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A new species of Dohrnemesa from Brazil, with notes on the male of D. carvalhoi and on D. albuquerquei (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae)
Abstract
Dohrnemesa oliveirai sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae: Emesini) is described from state of Pará, Brazil, based on a male specimen. The male genitalia of D. carvalhoi (Wygodzinsky, 1966) is described for the first time and some notes about D. albuquerquei (Wygodzinsky, 1966) are furnished.
... This latter author provided a comparative table of the relative position of the calamistrumlike structure on the fore tibiae among 19 species belonging to four tribes in Emesinae. On the other hand, and Gil-Santana & Ferreira (2016) considered it curious that discussed the positions of the calamistrum-like structure among several emesines, in a chapter about the external structure of these Reduviidae (Wygodzinsky 1966:19), but did not mention it in his taxonomic description of Phasmatocoris Breddin, 1904 andDohrnemesa Wygodzinsky, 1945 or in his descriptions of new species of these genera in the same work. furnished a detailed description of the vestiture of the fore tibiae in Phasmatocoris labyrinthicus In addition to the calamistrum-like brush formed by clustered stiff setae on the dorsal excavation of the fore tibiae, Pape (2013) highlighted a lateral, parallel auxiliary row of a few setae (a dozen in P. labyrinthicus) along the apical two thirds of the brush and an isolated small, dense pre-apical (or subapical) cluster of golden setae on the ventral side of the fore tibiae. ...
... recorded all these features in four additional species of Phasmatocoris, among which three were also described from caves. Gil-Santana & Ferreira (2016) recorded longer straight obliquely inclined setae on the distal half of the fore tibiae, dorsally and a cluster of golden setae on the ventral side of the fore tibiae in three species of Dohrnemesa. They assumed that, although other modifications to the fore tibiae recorded by , i.e. the dorsal excavation and a lateral, parallel auxiliary row of a few setae were not recorded, the presence of modified setae on their distal portion and the apical cluster of stiff setae could still suggest that a potential arachnophilous association exists in this case. ...
... Dohrnemesa currently contains ten described species, seven of which are known only from Brazil (Maldonado 1990, Gil-Santana & Ferreira 2016. However, one of these species, Dohrnemesa feminata has been considered as of provisional generic placement, because no winged specimens, particularly males, are known . ...
Dohrnemesa kuarajucassaba sp. nov. and Polauchenia paraprotentor sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae: Emesini) are described respectively from states of Minas Gerais and Pará, Brazil. Both species described here were collected from caves. Updated keys to the species of Dohrnemesa Wygodzinsky, 1945 and Polauchenia McAtee & Malloch, 1925 are presented.
Based on the examination of its lectotype (here designated), Westermannia difficilis Dohrn, 1860 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Emesinae, Emesini), currently included in Dohrnemesa Wygodzinsky, 1945, is transferred to the genus Polauchenia McAtee & Malloch, 1925 with the resulting new combination: Polauchenia difficilis (Dohrn, 1860), comb. nov. An updated key to the species of Polauchenia is provided.
Based on specimens of Zelurus ochripennis (Stål, 1854) collected in the entrance zone of a small terrestrial cave, some biological, ecological, morphological and cytogenetic data, as well, as the general morphology of their nymphs are presented for the first time. A short taxonomic summary of the species is also provided.
Background:
While surveying bugs and spiders in the caves of Satara District, Maharashtra, one of us (SK) collected a thread-legged bug associated with a spider web.
New information:
A Sri Lankan Emesinae bug, Myiophanes greeni Distant (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) is reported for the first time from India. The species is redescribed with several illustrations including male genitalia.
A new cavernicolous, arachnophilous thread-legged bug (Phasmatocoris labyrinthicus sp. nov.; Reduviidae: Emesini) is described from Kartchner Caverns, a limestone cavern in Kartchner Caverns State Park near Benson, Arizona, USA. Cavernicolous emesines are recorded from caves in many parts of the world and are distributed across several genera, but are generally uncommon. P. labyrinthicus shows no obvious troglomorphy but ecological evidence suggests it is, at minimum, a cave-limited troglophile. The species seems to be low-humidity intolerant, due to its occurrence in a cave within a desert region, effectively confines the population to the cave, and the species may thus actually be troglobitic by default. Arachnophily in emesines is more common, including in Phasmatocoris Breddin, but has been previously documented in only a single cavernicolous species, Bagauda cavernicola Paiva, reported from India, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. However, unlike P. labyrinthicus, B. cavernicola is apparently not morphologically adapted for its arachnophilous association. P. labyrinthicus is the only known troglophilic emesine that is also a morphologically adapted and behaviorally functional arachnophile. The only other known cavernicolous Phasmatocoris (P. xavieri Gil-Santana, Alves, Barrett and Costa) is recorded from a sandstone cave in Brazil. P. xavieri exhibits morphological features indicative of a potentially arachnophilous habit, but its ecology has not been studied. Adults of P. labyrinthicus share characteristics with the species Phasmatocoris praecellens Bergroth, P. minor McAtee and Malloch, P. xavieri, P. spectrum Breddin, and P. rapax McAtee and Malloch. Phasmatocoris is primarily a Neotropical genus and the discovery of P. labyrinthicus represents a significant range extension for the genus, being the first Nearctic species identified, with its geographically nearest relative an undescribed species from Mazatlan, Mexico, over 1,000 km to the south.
