatic turnaround in its economic conditions and has achieved unprecedented levels of prosperity. The agricultural sector in India has undergone significant reforms that have moved India from being a net exporter of food grains to being self-sufficient. This chapter investigates the Indian wheat sector. In particular, we discuss the current production and consumption of wheat in India. We discuss wheat productivity by location (states), export capacity and the agricultural policies that support wheat production. We also investigate the impact of climate change on wheat production. Finally, we present food and nutrition security issues in India. We conclude that, although India may be self-sufficient in food, the hunger problem in the country has shifted from malnutrition to undernutrition.
... But the growth rate in agriculture increased from 2.7% in 1960 to 3.4% in 2010 (Chand and Parappurathu 2012). Recent studies confirmed declining TFP in wheat in major states of Haryana and Bihar, 2000 onwards (Tripathi and Mishra 2017). ...
... Studies revealed that in India, the major source of productivity growth in wheat was technical change than efficiency change even during the period 1982-83 to 1999-2000 (Bhushan 2005). Declining TFP of wheat in Indian states along with Haryana was confirmed using Tornqvist index for the period 1990-2008 and negative growth in TFP pointed out that major source of output growth was due to growth in inputs (Tripathi and Mishra 2017). ...
The study estimates total factor productivity (TFP) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which form the mainstay of food security in India. The study period is 25 years from 1991–92 to 2015–16, secondary data from 12 major rice and wheat producing states was collected from Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES). Results depict declining mean TFP for both rice and wheat in the period II (2002–2015) compared to period I (1991–2001) of study. Major producing states have been facing stagnation in productivity and the results also confirm the proposition that technical efficiency could not catch up with the technical progress in both wheat and rice cultivation. Hence, the results confirm that the TFP change was associated more with technical change than with efficiency change in all the states during both the study periods. Thus, the results conclude that the agricultural development strategy has to pay increased attention towards the factors that could influence the efficiency as well along with the factors that result in
technical progress especially in case of rice and wheat which constitute the Indian food security basket.
... Results from the spatio-temporal analysis using the emerging hotspot analysis are well correlated with the actual observed facts. The presence of consecutive hot spots for yield in the northern India suggests less acceleration of yield improvement occurring there, similar observations on changes in wheat yield was made by Tripathi and Mishra, 2017;Sendhil et al., 2018 andAsseng et al., 2017), probably as a result of transformation to new settlements as a consequence of an intensifying rural complex due to NCR's fast increasing population (Statistical Abstracts of Delhi (SAD), 2014). Similarly the new cold spot appearance in the northern Gujarat and western Rajasthan for wheat crop area, coincides with the saline water intrusions and the presence of arid desert (Roy et al. 2016) respectively. ...
... Our result on cold spot for wheat yield increase in southern India is consistent with the observation that high temperatures already limit wheat production in southern India (Trethowan et al., 2018). Similarly studies have shown that India will not be able to meet the growing demand for wheat in upcoming years due to increase in population (Tripathi and Mishra, 2017) and climate change (Asseng et al., 2017). ...
This study was conducted to understand the changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of wheat crop production including the changes in area and yield. We employed the emerging hot and cold spot analysis along with space time cube and space-time cluster density analysis to study the spatial changes in wheat crop production, area and yield, and understand the changes in spatiotemporal features. We made a comprehensive analysis of the changes in wheat crop production, area and yield on pan India basis for the period from 1999 to 2015. The major findings were: (a) During the study period significant increase in wheat yield occurred within the North Indian states of Punjab and Haryana and intensifying hot spots appeared within the Indo-Gangetic plains. (b) The Analysis of the area under wheat cultivation showed a persistent hot spot in the Northern states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, with new hot spots observed in the regions of Central India during the years 2014 and 2015. (d) The analysis of the wheat crop production showed significant new cold spots in Rajasthan and Gujarat, with intensifying hotspots emanating into the lower delta regions of Ganges. Present study also revealed the potential of GIS based data models when related with additional background information, to segregate the most significant clusters of changes (increase / decrease) happening over active wheat crop cultivation. We expect the results from this study to help in increasing the wheat crop yield and production in the future.
... The highest share in production was by Uttar Pradesh (31.92%) and Punjab (17.85%). Wheat crop sowing starts from the early October to the end of December with the heading starting in January and harvesting during March, April and May (Tripathi and Mishra, 2017). The fifth Assessment Report (AR5) establishes the fact of global warming by an explanation on the physical science aspects of climate change by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2013). ...
... India, being enriched with diverse agro-ecological environments, is the second largest producer of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide (MoA & FW, 2019), which is cultivated during the Rabi season (Ramadas et al., 2020). It requires an optimal mean temperature ranging from 20 to 25°C (Tripathi and Mishra, 2017). However, the average global temperature is reported to be increasing at a rate of 0.18°C every decade (Hansen et al., 2012). ...
Wheat yield can be limited by many biotic and abiotic factors. Heat stress at the grain filling stage is a factor that reduces wheat production tremendously. The potential role of endophytic microorganisms in mitigating plant stress through various biomolecules like enzymes and growth hormones and also by improving plant nutrition has led to a more in-depth exploration of the plant microbiome for such functions. Hence, we devised this study to investigate the abundance and diversity of wheat seed endophytic bacteria (WSEB) from heatS (heat susceptible, GW322) and heatT (heat tolerant, HD3298 and HD3271) varieties by culturable and unculturable approaches. The results evidenced that the culturable diversity was higher in the heatS variety than in the heatT variety and Bacillus was found to be dominant among the 10 different bacterial genera identified. Though the WSEB population was higher in the heatS variety, a greater number of isolates from the heatT variety showed tolerance to higher temperatures (up to 55°C) along with PGP activities such as indole acetic acid (IAA) production and nutrient acquisition. Additionally, the metagenomic analysis of seed microbiota unveiled higher bacterial diversity, with a predominance of the phyla Proteobacteria covering >50% of OTUs, followed by Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. There were considerable variations in the abundance and diversity between heat sensitivity contrasting varieties, where notably more thermophilic bacterial OTUs were observed in the heatT samples, which could be attributed to conferring tolerance against heat stress. Furthermore, exploring the functional characteristics of culturable and unculturable microbiomes would provide more comprehensive information on improving plant growth and productivity for sustainable agriculture.
