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NATIVE DOG BREEDS OF TURKEY1
Orhan YILMAZ
Ardahan University, Vocational High School of Posof, 75500, Ardahan, Turkey.
*Corresponding author: zileliorhan@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper describes eleven such, five of which are molossers, one is a sighthound,
twoarescenthounds, one is watch dog and twoare small Spitz types. Two of the molossers
(Kangal and Akbash) have local breed societies or associations and are well known and have
breed societies internationally but are not recognized by the FédérationCynoloqique
Internationale (FCI). One molosser (Kars) is registered by the Turkish Standards Institute and
another (Koyun) has been recently identified. Karaman is another molosser type dog and has
been identified yet. The sighthound (Tazi) is similar to other Near and Middle East
greyhounds. The scenthound (Tarsus Catalburun also known in English as Fork-nose and
Turkish Pointer) is little known outside Turkey but is celebrated in its home area for its skills
and is finding employment as a sniffer dog for narcotics, explosives and live and dead people.
The other scenthound of Turkish Chaser Dog of Zagar is the last registered dog breed by the
Turkish Standards Institute. The Spitz-type (Dikkulak and Fino of Tonya) is employed mainly
as a household guard dog as are two other breeds of indeterminate type. Zerdava dog is a
watch dog and locally bred innortheast of Turkey.
Keywords: Working dogs, morphometry, breed societies, animal legislation, welfare
Introduction
Situated at the junction of Europe and Asia, Turkey is a geographic bridge that has been
traversed by traders, travellers, treasure seekers and trespassers for thousands of years. It is
thus also a cultural bridge imbued within the DNA of many civilizations. Because of
suchhistory, Turkey is a repository of a rich array of domestic livestock resources that
includes animals for food, for work and for companionship (Wilson & Yilmaz 2013a,b,
Yilmaz &Ertugrul 2011e, Yilmaz et al. 2011c, Yilmaz 2012eF, Yilmaz &Ertugrul
2012a,b,c,d,e,f,g Yilmaz et al. 2012a,b,c,d,e,f,g Yilmaz et al. 2013a,b).The present day
inhabitants of modern Turkey arrived in the country with the expansion of the Turkic Empire
out from Centra Asia in the middle of the eleventh century. They travelled with their herds
and flocks and were accompanied by the guard dogs that protected these livestock and the
present day inhabitants of modern Turkey arrived in the country with the expansion of the
Turkic Empire out from Centra Asia in the middle of the eleventh century. They travelled
with their herds and flocks and with the guard dogs that protected these animals and hunting
dogs that assisted in the search for food. In the one thousand years since the Turkish arrival in
Asia Minor and Thrace several dog breeds have developed. Whilst Turkish hunting dogs are
analogous with those of much of Europe the “shepherd” dogs of Turkey are guard dogs bred
for and trained to protect the flocks and not to control the sheep.This review is part of a series
of papers that will eventually cover most species of domestic livestock in Turkey (Wilson et
1 This paper was presented as abstract paper as “The Domestic Livestock Resources of
Turkey: Breed Descriptions and Status of Guard and Hunting Dogs” during 63rdAnnual
Meeting of the EAAP, 27-31 August 2012 in Bratislava, Slovakia by Yilmaz, O.,Ertugrul, M.
and Wilson R. T.
.
al 2011, Yilmaz et al 2011a, 2011b, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d). The paper builds in part
on an earlier review (Reed 1996) but provides information breed organization, registration
and welfare in addition to describing and providing other information on ten identified types
of which five are molossers, one is a sighthound, one is a scenthound and one is a Spitz type.