This is the first description of the natural history and behaviour of Stenolemusgiraffa Wygodzinsky, an emesine assassin bug (Reduviidae; Emesinae) from Australia. Field data from sites in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, complemented by observations from staged predatory interactions in the laboratory, show that this species is a web-invading araneophage. In the field, S. giraffa was found on rock escarpments, associated with 10 spider species. Spiders of the genus Trichocyclus (Pholcidae) dominated this species’ natural diet at all field locations. Predatory sequences appear to emphasise stealth and were characterised by S. giraffa slowly stalking the resident spider until within striking range. Stenolemus giraffa approached the spiders by breaking silk threads in its path while walking across the rock substrate beneath the web or hanging directly from the web. Observations of S. giraffa being attacked, and sometimes killed, by spiders illustrate that araneophagy is a dangerous strategy for these insects. Natural history and behaviour of most emesine species is currently unknown and so the present study provides an important landmark. Findings from this study add to growing evidence that araneophagy is prevalent in the emesine genus Stenolemus and that considerable variation in predatory tactics occur within this genus.
The majority of Reduviidae - unlike most other Heteroptera - has a labium that consists of only three segments. The first segment is said to be either lost or fused to the head capsule. Cladistic analysis shows that this loss or fusion occurred once or twice among basal Reduviidae and that the four-segmented labium in Hammacerinae is plesiomorphic and homologous to the one in non-reduviid Cimicomorpha. In the present contribution, extrinsic labial muscles and sclerites associated with the base of the labium are documented (micro-dissections, histology) for Himacerus apterus (Fabricius, 1789) (Nabidae), Microtomus purcis (Drury, 1782) (Reduviidae: Hammacerinae) and Rhynocoris erythropus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Reduviidae: Harpactorinae). Primary homology hypotheses are proposed on lever, depressor, and transverse muscles among the examined taxa and previously published descriptions of Nepomorpha and Leptopodomorpha. The two Reduviidae are unique in having a large portion of the Musculus levator labii (muscle A) originating from the first labial segment (M. purcis) or the gena (R. erythropus). This may indicate that part of the gena is homologous to part of the first labial segment, i.e. the proximal portion of the first labial segment may be fused to the gena, but migration of the muscle origin may also account for this condition. The insertion of M. transversalis labii has shifted from the dorsal surface of the first labial segment to the anterior portion of the suspensory plate, possibly indicating that this structure may include part of the first labial segment. Even though the first labial segment is not visible externally in the majority of Reduviidae, two muscles that were originally associated with it are thus retained. Mapped on a phylogeny of Reduvioidea it seems evident that in a first step the levator muscle became larger at the base of the Reduviidae. In a second step the first labial segment fused to the head capsule, possibly providing this enlarged muscle with a more solid origin.
Phasmatocoris catarinae sp. nov. and P. galvaoi sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae: Emesini) are described from Brazil based on female and male specimens. The male of Phasmatocoris borgmeieri (Wygodzinsky, 1945) is described and short taxonomical notes on this species and P. xavieri Gil-Santana et al., 2007 are provided.
Phasmatocoris xavieri sp. nov. is described based on male and female adults and a last-stage nymph. The specimens were found on the walls and roof of a cave named "Gruta dos Animais" (02°03′02,64S/ 59°57′51,47W), a sandstone cave located in primary "terra firme" forest to the north of the city of Manaus, Amazonas State in Brazil. The individuals were about 30m from the entrance, in an aphotic zone. Adults share characteristics with the species Phasmatocoris magdalenae Wygodzinsky, P. sturmi Wygodzinsky, and P. moraballi Wygodzinsky.
A phylogenetic analysis for the Cimicomorpha was conducted using 92 taxa, including eight outgroups and six species of Thaumastocoridae. Density of taxon sampling allows for tests of relationships at the family level for most taxa, whereas in the Miridae denser sampling allows for doing so on the tribal level. This level of sampling also corresponds with the availability of testable published hypotheses of relationships. Morphological data for 73 characters are coded for all taxa. Approximately 3500 base pairs of DNA were sequenced for the following gene regions for 83 taxa: 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and COI. Results are presented for analysis of morphological data, individual molecular partitions, combined molecular data, combined morphological and molecular data for 83 taxa and combined morphological and molecular data for 92 taxa. Analyses of morphological data were performed using the parsimony programs NONA and PIWE: molecular and combined data were analysed using direct optimization with the program POY. Major conclusions of the present study include recognition of the following monophyletic groups: The Geocorisae is a monophyletic group. The monophyly of the Cimicomorpha - including Thaumastocoridae - is not supported in most analyses. The Reduviidae is monophyletic, with the Phymatinae Complex being the sister-group of the remaining subfamilies. The circumscription of the Cimiciformes is altered from the prior conception of Schuh and ˇ Stys to also include the Joppeicidae, Microphysidae and Velocipedidae, as well as the recently described family Curaliidae; the monophyly of the Cimiciformes is supported in most analyses; the Cimiciformes is treated as the sister-group of the Miroidea in most analyses. The monophyly of the Cimicoidea, including Curaliidae, is supported in all analyses including molecular data, whereas Curaliidae is treated as a more basal cimiciform in all other analyses. The monophyly and placement of the Thaumastocoridae is ambiguous across the range of analyses, and the monophyly of the Miroidea sensu Schuh and ˇ Stys receives limited support in the combined analyses of morphology þ molecular data. The Tingidae and Miridae are each monophyletic and together almost invariably form a monophyletic group. Within the Miridae, several inclusive monophyletic groups at the subfamily/tribal level are more or less consistently recognized when molecular data are included; however, the interrelationships of the subfamilies vary substantially across the range of analyses. Of the individual molecular partitions, only 18S rDNA shows significant congruence with combined analyses of morphological, combined molecular or combined morphological and molecular data. Scenarios are discussed for the evolution of the metathoracic scent- efferent system and the origin of the fossula spongiosa.
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