... Globally, wheat is the most widely cultivated crop covering 217 million ha with 764 million tonnes output (USDA 2020) that feeds nearly 2.5 billion people. In India, wheat is cultivated in around 30 million ha (Ramadas et al. 2019) and consumption has reached 95.62 million tonnes (Sharma and Sendhil 2015) contributing nearly 50% of protein and calorie requirements (Tripathi and Mishra 2017). Price uncertainty, being an economic threat, can deprive the poor households away from adequate access to wheat and lead to rise in poverty, hunger, malnutrition, and food insecurity (Gustafson, 2013). ...
Wheat is an integral part of food as well as nutrition security holding a significant share in the consumption basket. Hence, any extreme deviations in the staple food price will affect the prospects of the economy. In the context, we analysed the price dynamics and price volatility in Indian wholesale wheat markets using compound annual growth rate, instability indices, and Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model. The study sourced monthly data (July 2002 to June 2019) from the AGMARKNET portal for 15 states. Research findings indicated that the wholesale price, as well as divergence between maximum and minimum price, was highest in the case of Kerala implying the non-production region. Monthly price indices (highest as well as lowest in Haryana respectively during December: 109.90 and July: 91.48) exhibited a clear-cut seasonality attributed to the wheat arrivals post-crop harvest. Barring Maharashtra, the growth and variation in seasonal price indices were positive and relatively low respectively across markets. Corroborating the price trend, Kerala exhibited the highest volatility as evident by the GARCH model estimates, followed by Gujarat, Haryana and Chhattisgarh. Inter alia, volatility in wheat prices is directly linked to regional production. The study advocates for effective dissemination of market information such as price forecast, demand and supply to counter the price volatility as well as decision making for profitable agri-business.
... The scarcity of the existing cropland further threatens the food security and nutrition needs of the growing population. Among all staple food crop, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is dominant because wheat stores both micro-(calcium and iron) and macro-nutrients (sugars, fat and protein), which helps in the establishment of a healthy society [4]. So, the demand for wheat is globally increasing and there is need to produce sufficient food from the existing land base. ...
Low availability of native soil phosphorus (P) is a major constraint limiting sustainable
crop production especially in alkaline calcareous soils. Application of organic manure in this regard has gained attention of the scientific community. Yet, the potential of fermented animal manure in improving P use efficiency and subsequent crop yield has not been assessed. This pot experiment was designed to study the performance of wheat under application of non-fermented and fermented animal manure in combination with 0, 45 or 90 kg·ha−1 phosphorus in the form of diammonium phosphate (DAP). Results show that non-fermented animal manure and split dose of phosphorus fertilizer improved plant quantitative attributes including plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake parameters. However, the placement of fermented animal manure combined with the full amount of P (90 kg·ha−1) fertilizer gave the mean highest value of fertile tillers per pot (12) and their grain yield (5.2 g). Moreover, plant physiological parameters were enhanced with fermented animal manure and the recommended rate of P fertilizer compared with the control. Likewise, the biochemical properties of wheat grain such as fat, fiber, ash and protein contents were increased by 1.24, 2.26, 1.47 and 11.2%, respectively, in plants receiving fermented animal manure and P fertilizer (90 kg·ha−1). Furthermore, co-application of fermented animal manure with P (90 kg·ha−1) into soil improved phosphorus uptake from 0.72 to 1.25 g·pot−1, phosphorus usage efficiency from 0.715 to 0.856 mg·pot−1, and soil phosphorus extent from 7.58 to 16.1% over controls. It is thus inferred that this new approach resulted in release of P from fermented manure that not only reduced fixation but also enhanced the growth, yield, physiology and nutrient uptake in wheat.
... Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple food for billions of people. It provides nearly 50% of the calories and protein requirements of Indian diet [1]. In India, it is grown in an area of 29.58 M ha with an annual production and productivity of 99.7 Mt and 3.37 tha -1 , respectively [2]. ...
Weeds are the major biological constraints to wheat production, which reduces the wheat yield up to 80%. The phytotoxic effect of brassica water extracts against weeds has been previously studied; however, the effects of mustard seed meal water extract (MSMWE) alone or in combination with reduced rate of isoproturon (IP) have not yet been explored. Hence, a field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design to investigate the efficacy of MSMWE, at variable rates, i.e., 113, 225, 338, and 450 L ha⁻¹ alone or combined with IP at 0.50 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ (POST) (IP 0.5), and compared with the recommended rate of IP at 1.0 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ (POST) (IP 1.0), weedy control, and twice-hand weeding (2-HW). Results revealed that 2-HW was the best treatment for weed suppression and wheat yield. Overall, MSMWE 450 L ha⁻¹ + IP 0.5 was highly effective in the suppression of broadleaved weeds (BLWs) as well as of total weeds, and recorded the highest weed control efficiency (47.67) and herbicide efficiency index (0.927). Further, this treatment positively enhanced the tiller count, grain count earhead⁻¹ and grain yield. Application of IP 1.0 effectively suppressed the BLWs, however, failed in the suppression of grassy weeds and total weeds; further, it showed a negative influence on crop dry matter accumulation and grain yield. Sole application of MSMWE suppressed the grassy weeds, dominated by Cynodon dactylon, as compared to combined and sole application of IP. Here we show for the first time that sole MSMWE has potential for suppression of C. dactylon.
... The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) examined the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture by surveying the differences in crop production per hectare in different regions and states in the period from 2000 to 2007-2008 and has identified about 14% decline in rice production, i.e., from 17.96% in the 2000 to 3.45% in 2007-2008, and about 30% decrease in the production of wheat by the year 2007-2008 (Tripathi and Mishra 2017). Thus, if this situation continues, i.e., agricultural production cannot be raised up to optimum level, food security in India will be not only at risk but will collapse totally. ...