Breeds
Turkish Kangal (Karabash) Shepherd
It is believed that the Kangal, a molosser flock guard dog, is believed to have originated in
Central Asia (Kirmizi 1994, Yilmaz 2007a, 2007b, Derbent and Yilmaz 2008, Yilmaz 2008)
and is genetically distinct from other Turkish dogs (Altunok et al 2005). The Kangal dog
has historically been associated with the town of Kangal a district town in Sivas Province in
eastern Anatolia where Akkaraman sheep production is an important activity -- but Kangal is
not the original name of this breed but came into use in Turkey via discussions at the United
Kingdom’s Kennel Club in the 1970s (Broadhead 2003, Reed 2003). The original name of
Karabash (Dikmen 1936, Tellioglu 1973, Oncul 1983) means blackhead in Turkish and
derives from the black muzzle (Figure 1). The Kangal can withstand the extremes of the cold
harsh climate of its homeland. Courage, faithfulness and sensitivity are the foremost
characteristics of the breed. It is a fearless and capable protector of its own flock, herd and its
human family with whom it forms bonds yet it is a formidable fighter against large dogs and
other predators (Pugnetti 2001, Kazak and Bakir 2002, Derbent and Yilmaz 2008, Yilmaz
2008).
The Kangal has a strong, sturdy body with a black mask and muzzle and black around the ears
and around eyes. The tail hangs low and has a slightly upward and forward curl (Gulec 1996,
Galand 1997, Yesilyurt 1999, Kartay 2002, Yilmaz 2007a, 2007b). The true Kangal dog
colour is solid dun or slightly paler shades of fawn or cream but never snow white (‘boz’ in
Turkish) (Robinson 1989, Yilmaz 2007a, 2007b). Colour is an important breed trait and in
Turkey non-standard colours or patterns are indicators of outside blood (Yilmaz 2007a,
2007b, Derbent and Yilmaz 2008, Yilmaz 2008). The dense double coat is moderately short.
Average mature live weights are 47.6 kg for males and 43.5 kg for females with shoulder
heights of 75.9 cm for males and 73.3 cm for females (Yilmaz 2007a).
The Kangal was registered with the Turkish Standards Institute as Notification Number 11172
in 1997 (Anon 1997b). It is supported nationally by CobanKopegiIrkiDernegi (Kangal Dog
Club of Turkey) and government and academic institutions operate kennels where Kangal
dogs are bred and pedigrees are carefully maintained. Its iconic status is confirmed by its
appearance on a Turkish postage stamp. Outside Turkey there is the Kangal Dogs
International the breed is supported in the UK by the Kangal Dog Trust. Kangal dogs are
recognized by the Kennel Club of the United Kingdom, the United Kennel Club of the USA
and by the national kennel clubs of South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. The first
Kangal litter was born in the United Kingdom in 1967 and purebred programmes were
established in the USA in the 1980s. Kangals are bred in Germany mainly by immigrant
Turkish workers and are registered as Anatolians but most are unregistered. There are Kangal
clubs or breed societies in Belgium, Bulgaria, France, the Netherlands and Sweden (Yilmaz
and Ertugrul 2011c, Yilmaz 2007b). In Namibia, where Kangals are used to guard sheep
flocks, almost 300 Kangals have been given to farmers by the Cheetah Conservation Fund
since 1994 (Anon 2010). The Turkish Kennel Club is petitioning the FCI for recognition of
both the Kangal Dog and the Akbash Dog.
The Akbash (Figure 2) is another molosser that is widely used as a flock guardian dog. The
origin of this ancient breed is unclear but it is believed that, as for the Kangal, it originated in
Central Asia. In Turkey the breed is now mainly found in plains and mountains of Ankara,
Afyon, Eskisehir and Konya Provinces which is known as the Salt Lake Plateau (Yilmaz
2007b, Yilmaz 2008).