Food security of a country or community is the major condition to achieve the highest sustainable development. Climate change exerts enormous impact on global food security putting it to a risk most of the time. Thus, lack of food security is the most burning global problem emerging as a result of climate change. Depletion of environmental resources due to extreme weather conditions affects food production and instability. Countries and communities in the coastal areas, floodplains, high mountains, drylands, the Arctic region, and low-income people particularly in urban areas are most vulnerable to food insecurity. People’s right to food can be secured by reducing the risk of hunger and undernutrition. Food security is the combination of food availability, food accessibility, food utilization, and food stability to the people. Thus, socioeconomic structure of a community is also dependent on food security. The increasing nature of social and biophysical vulnerabilities of a country determined the effect of the changing climate on food security. Food grain production in India has declined to 1.8% in 2015 than above 3% in the 1990s. India has become the second largest producer of rice and wheat and is leading in pulse production all over the world. To reduce the risk to food security from climate change, effective adaptive measures should be adopted. India scored 31.1 in the 2018 Global Hunger Index. Human impacts on the environment exacerbate changes in the climate which lead to the risk of food security. Global food security can be protected by acclimatization, adaptation, and mitigation. Acclimatization and adaptation can be acquired through self-directed efforts whereas innovation policies by ecological managers. Development and adoption of new technologies are necessary to adopt with the changing climate and achieving total food security in the country. This chapter mainly focuses on the effects of climate change on food production and accessibility to healthy food irrespective of socioeconomic class and caste in India and also puts concern on the discussion regarding the recent policies, action plans, and strategies adopted worldwide to handle the risk of climate change.KeywordsClimate changeFood accessFood securityFood stabilityMitigation
... The sowing of winter wheat starts from 1st of October and runs through to the end of December. Wheat is usually begun to head in January, with the harvest following in March, April and May (Tripathi & Mishra, 2017). Farmer faces the problems in wheat cultivation due to poor resource base and non-adoption of recommended techniques (Ahirwar et al. 2015). ...
Wheat is one of the most popular staple foods in India which compete well with other cereal in nutritive value. Hence based on importance of the crop, the present study examined the performance of wheat production in the country in terms of variability and growth using secondary data for the period of 2000-01 to 2017-18. Variability of wheat in the area, production and productivity was found to be 6.81, 13.87 and 8.10 per cent, respectively for India. The results showed that maximum relative change in area, production and productivity of wheat was noticed in Madhya Pradesh state with 65.97, 226.32 and 96.62 per cent, respectively. Growth in area, production and productivity of wheat crop in India has been increased with positive and highly significant rate of 1.21, 2.46 and 1.23 per cent per annum, respectively. Madhya Pradesh showed highly significant compound growth rates in area, production and productivity with 3.49, 8.21 and 4.56 per cent per annum, respectively. The highest growth in area, production and productivity of wheat in Madhya Pradesh helps in confirming Krishi Karman Award for last five consecutive years. Decomposition analysis indicated that yield contribution in the production of wheat in India was positive and significant with 47.3 per cent followed by area effect of 44.38 per cent whereas interaction effect was found to be 8.31 per cent only revealing that increased productivity is a major factor towards increased production of wheat in India.
... Production of wheat in India has increased fourteen times during 2010-11 from the production in 1950-51 (Tripathi and Mishra, 2017). Various agronomic interventions helped a lot to achieve improved grain yield targets. ...
An experiment was conducted at research farm of Lovely Professional University at Phagwara during rabi season of 2017-18 on two varieties HD 2967 and HD 3086 of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 10 treatments and three replications viz., control (T 0), 100% Recommended NPK (T 1), 50% Recommended NPK+FYM @ 5 t/ha (T 2), 75% Recommended NPK+Azotobacter (T 3), 75% Recommended NPK+Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (T 4), 75% NPK+Sulphur @ 40 kg/ha Gypsum (T 5), 100% Recommended NPK (T 6), 50% Recommended NPK+FYM @ 5 t/ha (T 7), 75% Recommended NPK+Azotobacter (T 8), 75% Recommended NPK+Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (T 9) and 75% NPK+Sulphur @ 40 kg/ha Gypsum (T 10). The results of experiment showed higher grain yield obtained through yield contributing characters like plant height, leaf area index, number of tillers, number of spikelets, number of grains/spike, test weight, grain yield (t/ha) and straw yield. Highest grain yield was recorded for treatment (T 6) applied with 75% of NPK+Sulphur @ 40 kg/ha for variety HD 2967.
... The reasons for India's chronic food insecurity, the high rates of stunting and wasting, and the emerging problems related to obesity are complex. While supply and access to food is important, undernutrition and hunger persist in India not because of problems in food production [28], but because of the interplay between the social determinants of health and inequalities in entitlement and access within Indian society [29,30]. For example, more than 30% of rural households are landless [31], relying on manual, casual labour for a large portion of their income [32], discrimination by caste, religion, and gender remain pervasive [33], and low literacy and poor formal education restrict opportunities for social mobility [34,35]. ...
Background:
Despite significant growth and change in India over the past two decades, some public health indicators have failed to keep pace. One such indicator is food insecurity. India is home to the largest number of people experiencing hunger and food insecurity. Food security is described as "a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life". While there has been considerable research investigating the role of crop yields, policy interventions, and food production in alleviating food insecurity in India, there is insufficient research investigating the social and cultural influences of food insecurity, including the role of women. The primary aim of this research is to investigate the experience of food insecurity among women in India. The objectives of this research are (1) to determine the role of women in food production and its contribution to household food security; (2) to examine the gender roles within households and the decision-making processes that influence food security, and (3) to investigate household nutritional status and food insecurity experience.
Methods:
Participants will include women who live in a village in Punjab, India. Interviews with 100 households, drawn from a convenience sample will be conducted. Interviews will be conducted in Punjabi with simultaneous English translation, and will include: food related experiences, anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist, and hip) and dietary assessment (24-h diet recall, two non-consecutive days), dwelling facilities, agriculture related information, including household agriculture activities undertaken, food security status (via the United States Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Scale Measurement), and demographic information.
Discussion:
This study aims to investigate a range of determinants of food insecurity among a rural population. It will allow for the identification of some of the components of household food insecurity among women in India and will go part of the way to understanding how and why India continues to experience food and nutritional insecurity despite growth and progress in a range of other indicators.
... It is the second most important food crop of India after rice. The production of wheat is mainly confined to the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) Region, and 3 northern states, namely Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, which together account 72% of India's total wheat production (Tripathi and Mishra, 2017). However, in recent years, the productivity of wheat is decreasing due to soil degradation (Bhandari et al., 2002), imbalance and inadequate fertilizer application, delayed sowing of wheat, increased irrigation demand (Humphreys et al., 2010), and terminal heat stress. ...
A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at New Delhi to assess the effects of rate, methods, time and sources of potassium (K) fertilization on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, growth indices, yield and returns from investment on K. Application of 60 kg K 2 O/ha in 2 splits, half basal and remaining half at spike initiation stage or 75% basal and remaining 25% at spike initiation stage increased the grain yield (5.5 t/ha) by 8.8% over applying entire dose as basal. The split application of recommended dose of K (RDK) also increased the growth parameters (plant height, dry-matter, leaf area index) and growth indices [crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR)] significantly over control. All the growth parameters and growth indices were recorded the highest with 75% RDK as basal + 25% at spike initiation + 2 foliar spray of 2.5% KNO 3 (68.8 kg K 2 O/ha), whereas control recorded the lowest. A strong positive and significant correlation was observed between dry matter production and grain yield during 90 days after sowing (DAS) (R 2 =0.76) and 120 DAS (R 2 =0.74). Similarly, positive and significant correlation was also observed between LAI and grain yield during 90 DAS (R 2 =0.72) and 120 DAS (R 2 =0.71). The highest returns from investment on K fertilizer was obtained with 2 foliar spray of 2.5% KNO 3 , whereas 150% RDK as basal gave the lowest returns. Application of 60 kg K 2 O/ha in 2 splits (50:50 or 75:25 ratio) increased returns from investment on K 4 by over application of entire dose as basal. Thus, for wheat, application of 60 kg K 2 O/ha in 2 equal splits (50% as basal + 50% at spike initiation) is recommended to realize maximum benefit from K fertilization.
... It is the second most important food crop of India after rice. The production of wheat is mainly confined to the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) Region, and 3 northern states, namely Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, which together account 72% of India's total wheat production (Tripathi and Mishra, 2017). However, in recent years, the productivity of wheat is decreasing due to soil degradation (Bhandari et al., 2002), imbalance and inadequate fertilizer application, delayed sowing of wheat, increased irrigation demand (Humphreys et al., 2010), and terminal heat stress. ...
A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at New Delhi to assess the effects of rate, methods, time and sources of potassium (K) fertilization on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, growth indices, yield and returns from investment on K. Application of 60 kg K 2 O/ha in 2 splits, half basal and remaining half at spike initiation stage or 75% basal and remaining 25% at spike initiation stage increased the grain yield (5.5 t/ha) by 8.8% over applying entire dose as basal. The split application of recommended dose of K (RDK) also increased the growth parameters (plant height, dry-matter, leaf area index) and growth indices [crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR)] significantly over control. All the growth parameters and growth indices were recorded the highest with 75% RDK as basal + 25% at spike initiation + 2 foliar spray of 2.5% KNO 3 (68.8 kg K 2 O/ha), whereas control recorded the lowest. A strong positive and significant correlation was observed between dry matter production and grain yield during 90 days after sowing (DAS) (R 2 =0.76) and 120 DAS (R 2 =0.74). Similarly, positive and significant correlation was also observed between LAI and grain yield during 90 DAS (R 2 =0.72) and 120 DAS (R 2 =0.71). The highest returns from investment on K fertilizer was obtained with 2 foliar spray of 2.5% KNO 3 , whereas 150% RDK as basal gave the lowest returns. Application of 60 kg K 2 O/ha in 2 splits (50:50 or 75:25 ratio) increased returns from investment on K 4 by over application of entire dose as basal. Thus, for wheat, application of 60 kg K 2 O/ha in 2 equal splits (50% as basal + 50% at spike initiation) is recommended to realize maximum benefit from K fertilization.
... Here, we focus on the wheat yield estimation in the Indian Wheat Belt, where concerns of yield stagnation have risen due to increasingly inconsistent growth trend of wheat yields in recent years (Ray et al 2012, Tripathi andMishra 2017). High temperature has been identified as the most detrimental factor, affecting both crop growth and grain formation (Lobell et al 2012, Jain et al 2017, but also heavy and untimely rainfall and hailstorm events have caused large-scale damages to the crops . ...
Forecasting crop yields is becoming increasingly important under the current context in which food security needs to be ensured despite the challenges brought by climate change, an expanding world population accompanied by rising incomes, increasing soil erosion, and decreasing water resources. Temperature, radiation, water availability and other environmental conditions influence crop growth, development, and final grain yield in a complex nonlinear manner. Machine learning (ML) techniques, and deep learning (DL) methods in particular, can account for such nonlinear relations between yield and its covariates. However, they typically lack transparency and interpretability, since the way the predictions are derived is not directly evident. Yet, in the context of yield forecasting, understanding which are the underlying factors behind both a predicted loss or gain is of great relevance. Here, we explore how to benefit from the increased predictive performance of DL methods while maintaining the ability to interpret how the models achieve their results. To do so, we applied a deep neural network to multivariate time series of vegetation and meteorological data to estimate the wheat yield in the Indian Wheat Belt. Then, we visualized and analyzed the features and yield drivers learned by the model with the use of regression activation maps. The DL model outperformed other tested models (ridge regression and random forest) and facilitated the interpretation of variables and processes that lead to yield variability. The learned features were mostly related to the length of the growing season, and temperature and light conditions during this time. For example, our results showed that high yields in 2012 were associated with low temperatures accompanied by sunny conditions during the growing period. The proposed methodology can be used for other crops and regions in order to facilitate application of DL models in agriculture.
... Existing literature either focuses on increased food consumption (e.g., Owusu, Abdulai, & Abdul-Rahman 2011;Barrett et al. 2001) or a reduction of poverty (e.g., Haggblade, Hazell, and Brown, 1989) as a consequence of the increased non-farm activity and has so far not focused on food security in terms of nutrition security or nutritional deprivation. Focusing on diet quality as a measure for food security 3 is essential for the Indian context since the food security problem in India has shifted from food deprivation (or food insecurity) to nutritional deprivation-nutrition insecurity (Tripathi & Mishra 2017;Jha, Bhattacharyya & Gaiha, 2011;Popkin et. al. 2001). ...