Turkish Akbash Shepherd
Akbash translates as “white head” and the main colour is a solid milk white (Qadiri 1998,
Sims 2006, Yilmaz 2006, 2007a, 2007b, Derbent and Yilmaz 2008, Yilmaz 2008). Purebred
Akbash are free of pinto, skewbald and brindle markings or other indeterminate colours
although a cream stripe from the ears to the rump is acceptable. Compared with the fawn
coated Kangal, the Akbash has a more refined appearance with a pointed muzzle and a softer
coat with medium to long. Weight and height at the shoulders are similar to or slightly less
than the Kangal with a mean weight of 44.9 kg and shoulder height of 75.3 cm (Yilmaz and
Ertugrul 2012a). The Akbash has a natural protective instinct and is equally as brave and
faithful as the Kangal and possibly even more so in fighting with predators. Temperamentally
it is calm, quiet, alert, courageous and independent. It is a very agile dog capable of jumping
over obstacles as high as a man. Great stamina is coupled to great speed (Anon 1997a, Kartay
2008, Yilmaz 2008).
The Akbash was registered with the Turkish Standards Institute as Notification Number
12891 in 27.11.2002 (Anon 2002a). AkbasCobanKopeginiKorumaveArastirmaDernegi
(AKAD) (Akbash Shepherd Dog Conservation and Research Association) is the effective
breed society in Turkey. It has links with and a representative on the board of Akbash Dogs
International in the USA which is the successor to the North American Akbash Dogs Club.
There are also members of Akbash Dogs International in Canada and the Netherlands.
Kars (Caucasian) Shepherd
This regional breed (Figure 3), another molosser type, was first defined 1996 (Nelson and
Nelson 1996). It has several alternative names including ‘Killi’ (shaggy) in Ardahan,
Erzurum and Kars Provinces, ‘Sacakli’ (fringed) in Ardahan Province and ‘Tuylu’ (hairy) in
ArtvinPovince (Yilmaz 2008) and these localities are its main areas of distribution but it also
extends to Igdir Province (Yilmaz and Ertugrul2012b).
In appearance the Kars resembles the Caucasian Ovcharka (Mountain Dog). Its coat exhibits
many colours and patterns. Colours include black, reddish brown, agouti, grey, mixtures of
black and brown, white, piebald and white with grey patches. White markings are very
common in otherwise solid colour dogs. Also common are white forequarters, chests and neck
collars. The head is usually dark. The usually long coat – there are some short-coated dogs –
is important under severe winter conditions but when it is shed it gives the dog a dishevelled
motley appearance. The hairs on the neck and the back of the hindquarters are long and this
mane makes it appear larger from the front. The Kars is a somewhat smaller dog than either
the Kangal or the Akbash with a mean weight of 44.6 kg and a mean height at the shoulder of
72.4 cm (Kirmizibayrak 2004, Yilmaz 2012b). Local anecdotes relate that a small group of
Kars can cope with and even kill a smaller-sized bear. In general the Kars is a “one-man dog”
but it an ideal courageous and faithful guard dog (Yilmaz 2006, 2007a, 2007b, 2008).
The Kars has a breed standard provided by the Turkish Standards Instituteas Notification
Number 12892 in 27.11.2002 but this seems unreliable in some respects and especially for
weight (Anon 2002b).
Rize Koyun Shepherd
Newly described (Yilmaz and Ertugrul 2012b) from Rize Province on the eastern shore of the
Black Sea in northeast Turkey the Rize Koyun (Figure 4) is a flock and herd guardian dog of
molosser type. Koyun dogs are also present in Ordu Province to the west of Rize.
The dog is met in various colours but dark grey is the most common. Bi-coloured animals
also occur. RizeKoyun dogs have a solid body structure and strong legs which make for easy
traverses of the hilly areas of the Canik Mountains where they are found. The tail is normally
pendent but is raised in an alert posture up. Shoulder heights of dogs are about 70 cm and
those of bitches about 1-2 cm lower. The RizeKoyun is not a pet and in addition to guardian
duties it assists its human owners in giving vociferous or even physical warning of the
presence of intruding people or animals (Yilmaz and Ertugrul 2012b).
Karaman Shepherd
Found mainly in Karaman, Konya and Aksaray Provinces in Central Anatolia where the
herding of Akkaraman sheep is widespread the Karaman (Figure 5) is Turkey’s fifth type of
molosser flock guardian dog.In some respects the breed resembles the Kangal (Karabash) type
but the Karaman occurs in many different coat colours. It has a sturdy body constitution and
strong legs and is adapted to the harsh climate and geographic conditions of Central Anatolia
(Yilmaz 2007a).