India has achieved food security at the macro‐level. However, at the micro‐level, the country still struggles with extensive problems of food nutrition insecurity. In this paper, we assess the impact of non‐farm income and non‐farm work status (casual and full‐time non‐farm work) of operator, spouses, and couples on the diet quality of smallholder households in India. We find that non‐farm income decreases the likelihood of farming household being in the poor‐diet quality group by 31% and the medium‐diet quality group by 3%. Full‐time non‐farm work by operators and spouses decreases the likelihood of farming households being in the poor‐diet quality group by 3% and 9%, respectively. Finally, national programs like public food distribution programs increase the probability of rural farming households in the poor‐diet quality group. Findings from this study underscore the importance of non‐farm income and full‐time non‐farm work in improving diet quality of rural Indian households. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
... though the consensus is weaker on account of rainfall-yield nexus. Some studies such as the Birthal et al. (2014) find negative connections between rainfall and agricultural production, some others such as Tripathi & Mishra (2017) have found no significant impact, indeed the sensitivity of results being conditional upon the crop being studied, the climate under which the chosen crop is grown, etc.. Differences in measurements, data, etc. might explain these contradictions though more analysis is required to pinpoint the exact reasons for such mutually inconsistent findings. Another critical challenge has been the bias of climate impact simulation models towards food availability rather than the other three aspects of food security, namely access, utilization and stability (Birthal et al. 2014). ...
The current work attempts to organize a detailed and thematic survey of the key empirical works on the food security scenario of India. This review paper recognizes its collected literature as a sample based on which inferences about the larger population of actual analytical patterns on this issue are made. We concentrate our attention on the selected empirical works on this issue undertaken during the period 1991-92 till 2018-19. Our sample of evidence has been constructed by accounting for the facts such as the disaggregated nature of the evidences and the differences in quality of analysis across different sources, among others. We have stressed particularly on the issues, debates, controversies and proposed solutions that have characterized the efforts on the analysis of food insecurity threat in India. Preliminarily, we find that there is a strong disagreement among the analysts on matters such as the fundamental units of analysis; the appropriate economic and social frameworks needed to understand this issue; the policy matrix that can help tackle this challenge and the statistical and econometric strategies required for generating reliable as well as spatially and temporally consistent insights. The key insights of this paper include, among others, the importance of the macro-micro dimensions of the food insecurity challenge, the production-trade-productivity solutions on this issue, the quantity versus nutritional routes to attacking this challenge, the inherently multidisciplinary nature of food security analysis, the optimum institutional mechanisms for eliminating food insecurities and, the nexus between technology, productivity and distributional efficiencies in shifting India’s foodgrains production frontier to higher policy-targeted levels, still remain areas that require much more intense and exhaustive academic and policy exercises.
... Indian sub-continent, especially northern region, depends largely on wheat as staple food. It ranks second in world consuming an annual amount of 65 million tonnes (Tripathi and Mishra 2017). India is an important producer owing to considerable production of winter wheat mostly in the Indo-Gangetic plain. ...
Siderophores are secondary metabolites having molecular weight less than 10 KD. They are specifically meant for chelation of ferric ions. They also tend to chelate metals under heavy metal stress, thus reducing their toxic effects. In the current study, experiments have been conducted on wheat plants to analyse siderophore’s ability to counteract the adverse impact of arsenic (As) toxicity on physiology of plant seedlings along with biochemical response. As toxicity has been observed to adversely affect the lengths of root and shoot, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and activities of various antioxidative enzymes. The present study revealed that the application of hydroxamate-type siderophore isolated from Aspergillus nidulans under toxic condition significantly recovered the growth and helped in amending the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) of wheat genotype (NW1014). At the same time, injury caused by lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced. In silico studies revealed better binding affinity of ferricrocin–arsenate complex leading to thermodynamically stable complex. Encouraging results of As containment by organic biomolecule-siderophore can lead to an emerging bioremediation mechanism brimming with opportunities for agricultural field and environmental clean-up.
... The spectacular increase in the area, production and yield of wheat from merely 12.57 million hectares, 10.40 million tonnes and 837 kg ha -1 during 1965-66 to 30.42 million hectares, 92.29 million tonnes and 3034 kg ha -1 during 2015-16 (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, 2018) has not only elevated over status from "shortage" to "surplus" in wheat but also opened new avenues for its diversified utilization. Despite of impressive achievements in recent past, concentrated efforts are still needed for achieving sustained growth in wheat production to fulfill nutrient requirements for ever increasing population and for maintaining buffer stock for food security (Tripathi and Mishra, 2017). It has been projected that India will have to produce A field experiment was conducted at research farm of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu on sandy loam soil of Sub-tropical zone of Jammu division to investigate the effect of sowing dates and genotypes on growth, yield and nitrogen uptake of durum wheat (Triticum durum) for two consecutive rabi seasons. ...
... carbohydrates, fat and protein) and micro-nutrients (e.g. calcium and iron) and hence helps in building a healthy society (Tripathi and Mishra (2017)). Wheat is mainly grown in the Rabi season (October-December to March-May) along with barley, lentils, peas, mustard and potatoes. ...
Box-Jenkins' ARIMA model: A time series modelling approach has been used to forecast wheat production for India. ARIMA (1,1,0) model was found to be the best ARIMA model for the present study. The efforts were made to forecast, the future wheat production for a period up to ten years as accurate as possible, by fitting ARIMA (1,1,0) model to our time series data. The forecast results have shown that the annual wheat production will grow in 2026-27. The wheat production will continuously grow with an average growth rate of approximately 4% year by year.
... carbohydrates, fat and protein) and micro-nutrients (e.g. calcium and iron) and hence helps in building a healthy society (Tripathi and Mishra (2017)). Wheat is mainly grown in the Rabi season (October-December to March-May) along with barley, lentils, peas, mustard and potatoes. ...
Box-Jenkins’ ARIMA model: A time series modelling approach has been used to forecast wheat production for India. ARIMA (1,1,0) model was found to be the best ARIMA model for the present study. The efforts were made to forecast, the future wheat production for a period up to ten years as accurate as possible, by fitting ARIMA (1,1,0) model to our time series data. The forecast results have shown that the annual wheat production will grow in 2026-27. The wheat production will continuously grow with an average growth rate of approximately 4% year by year.
... Wheat is considered as one of the most important sources of carbohydrate and protein supply for human and animal communities and mostly, contains starch, protein, fat, inorganic ions, and vitamins (B-complex and E) (Guarda et al. 2004;Rueda-Ayala et al. 2011). In India, wheat is grown on 30.47 m ha area with 98.51 million tonnes of production and 3.2 t/ha productivity (Tripathi and Mishra, 2017) In Himachal Pradesh, wheat is cultivated in an area of 0.346 m ha with production of 0.663 million tones and productivity of 1.92 q/ha (Kumar and Prashar, 2012). Weeds cause substantial losses in yield and quality of wheat crop. ...
A field study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Prioxofop-Propanyl 15% WP (Markclodina) herbicide for wider weeds range in wheat crop during Rabi 2015-16. Six treatments including four herbicides treatments viz. Pendimethalin at 1.0 kg/ha, Clodinafop at 0.060 kg/ha, Markclodina at 0.060 kg/ha, Isoproturon + 2, 4-D at 1.0+0.5 kg/ha along with hand weeding twice (30 and 60 DAS) and one weedy check were used. Avena ludoviciana (34.30 %) and Phlaris minor (25.26 %) were the most dominating grassy weeds. New test herbicide Markclodino had better efficacy in controlling Phalaris minor, Avena fatua and Lolium temulentum as evidenced from significantly less number of weeds at all the stages of observations. The highest weed control efficiency (80.5 %) was recorded with post emergence application of Markclodina 0.060 kg/ha at 90 DAS. The application of markclodina at 0.06 kg/ha remaining at par with clodinofop propargyl (market sample) at 0.06 kg/ha, isoproturon + 2,4-D at 1.0 + 0.5 kg/ha produced significantly higher grain yield. The magnitude of increase in yield due to Markclodina over weedy check was 68.9 %. Field demonstrations on the performance of Markclodina under various locations showd that there was maximum 19.7 % increase in grain yield over control at distt. Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh).
... Farmers' perception or perception on climate change and variability is a necessary prerequisite to take any response action. This is because, farmers decide to adopt among different options of area specific strategies if they perceive the existence of climate change [18]. Given an appropriate response to climate change requires two step processes. ...
... Wheat production is mainly confined to the Indo-Gangetic plains region and three northern states, namely Uttar Pradesh (35.53%), Punjab (18.96%) and Haryana (13.39%), supply 67 per cent of India's total wheat output (Tripathi and Mishra, 2017). Total demand of wheat in 2025 is forecasted to be in the range of 91.4-101.7 million tons (Ganesh-Kumar et al., 2012). ...
Five hundred and eight yellow rust (YR) samples were pathotyped from Northern states of India during 2014-15
and 2015-16 cropping seasons. The virulence of these samples was tested on 16 wheat differentials and 6 supplementary
varieties. Eleven known pathotypes were identified from the analysis of 508 YR samples during this period. Additionally, the
infection types of three samples on differentials, collected from US Nagar (Uttarakhand), Kangra and Kinnaur (Himachal
Pradesh) districts, were dissimilar to the known pathotypes in India. Subsequently, three isolations were taken from each
sample, established separately on susceptible check (A-9-30-1) and each isolation was used to inoculate differentials. All
the isolations taken from single sample, showed similar reaction types on differentials. It proved the presence of new
pathotype. The new pathotypes (virulences) were designated as 111S68, 79S4 and 79S68. Rust resistance genes Yr2 (Heines
VII), Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24, YrA were found effective to all these new pathotypes, identified in this study. Evaluation of
135 advance lines and released varieties of bread, durum, dicoccum wheat and triticale indicated that new pathotypes
(111S68, 79S4, and 79S68) were less virulent than known pts. 47S103 (T) and 47S102 (K) virulent to Yr1. More than 70 per
cent evaluated wheat and triticale material was found resistant to moderately resistant to all Yr1-virulences. New pathotypes,
identified from indigenous wheat, would aid in understanding the evolution mechanism in Yr1-virulences of yellow rust
pathogen in India for better management of yellow rust.
... The agriculture sector represents 23% of India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), plays a crucial role in the country's development and continues to occupy a prominent place in the national economy. Additionally, about 59% of the population still lives in rural areas and heavily depends on agriculture for employment and livelihood (Tripathi and Mishra, 2017). Nonetheless, 60% of the total cropped area in India is still rainfed and depends relatively on the uncertainties of monsoon (Kumar et al., (2014). ...
The study was undertaken to devise an efficient herbicide treatment combination for efficient weed control and higher yield and nutrient uptake. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of different herbicides for weed control and increasing yield as well as nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, during rabi season in 2016–17. The commonly used herbicides for restricting weed growth in wheat crop were taken in various combinations and appropriate doses. The study comprised 12 treatments (3 replications), of which 10 treatments were of various herbicidal combinations while the rest 2 were weed free and weedy checks. The weed control measure that involved Sulfosulfuron +Metsulfuron-methyl @20+2 g a.i/ha was found to be an efficient weed control measure that satisfactorily enhanced nutrient uptake and gave highest yield among various treatment combinations. The total biological yield of wheat in this treatment was around 1.4 times higher than that of weedy check. Therefore, the post emergence application of sulfosulfuron and metsulfuronmethyl @20+2 g a.i/ha can be an effective measure for weed control giving a higher productivity and nutrient uptake in wheat crop. The results were even comparable to that of weed free plots. The treatment showed an increase of 88.25%, 63.37%, 74.73%, and 43.36% increase in total N, P, K uptake and biological yield, respectively, and therefore may be recommended.
Purpose
This paper aims to identify, analyze and evaluate the major enablers for the sustainable public distribution system (PDS) supply chain in India in lessening food insecurity by distributing essentials food grains at a subsidized rate.
Design/methodology/approach
The major enablers for the sustainable PDS supply chain were explored by conducting the literature survey and discussion with academic and warehouse experts. Then, the fuzzy-DEMATEL (decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory) technique was applied to develop a causal model that analyses the interaction among the identified enablers.
Findings
This study recognizes fifteen enablers through literature survey and experts' opinions. The present work concludes that “proper identification of the PDS beneficiaries” and “willingness and commitment of the top management and policymaker” are the two major enablers for the sustainable PDS supply chain.
Research limitations/implications
This work would be helpful for profoundly understanding the major enablers, and how they are affecting the entire PDS supply chain. The study would be beneficial for the general people and the entire society straightforwardly by providing suggestions for food security.
Originality/value
Identifying and analyzing the major enablers for the sustainable PDS supply chain helps to visualize the problem more effectively and efficiently. Besides, the causal model explains a comprehensive perspective on the identified enablers.