The Turkish Tazi (Figure 6) is a classic sighthound-greyhound that is generally concentrated
in Konya Province in Central Anatolia and in Sanliurfa Province in Southeast Anatolia. There
are smaller numbers in Igdir, Kars, Karaman, Ankara and Istanbul Provinces (Yilmaz and
Ertugrul 2011a). It is asserted that the Turkish Tazi is descended from the Kirghiz Taigan and
was brought to Anatolia by Turks during the Great Migration (Yilmaz 2008). It also
resembles but is larger than the Saluki. The breed is historically better documented than
many other Turkish breeds despite being fewer in number (Yilmaz 2007a, Yilmaz 2007b).
One of Sehzades (Sultan’s son) of Sultan Suleiman (King Solomon) the Magnificent in
hunting with greyhounds was illustrated in a miniature dated from the 16th Century (Yilmaz
2008).
Turkish Tazi (Sighthound)
The Turkish Tazi possesses long forequarters and hindquarters, a slim body, a thin tail
without hairs, a long and slender skull, a long neck, deep chest and a flexible and curved
spine. Coat colour is very variable with black (35.2 per cent), being most common followed
by dun (25.4 per cent), brown (12.3 per cent), tan (10.7 per cent), white (8.2 per cent) and
pied (8.2 per cent). Body weights are about 18. 4 kilograms and height at shoulder about 62
cm (Yilmaz and Ertugrul 2011a.). These dogs are reared for their superior skills, mainly in
wetlands in Central and South Anatolia, in hunting quail, partridge, rabbits and foxes for
detecting and bringing back the prey shot [they hunt prey by running/chasing them down]
(Yilmaz 2007a, Derbent and Yilmaz 2008, Yilmaz 2008). The Turkish Tazi is extremely fast
(speeds of up to 65 km/hr over 1 km) it is not hyperactive (Serpell 1996, Palika 2007, Yilmaz
2008). The Tazi makes a good pet because of its loyal, mild and affectionate character and
gets along well with children and other family pets including cats. The thin coat renders the
Tazi susceptible to cold weather and, as with greyhounds elsewhere, most owners cover their
dogs with a rug in winter (Anon 2002c, Yilmaz 2007a, Yilmaz 2008).
Tarsus Catalburun (Fork-nose)
The Catalburun (Figure 7, Figure 8) is the only recognized scenthound in Turkey. In English
it is known as the Tarsus Fork-nose dog and sometimes known as the Turkish Pointer. The
breed is mainly located in Icel Province in the extreme south of Asian Turkey in the
Mediterranean Region (Dinçer 2006, Yilmaz 2007a, Yilmaz 2007b, Yilmaz 2008, Yilmaz and
Ertugrul 2011d,Yilmaz 2012d).
The Catalburun has a fully split nose, essentially resulting in a double nose, that is quite a rare
feature in dog breeds and arises from the nostrils being separated vertically by a band of skin
and fur dividing the nose all the way to the upper lips. The hair is short and thee coat is of
various colours, brown being the most common (52.7 per cent) followed by brown and white
(23.6 per cent), black and white (14.6 per cent and black (9.1 per cent). Live weights average
21.7 kg and height at shoulders 48.5 cm (Yilmaz and Ertugrul 2012c). In the Catalburun dogs
the live weight was 21.7 kg, and height at shoulders was 48.5 cm (Yilmaz and Ertugrul
2012c). The Catalburun has a very acute sense of smell that is arguably heightened by the
peculiar nose structure and is therefore particularly good at hunting by scent and indicating
the prey as a pointer dog. In addition to traditional hunting the Catalburun is being
increasingly used by the police as a sniffer dog for narcotics, explosives and for finding living
and dead people. The dog tends to be hunted as a singleton rather than in couples or packs.