Climate change and consequent variations in temperature pose a significant challenge for sustaining wheat production systems globally. In this study, the potential impact of rising temperature on wheat yield in the north Indian plains, India's major wheat growing region, was analyzed using panel data from the year 1981 to 2009. This study deviates from the majority of the previous studies by including non-climatic factors in estimating the impact of climate change. Two temperature measures were used for fitting the function, viz., Growing Season Temperature (GST) and Terminal Stage Temperature (TST), to find out the differential impact of increased temperature at various growth stages. Analysis revealed that there was a significant rise in both GST as well as TST during the study period. The magnitude of the annual increment in TST was twice that of GST. Wheat yield growth in the region was driven primarily by increased input resources such as fertilizer application and technological development like improved varieties and management practices. Most importantly, the study found that the extent of yield reduction was more significant for an increase in temperature at terminal crop growth stages. The yield reduction due to unit increase in TST was estimated to be 2.26 % while rise in GST by 1 ◦ C resulted in yield reduction of 2.03%.
Accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere has exposed us to the potential warming and its adverse effects on agriculture. The present study deals with the impact of climate change on winter wheat and maize using the Infocrop model. Simulation studies were performed for different timeperiods using HADCM3 factors at four centres located in three different agroecological zones, with prevalent management practices. The results showed that under changed climate, wheat yield decreased whereas the yield of winter maize increased due to warmer winters and enhanced CO2 compared to baseline. Duration of both the crops has decreased owing to the higher temperatures during the growing period. The increase in yield of winter maize points to the suitability of the region for its cultivation in future. Further, increase in maize cultivation in locations with poor wheat yield could well be considered as an adaptation option.
The production of wheat, a crop sensitive to weather, may be influenced by climate change. The regional vulnerability of wheat production to climate change in India was assessed by quantifying the impacts and adaptation gains in a simulation analysis using the InfoCrop-WHEAT model. This study projects that climate change will reduce the wheat yield in India in the range of 6 to 23% by 2050 and 15 to 25% by 2080. Even though the magnitude of the projected impacts is variable, the direction is similar in the climate scenarios of both a global (GCM-MIROC3.2. HI) and a regional climate model (RCM-PRECIS). Negative impacts of climate change are projected to be less severe in low-emission scenarios than in high-emission scenarios. The magnitude of uncertainty varies spatially and increases with time. Differences in sowing time is one of the major reasons for variable impacts on yield. Late-sown areas are projected to suffer more than the timely-sown ones. Considerable spatial variation in impacts is projected. Warmer central and south-central regions of India may be more affected. Despite CO2 fertilization benefits in future climate, wheat yield is projected to be reduced in areas with mean seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures in excess of 27 and 13 degrees C, respectively. However, simple adaptation options, such as change in sowing times, and increased and efficient use of inputs, could not only offset yield reduction, but could also improve yields until the middle of the century. Converting late-sown areas into timely-sown regions could further significantly improve yield even with the existing varieties in the near future. However, some regions may still remain vulnerable despite the adaptation interventions considered. Therefore, this study emphasises the need for intensive, innovative and location-specific adaptations to improve wheat productivity in the future climate.
The present study tests the twin hypotheses, namely, a) the activity hypothesis that activity intensity affects adult nutrition as measured by the Body Mass Index (BMI) and b) the poverty nutrition trap hypothesis that wages affects nutritional status for India. The analyses draw upon three rounds of NFHS data in 1992, 1998 and 2005 and NCAER data in 2005. Our results indicate strong support for both the hypotheses in India. Physically intensive activity tends to worsen the nutritional conditions and there is evidence for a poverty nutrition trap associated with labour market participation.
This paper attempts to project the future supply and demand up to the year 2025 for rice and wheat, the two main cereals cultivated and consumed in India. A review of studies that forecast the supply and demand of Indian agriculture commodities revealed three important limitations of such studies: (a) The forecasts are generally overestimated (in the ex post situation); (b) the methodology is not clearly outlined; (c) ex-ante validation of the forecast have not been carried out. This study presents forecasts based on models that are validated so that forecast performances can be assessed.
An important source of uncertainty in anticipating the effects of
climate change on agriculture is limited understanding of crop responses
to extremely high temperatures. This uncertainty partly reflects the
relative lack of observations of crop behaviour in farmers' fields under
extreme heat. We used nine years of satellite measurements of wheat
growth in northern India to monitor rates of wheat senescence following
exposure to temperatures greater than 34°C. We detect a
statistically significant acceleration of senescence from extreme heat,
above and beyond the effects of increased average temperatures.
Simulations with two commonly used process-based crop models indicate
that existing models underestimate the effects of heat on senescence. As
the onset of senescence is an important limit to grain filling, and
therefore grain yields, crop models probably underestimate yield losses
for +2°C by as much as 50% for some sowing dates. These results
imply that warming presents an even greater challenge to wheat than
implied by previous modelling studies, and that the effectiveness of
adaptations will depend on how well they reduce crop sensitivity to very
hot days.
The article discusses whether climate change is impacting wheat productivity in India. The present study argues that changes in climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall will affect yield of different crops in different ways; such effects for a crop will also vary across regions and stages of a crop. The present study assess the impact of changes in climatic factors like temperature and rainfall on productivity of wheat in two different regions of the country using actual field level data as available from the secondary sources. The analysis of data from these states would therefore bring different kind of perspective for the present analysis. The trend of winter rainfall is different in the chosen states; it is increasing in Haryana but decreasing in Bihar. The month-wise trend of rainfall indicates towards the changing pattern of rainfall during the winter season.
Demand for foodgrains in India has been declining and some of this decline indicates an increase in consumer welfare. The decline has been sharper in the rural areas where improvements in infrastructure make other food items and non-food commodities available. Though cereals (used here as proxy for foodgrains) consumption has increased among the poorest 30 per cent of the population, even this group is near the saturation point.
This paper reviews recent evidence on food intake and nutrition in India. It attempts to make sense of various puzzles, particularly the decline of average calorie intake during the last 25 years. This decline has occurred across the distribution of real per capita expenditure, in spite of increases in real income and no long-term increase in the relative price of food. One hypothesis is that calorie requirements have declined due to lower levels of physical activity or improvements in the health environment. If correct, this does not imply that there are no calorie deficits in the Indian population — nothing could be further from the truth. These deficits are reflected in some of the worst anthropometric indicators in the world, and the sluggish rate of improvement of these indicators is of major concern. Yet recent trends remain confused and there is an urgent need for better nutrition monitoring.