Catalburun dogs are very friendly and get along well with humans in addition to other dogs
but are not suitable as pets in confined spaces as they prefer lots of space (Dinçer 2006,
Yilmaz 2007a, 2007b).
Dikkulak (Erect-ear)
The Turkish Dikkulak (Erect-ear) dog (Figure 9) is a typical Spitz type of small compact body
size with erect ears. It is also variously known as ‘dikkulak’ (erect ear), ‘çivikulak’ (nail ear)
and ‘zagar’. Dikkulak dogs are raised in the same area as the KarsDogs in Agri, Ardahan,
Erzurum, Igdir and Kars Provinces. In appearance the Dikkulak resembles the Pembrokeshire
Welsh Corgi (Yilmaz and Ertugrul 2011b) that is beloved of Her Majesty Elizabeth the
Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the
Faith".
The coat colour is variable with some 29.5 per cent being white, 23.0 per cent black, 19.7 per
cent brown and white, 18.0 per cent brown and 9.8 per cent tan. Live weight averages 10.6 kg
with the height at the shoulder being 27.8 cm (Yilmaz and Ertugrul 2011b). Spitz types were
originally bred as cattle dogs but in Turkey the Dikkulak is used as a small size watch dog.
Although incapable of attacking or restraining intruders they bark loudly to alert their owners
of unwarranted intrusion. In its watchdog role the Dikkulak is either tethered or allowed to
run loose in an enclosure area (Yilmaz 2008).
Turk IzciKopegiZagar (Turkish Chaser Dog foZagar)
Zagar (Figure 10) is also called as Kopay, Kopoy, Tavsanci (Hare hunter), Izsüren (Chaser),
Cakir. It is bred by Yoruk people in region of Thrace and provinces of Bursa, Manisa, Izmir,
Aydin, Denizli, Mugla and Afyon. This dog is especially used for hare hunting. Coat colour is
generally black or brown. It is a smart, loyal and energetic dog breed. It is resistance against
bad management and feeding. Height at withers is about 52.2 cm for male and 48.8 cm for
female. Live weight is 19.5 kg for male and 17.6 kg for female (Anon 2012).
Zerdava (Kapi)
The Zerdava (Figure 11) is bred in provinces of Trabzon and it’s around (pers. observ.). There
is lack of information about Zerdava’s history. Some owners claim that this breed originally
came from Georgia. It was bred in province of Artvin, and later than it was spreaded to other
provinces of Giresun, Rize and Trabzon (pers. commun.). The Zerdava has a unique colour
pattern. The base colour is dark or liver brown but the chest, legs and point of tail are white
with small dark spots. The white-coloured and spotted area around the neck is called ‘peskir’
(can be translated in English as hand towel) and the small dark spots themselves are known as
‘pul’ (stamp pattern). The eyes are yellowish-brown rather than brown. Shoulder height
averages 51.2 cm (Yilmaz and Ertugrul2012c). The Zerdava was originally a hunting dog for
smaller prey and vermin such as wild pig, foxes and jackals but its principal role in the
twenty-first century is as a watch dog. The dog is brave, energetic and agile dogs and
according to Zerdava owners they will pursue a lure for several days.
Zedava dogs are themselves hunted by wolves which may account in part for declining
numbers in recent several years (pers. commun.).
Fino of Tonya (Kobi)
There is lack of information about history of Fino of Tonya (Figure 12), but some owners
claim that origin of this dog came from Ukraine by sailors (pers. commun.). Actually Fino of
Tonya closely resembles to spitz type dogs such as German White Spitz, Japanese Spitz, and
VolpinoItaliano. White is the only colour of this dog. The shoulder height is about31.1 cm,
height at rump 30.1 cm, and weight is about 9.7 kg. Mainly kept as a vociferous watch dog
and suspicious of intruders it is nevertheless playful, energetic and friendly to children
(Yilmaz and Ertugrul2012a).
Conclusion
The Kangal and the Akbash are the two major dog breeds of Turkey. Not only are they
widespread in the country but also elsewhere in the world where they continue to be used as
guard dogs in addition to their new role as “fashion accessories”. None of the other breeds is
widespread within Turkey and they are generally little known outside the country. Turkish
dog owners complain that local breeds are in constant decline and this anecdotal evidence is
supported by the records of the Turkish Dog Federation in which only two of 21 member
associations are of native breeds. The Turkish Dog Federation is, however, providing support
to nascent groups of owners who wish to promote local breeds. Three breeds of dogs have
been registered with the Turkish Standards Institute but in general there is little Government
(at either national or regional level) support for dog breeding although support is provided for
other domestic animal species through its “In Vitro Conservation and Preliminary Molecular
identification of some Turkish Domestic Animal Genetic Resources (TURKHAYGEN-I)”
(Arat 2011). There are possibilities that an extension of TUKHAYGEN into a second phase
will include some dog breeds but most support will need to come from the private sector as
breeders groups and as individuals. As household incomes in Turkey are likely to rise in the
future and aspirations for a more “modern” lifestyle increase the prognosis for important
cultural and genetic resource that is the dog is not too negative.
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Printhouse: Ankara.
Yilmaz, O. 2008. Turk Kangal (Karabas) CobanKopegi. Bilge KulturSanatPrinthouse:
Istanbul. (Turkish Kangal (Karabash) shepherd dog. Bilge KulturSanatYayinevi:
Istanbul.)
Yilmaz, O. and Ertugrul M. 2011a. Some morphological characteristics of Turkish Tazi
(Sighthound). Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, Pakistan 21: 794-799.
Yilmaz, O. and Ertugrul, M. 2011b. Some morphological traits of the Zagar (erect-ear) dog
in Turkey. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, Igdir University 1: 107-
112.
Yilmaz, O. and Ertugrul, M. 2011c. Spread story of Kangal (Karabash) shepherd dogs in the
world. Igdir University Journal of Institute of Science and Technology. 1(3): 116-120.
Yilmaz, O. veErtugrul, M. 2011d.Some Morphological Traits of the Tarsus Fork-nose Dog in
Turkey. 2-3.June.2011, 21st International Scientific Conference of Union of Scientist in
Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
Yilmaz, O. &Ertugrul, M. 2011e. Domestication of Donkey (Equusasinus) Journal of Igdir
University, Institute of Science and Technology (EseginEvcilleştirilmesi.
IgdirUniversitesi Fen BilimleriEnstitusuDergisi. 1(3): 111-115.
Yilmaz, O., Ertugrul, M. and Wilson, R.T. 2011a. The domestic livestock resources of
Turkey: Water buffalo. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44 (4): 707-714.
Yilmaz, O., Ertugrul, M. and Wilson, R.T. 2011b. The domestic livestock resources of
Turkey: Camel. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 18 (2): 21-24.
Yilmaz, O., Boztepe, S. &Ertugrul, M. 2011c. SomeMorphologicalTraits of
TurkishMulesRaised in East Region of Turkey. Journal of IgdirUniversity, Institute of
ScienceandTechnology 1 (4), 113-118.
Yilmaz, O. and Ertugrul M. 2012a. Some Phenotypic Traits of Fino of Tonya (Kobi) Dogs of
Turkey and a Conservation Policy. Journal of VeterinaryAdvances. 2 (10): 494-499..
Yilmaz, O. &Ertugrul, M. 2012b.Determination of Kars ShepherdDogRaised in Turkey.
CanadianJournal of PureandAppliedScience. 6(3): 2127-2130.
Yilmaz, O. and Ertuğrul, M. 2012c. Determination of ZerdavaDog (KapiKopegi) Raised in
Northeast of Turkey. Journal of VeterinaryAdvances. 2 (9): 457-461..
Yilmaz, O. 2012d. Some Morphological Traits of the Tarsus Fork-Nose Dog in Turkey.
Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 18(1): 111-115.
Yilmaz, O 2012e. TurkishNativeHorseBreedsand A
ConservationPolicy.YuzuncuYilUniversityJournal of AgriculturalSciences. (Turkiye
Yerli At Irklari ve Bir Koruma Calismasi. Yuzuncu Yıl Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi
Dergisi.) 22(2): 117-133.
Yilmaz, O. and Ertugrul, M. 2012a. Determination of Akbash shepherd dog raised in
Turkey. BitlisEren University Journal of Science and Technology 2(1): 6-9.
Yilmaz, O. and Ertugrul M. 2012b. Determination of the Rize Koyun (sheep) dog in Turkey.
Canadian Journal of Applied Sciences 2: 216-221.
Yilmaz, O. and Ertugrul M. 2012c. Some morphological characteristics of the Tarsus Fork-
nose dog in Turkey. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 18(1): 111-115.
Yilmaz, O. &Ertugrul, M. 2012d. Some Phenotypic Traits of Turkish Kangal (Karabash)
Dogs Raised in Europe. Vth International Symposium of Livestock Production of
University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Institute of Animal Science, 5-7 September 2012,
Skopje, Macedonia.
Yilmaz, O. &Ertugrul, M. 2012e. Native Dog Breeds and Types of Turkey (TurkiyeYerli
Kopek Irk veTipleri) Igdir University, Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 2
(1), 99-106.
Yilmaz, O. &Ertugrul, M. 2012f. The Morphologic Traits of Donkeys Raised in East and
Southeast of Turkey. HayvansalUretim. 53 (1), 10-13.
Yilmaz, O. &Ertugrul, M. 2012g. Coat colour in horses (Atlarda Don). Journal of the
Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University 28 (2), 145-152.
Yilmaz, O., Akin, O., Yener, S.M., Ertugrul, M. and Wilson, R.T. 2012a. The domestic
livestock resources of Turkey: Cattle breeds and types and their conservation status
Camel. Animal Genetic Resources.50: 65-74.
Yilmaz, O., Kor, A., F., Ertugrul, M. and Wilson, R.T. 2012b. The domestic livestock
resources of Turkey: Goat breeds and types and their conservation status Camel.
Animal Genetic Resources.51: 105-116.
Yilmaz, O., Cengiz, F., Ertugrul, M. and Wilson, R.T. 2012c. The domestic livestock
resources of Turkey: Sheep breeds and crossbreeds and their conservation status.
Animal Genetic Resources.52: 147-163.
Yilmaz, O. and Wilson, R. T. 2012d. The Domestic Livestock Resources of Turkey:
Economic and Social Role, Species and Breeds, Conservation Measures and Policy
Issues. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 24 (9): 157.
Yilmaz, O., Boztepe, S. &Ertugrul, M. 2012e. DomesticatedDonkeys – Part II:
TypesandBreeds. CanadianJournal of AppliedScience. 2(2): 260-266.
Yilmaz, O., Boztepe, S., Ertugrul, M. & Wilson R. T. 2012f. The Domestic Livestock
Resources of Turkey: National Horse History, Breed Descriptions and Conservation
Status. 63rd Annual Meeting of the EAAP, 27-31 August 2012, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Yilmaz, O.,Ertugrul, M. and Wilson R. T. 2012g.The Domestic Livestock Resources of
Turkey: Breed Descriptions and Status of Guard and Hunting Dogs. 63rdAnnual
Meeting of the EAAP, 27-31 August 2012, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Yilmaz, O., Savaş, T., Ertugrul, M. &R. T. Wilson. 2013a. The Domestic Livestock
Resources of Turkey: Inventory of Pigeon Groups and Breeds with Notes on Breeder
Organizations. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 69 (2): 265-278.
Yilmaz, O.,Erturk, Y. E. &Ertugrul, M. 2013b. SomePhenotypicalCharacteristics of
CamelsRaised in Provinces of BalikesirandCanakkale of Turkey. CanakkaleOnsekiz
Mart University, Journal of AgricultureFaculty. 1 (1), 51-56