Indian Ganga Basin (IGB), one of the most densely populated areas in the world, is facing a significant threat to food grain production, besides increased yield gap between actual and potential production, due to climate change. We have analyzed the spatial variability of climate change impacts on rice and wheat yields at three different locations representing the upper, middle and lower IGB. The DSSAT model is used to simulate the effects of climate variability and climate change on rice and wheat yields by analyzing: (i) spatial crop yield response to current climate, and (ii) impact of a changing climate as projected by two regional climate models, REMO and HadRM3, based on SRES A1B emission scenarios for the period 2011-2040. Results for current climate demonstrate a significant gap between actual and potential yield for upper, middle and lower IGB stations. The analysis based on RCM projections shows that during 2011-2040, the largest reduction in rice and wheat yields will occur in the upper IGB (reduction of potential rice and wheat yield respectively by 43.2% and 20.9% by REMO, and 24.8% and 17.2% by HadRM3). In the lower IGB, however, contrasting results are obtained, with HadRM3 based projections showing an increase in the potential rice and wheat yields, whereas, REMO based projections show decreased potential yields. We discuss the influence of agro-climatic factors; variation in temperature, length of maturity period and leaf area index which are responsible for modeled spatial variability in crop yield response within the IGB.
Seed Statistics. SeednetIndia Portal
- India Government
Household food consumption and nutritional security in
- S Srivastava
Srivastava, S. (2015). Household food consumption and nutritional security in Uttar Pradesh (Ph.
Adapting to climate change: What can Indian farmers do, paper 525 presented at the national seminar 'Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Emerging 526 Issues and Mitigation Strategy
- A Tripathi
- A K Mishra
Tripathi, A., Mishra, A. K. (2015). Adapting to climate change: What can Indian farmers do, paper
525
presented at the national seminar 'Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Emerging
526
Issues and Mitigation Strategy', Lucknow, India, 23-24 November, 2015.
Demand and supply of cereals in India. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01158
- A Ganesh-Kumar
- Rajesh Mehta
- H P Sanjay
- K Prasad
- K G Gulati
Does maize cultivation improve farm household income and food 522 security in Kosi Basin, paper presented at the knowledge forum on 'Disaster Risk Reduction 523 and Resilient Livelihoods in the Kosi Basin
- A Tripathi
- N Ghosh
Tripathi, A., Ghosh, N. (2016). Does maize cultivation improve farm household income and food
522
security in Kosi Basin, paper presented at the knowledge forum on 'Disaster Risk Reduction
523
and Resilient Livelihoods in the Kosi Basin', Patna, India, 04 -05 February, 2016.
Nutrition in India: International Institute for Population Sciences
- F Arnold
- S Parasuraman
- P Arokiasamy
- M Kothari
How to encorage farmers to adapt to climate change? Delhi: Institute of 528 Economic Growth
- A Tripathi
Tripathi, A. (2016). How to encorage farmers to adapt to climate change? Delhi: Institute of
528
Economic Growth.
Changing livelihoods in Delhi’s periphery, circa 1930–2012, IEG Working Paper No 336
- D Vijay
485 Government of India State of Indian Agriculture 2012–13
- Agriculture
Agriculture.
485 Government of India. (2013b). State of Indian Agriculture 2012–13. New Delhi: Ministry of
486
Tripathi 2016) and the decline in the 371 number of deaths attributable to starvation (Fig
- Srivastava
- Ghosh Tripathi
Srivastava 2015, and Tripathi and Ghosh 2016, Tripathi 2016) and the decline in the
371 number of deaths attributable to starvation (Fig. 10).
New Delhi: National Sample Survey Organization. 483 Government of India Agriculture Statistics at a Glance
Report No 540. New Delhi: National Sample Survey Organization.
483 Government of India. (2013a). Agriculture Statistics at a Glance. New Delhi: Ministry of
484
Agriculture, food security, poverty, and environment: Essays on post-reform
- C H Rao
Rao, C. H. (2005). Agriculture, food security, poverty, and environment: Essays on post-reform
10 Number of deaths attributable to starvation, by year. Source: Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India, National Crime Record Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
- Fig
Fig. 10 Number of deaths attributable to starvation, by year. Source: Accidental Deaths and
Suicides in India, National Crime Record Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India,
New Delhi (see http://ncrb.gov.in/)
Nutrition intake in India. National Sample Service 66th Round
- India Government Of
Government of India. (2012). Nutrition intake in India. National Sample Service 66th Round,
482
State of Indian Agriculture 2012–13
- India Government
485 Government of India. (2013b). State of Indian Agriculture 2012-13. New Delhi: Ministry of
486
Perceived adequacy of food consumption in Indian households
- Government Of India
Government of India. (2013c). Perceived adequacy of food consumption in Indian households.
Wheat sector of India, paper presented at the workshop 507 'Eurasian Wheat Belt: Future Perspectives on Regional and International Food Security
- A K Mishra
- A Tripathi
Mishra, A. K., Tripathi, A. (2014). Wheat sector of India, paper presented at the workshop
507
'Eurasian Wheat Belt: Future Perspectives on Regional and International Food Security',
508
Changing livelihoods in Delhi's periphery
- D Vijay
Vijay, D. (2014). Changing livelihoods in Delhi's periphery, circa 1930-2012, IEG Working
530
Nutrition intake in India. National Sample Service 66th Round, Report No 540
- India Government
Agriculture Statistics at a Glance
- India Government
Impact of climate change on wheat and winter maize over a sub-humid climatic environment
- A V Haris
- S Abdul
- V Biswas
- R E Chhabra
- P B Bhagwati
Perceived adequacy of food consumption in Indian households. National Sample Service 66th Round, Report No 547
- India Government
- F Arnold
- S Parasuraman
- P Arokiasamy
- M Kothari
Arnold, F., Parasuraman, S., Arokiasamy, P., Kothari, M. (2009). Nutrition in India. National
470
DWR Vision 2030. Karnal, India: Directorate of Wheat 475
- Directorate Of Wheat Research
Directorate of Wheat Research. (2011). DWR Vision 2030. Karnal, India: Directorate of Wheat
475
Agriculture Statistics at a Glance. New Delhi: Ministry of 484 Agriculture
- India Government Of
Government of India. (2013a). Agriculture Statistics at a Glance. New Delhi: Ministry of
484
Agriculture.
Changing livelihoods in Delhi's periphery, circa 1930-2012, IEG Working 530 Paper No 336
- D Vijay
Vijay, D. (2014). Changing livelihoods in Delhi's periphery, circa 1930-2012, IEG Working
530
Paper No 336. New Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth.