A review of therapeutic and non-therapeutic properties of sea buckthorn

Full text

Advanced Herbal Medicine, 2015; 1(2): 54-63.
*Corresponding author: Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran,
Tel: 00989140204896, E-mail: kiani.sandra@yahoo.com.
54
herbmed.skums.ac.ir
INTRODUCTION
Sea buckthorn (SBT) or Hippophae
rhamnoides L. from Elaeagnaceae family is
of deciduous plants grown mostly in
moderate climate and at high altitudes in
many parts of the world including Europe
and Asia. 1, 2 It is a herb that its leaves,
flowers, and fruits are used to make
medicine.3Different parts and forms of this
plant was used for their different medicinal
properties such as its pulp, seed oil, its
leaves, its berries, extract and juice.4This
plant belongs to the Elaeagnacae family.5
This article presented therapeutic and non-
therapeutic properties of this valuable
medicinal plant. SBT involves in the anti-
cancer therapy.6-8 It was shown that it
contributes in the treatment of vaginal
atrophy.9Experimental studies report its
A review of therapeutic and non-therapeutic properties of sea
buckthorn
Hojatolah Rohi-Boroujeni1, Sara Kiani2*
1Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord,
I.R. Iran; 2Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences; Shahrekord, I.R. Iran.
Received: 10/Feb/2015 Accepted: 20/Mar/2015
ABSTRACT
Background and aims: Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a deciduous plant
and has highly variable type and size, from small shrubs to medium-sized trees,
traditionally growing in Tibet and currently all over the world especially in Europe and
Asia. This study aimed to overview some of therapeutic and non-therapeutic properties of
SBT and its potential benefits and side effects in order to open up a clear understanding for
further detailed study in this regard.
Methods: This review article was carried out by searching studies in Web of Science,
Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The search terms were “Sea buckthorn”, “Sea
buckthorn” and “hippophae”, “therapeutic”, “non-therapeutic”.
Results: Various studies have shown that sea buckthorn plays a role in the treatment of
cardiovascular disease, liver fibrosis, skin diseases (eczema, acne,), arthritis, vaginal
atrophy, dry eye. This herb has anti- inflammatory, anti-constipation, antioxidant, anti-
aging, anti-cancer, anti-stress, antidepressant and antiproliferative effects. Besides, it enjoys
some non-therapeutic properties including nutritive values (a good source of vitamin C, E,
omega 3, 6, 7), oral and dental health care value and cosmetic value (in the industry of
cosmetics: cream, shampoo, jellies, and etc.).
Conclusion: sea buckthornis widely used for therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes that
trigger its significant value. Various combinations and numerous medicinal properties of its
berries, fruits, extract, pulp, seed oil, leaves demand further and more studies about the
other useful and unknown properties of this multifunctional plant.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Sea buckthorn, Hippophae, Therapeutic effects,
Non-therapeutic effects.
Review article

Rohi-Boroujeni H and Kiani S. Therapeutic & non-therapeutic effect of sea buckthorn
55
usefulness in the treatment of dry eye.10 SBT
has a preventive activity for cardiovascular
disease.11, 12 Besides, it has an antioxidant,
antibacterial and antivirus activities.12-19 Its
oil leads to anti-inflammation.20, 21 SBT fruit
and leaves have the property of wound
healing, 22-25 gastric ulceration and
erosions.26,27 Besides, it has anti-
depressant,28 and anti-stress application.29 In
animal studies, it was shown that it is good
for cardiovascular disease30,31 and cerebral
vascular injury.32 It has also radio protective
activity.33,34 Its oil and leaf are anti-liver
disease effect.35-37 Its seed can be useful for
the treatment of skin disease.35,36 It has
pharmacological effects37 and anti-
infection,38 and it has inhibitory effects
against platelet aggregation.38 Given to non-
therapeutic effects of this plant, it is noted
that it has nutritive value,39-44 hygienic oral
and dentalproperty45 and ideal effect upon
skin health.46-50 This article presented the
therapeutic and non-therapeutic properties of
this valuable medicinal plant to contribute to
further solutions in science.
There are wide varieties of phytochemical
compounds for SBT that they change
according to the origin, climate and
technique of extraction. Generally, this plant
consists of vitamins, mineral elements,
monosaccharide, sugars, organic acids, free
amino acids, large amount of carotenoids
and vitamin E,14-16 volatile compounds,17
(Table 1) and different flavonoids (myricetin,
quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and
apigenin),18 fatty acids,19 triacylglycerol,
glycerophospholipids, phytosterols,
zeaxanthin esters, alpha-tocopherol and
phenolic compounds. Compounds in its seed
oil identified as campesterol, clerosterol,
lanosterol, sitosterol, β-amyrin, sitostanol,
avenasterol, stigmasta-en-ol, α-amyrin,
stigmastadienol, lupeol, gramisterol, sitosterol,
cycloartenol, cycloeucalenol, avenasterol, 28-
methylobtusifoliol, 24-methylenecycloartanol,
erythrodiol, citrostadienol, uvaol, and oleanol
aldehyde.28
Table 1: Main constituents of sea buckthorn
oils after removal of juice
Ingredients
Seed
oil
Pulp
oil
Fruit
residue oil
Vitamin E
+
+
+
Vitamin K
+
+
-
Carotenoids
+
+
+
Total acids
+
+
-
Total flavonoid
-
-
+
Total sterols
+
+
-
Unsaturated fatty acids
+
+
+
Saturated fatty acids
+
+
+
Table 2:Important compounds ofsea buckthorn
Chemical constituents of sea buckthorn
Isorhamnetin-3-0-galactorhamnoside
Isorhamnetin-3-0-glucoside
Isorhamnetin-3-0-glucorhamnoside
Isorhamnetin-3-0-glucoarabinoside
Isorhamnetin-3-0-glucoglucoside
Isorhamnetin-7-0-rhamnoside
Isorhamnetin-3-0-gluco-7-orhamnoside
Myricetin
Quercitin-3-0-rutin
2,4-dihydroxy-chalcones-2-oglucoside
Quercitin
Isorhamnetin-3-0-galactoside
Isorhamnetin-3-0-gluco-(1-6) glucoside
Quercitin-3-0- glucoside
Quercitin-7-0- orhamnoside
Quercitin-3-0-methylether kaempferol

Advanced Herbal Medicine, 2015; 1(2): 54-63.
56
In a study, SBT has been scientifically
analyzed and many of its traditional uses
have been distinguished by means of some
biochemical and pharmacological studies.
Several pharmacological properties have
been described for it including cytoprotective,
anti-stress, Immmuno-modulatory,
hepatoprotective, radioprotective, anti-
atherogenesis, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and
tissue regeneration.1
A study by Carl Grey et al. has shown
that the fruit of this plant has many bioactive
compounds that inhibit the proliferation of
cancer cells.6In their study, it is
demonstrated that although the dose of the
extract is in high importance in its
antiproliferative effects, the existence of
ursolic acid is of great importance in the
treatment of cancer. In a laboratory study,
the treatment of the liver cancer was
investigated and its effect was confirmed.7
In another study, the anti-carcinogenic
potential of lipids from this plant was
reviewed and it is found that its juice and oil
was confirmed to have great amount of
nutrients and bioactive substances such as
vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoid,
polyunsaturated fatty acids, free amino acids
and elemental components that again
emphasized on its anti-carcinogenic
properties.8
In a randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled study, it is demonstrated
that the intake of SBT seed oil has a good
effect in the treatment of vaginal atrophy in
postmenopausal women. It is shown that it
can improve in the integrity of vaginal
epithelium and it can be an alternative for
women who are not able to use estrogen.9
In a double-blind study of 100 women
and men, it is illustrated that intake of the
combination of SBT oil has a good effect
on the symptoms of dry eye. It is
demonstrated that it functions through
decrease in inflammation and oxidative
damage. It is shown that SBT oil reduces an
increase in tear film osmolarity during the
cold season and positively affects the dry
eye symptoms (redness and burning).10
Animal and human studies suggest that
flavonoid in SBT may forage free radicals,
reduce blood density, and boost function of
heart. Flavanol aglycones of SBT trigger to
prevent from cardiovascular disease.11 In
another study, it was mentioned that
carotenoids and flavonoid derived from
SBT could serve as a natural treatment for
reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease
(CVD).12
Fractions of SBT fruits were
investigated for antioxidant activity and it
was illustrated that the phenolic compounds
play an important role in its antioxidant
property.12 Antioxidant and
hepatoprotective activities of phenolic rich
fraction (PRF) of SBT leaves were
discussed. It was shown that PRF has
potent antioxidant activity, prevent
oxidative damage to major biomolecules
and afford significant protection against
CCL4induced oxidative damage in the
liver.13 Residue of SBT without seed is
considered as an important resources of
antioxidant for nutritional, pharmaceutical,
cosmetic or food industries.14,15 It was
suggested that the alcoholic extracts of
leaves and fruits of SBT have shown
cytoprotective properties that prove its anti-
oxidant activity.15 the antioxidative
properties of 10 genotypes of SBT were
shown.16 The cytoprotective and
antioxidant properties of SBT against
tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide was reported.
It is revealed that retreating cells with SBT
extracts prevent from cytotoxicity and keep
antioxidants levels similar to that of control
cells.17 Besides, the berries of wild and
cultivated SBT are rich in vitamin C and
the combination of vitamin C and
tocopherols and tocotrienols makes the fruit
a very good source of antioxidant.18
Administration of water soluble

Rohi-Boroujeni H and Kiani S. Therapeutic & non-therapeutic effect of sea buckthorn
57
polysaccharides from Hippophae
rhamnoides leaf tea (WPHT) at 50 mg/kg d
and 100 mg/kg d could increase the
activities of plasma and liver superoxide
dismutase and decrease the contents of
plasma and liver homogenate
malondialdehyde, with a significant
difference from the model group (P<0.05).
Thus, WPHT has a potential antioxidant
property in vivo.19
The MeOH extract was confirmed to
have maximum antibacterial activity.16 SBT
leaf extract has remarkable anti-
inflammatory activity and it is able to treat
inflammatory diseases due to its scavenging
activity and/or its inhibitory effects on
nitric oxide synthase activation.20 A study
shows that leaves of SBT have a preventive
effect of immunosuppression and
inflammation through modifying
inflammatory pathway and restoring
adaptive immune response.21 In an animal
study, Immmuno-modulatory activity of
SBT leaf extract was evaluated. These
observations suggest that the SBT leaf
extract has a significant anti-inflammatory
activity and has the potential capability for
the treatment of arthritis.51
Efficacy of topical administration of
flavones of SBT on dermal wound healing
in rats was investigated and it is suggested
that SBT flavones improve the wound
healing activity as indicated by promoting
wound contraction, decreased time taken
for epithelialization. it causes significant
increase in reduced glutathione, vitamin C
and catalase activities in wound granulation
tissue and significant decrease in lipid
peroxide levels, so it is demonstrated that
flavones in SBT promotes wound healing
activity.22 In a study, patients receiving the
dressing showed more obvious education
reduction, pain relief and faster epithelial
cell growth and wound healing, comparing
the group treated with Vaseline gauze. It is
found that SBT oil has definite effects on
the healing of burn wounds.23 The SBT
seed oil improve the wound healing process
by increasing wound contraction,
hydroxyproline, hexosamine, DNA and
total protein contents comparing silver
sulfadiazine (SS) ointment-treated group.
Histopathological findings further
confirmed the healing property of SBT seed
oil.24 SBT seed oil has also confirmed to
possess remarkable effect in wound healing
in the case of full-thickness burns and split-
thickness harvested wounds.25
The CO2 derived from SBT seed and
pulp oils can both prevent and cure gastric
ulcers.26 In another study, prophylactic
efficacies of SBT oil in comparison to other
standard drugs for gastric ulceration and
erosions were investigated.27
Anti-depressive effects of SBT fruits
extract was examined and it is shown that it
possess significant antidepressant-like
effects in animal models of depression and
may be served as a natural psychotherapeutic
material against depression.28
The results in a study by Saggu et al.
indicated that SBT leaf aqueous extract
possesses potent adaptogenic activity with
no toxicity even after sub-acute (30 days)
maximal effective dose administration.
Nicotine cause oxidative stress in rat brain
to test the effects of SBT extract. It is
demonstrated that vitamin E might have
easily diffused to rat brain as a lipid soluble
antioxidant, however, the plant extract,
would not have sufficiently diffused to the
brain to exert its antioxidant effect.52 In
another study, the results suggested that
SBT extract can be used as a dietary
supplement, especially by people who
smoke in order to prevent nicotine-induced
oxidative stress. Different sorts of
vegetables, fruits and grains in daily diet
protect the body against most of oxidative
stress induced diseases, however, it is not
necessarily mean that antioxidants cause
not to suffer from diseases, especially when

Advanced Herbal Medicine, 2015; 1(2): 54-63.
58
they are used in artificial forms. It is worth-
mentioning that most of the studies have
been carried out in a short –time period and
conducting on patients with existing
diseases.53 As far as SBT is a rich source of
antioxidants both aqueous and lipophilic, as
well as polyunsaturated fatty acids, it is a
potential for treatment of coronary heart
disease.30, 31
The studies showed that induced
Hypoxia elevates free radical levels and as
a result, malondialdehyde were
significantly lowered after SBT
pretreatment. The observations suggest that
SBT seed oil possesses significant hypoxia
protection activity and curtailed hypoxia
induced enhanced vascular leakage in the
brain.32
Radioprotective activity of this plant
was investigated in a study and it is
concluded that free radical scavenging,
acceleration of stem cell proliferation and
immunostimulation are the radioprotective
attributes require further investigations.33 It
is also suggested that SBT possessed
recovering effect and a short-term
protective effect on the toxicity of oxidized
cholesterol in rats. Taking all these data
together, SBT may play an important role
in diminishing the toxic effects of oxidized
cholesterol in rats.34
It is demonstrated the positive effects
of SBT on serum lipids, transaminase, and
liver/spleen ratio and liver stiffness in
patients with NAFLD, which may be
further developed as a promising therapy
for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver
disease.35 Besides, it was found that SBT
may be a hopeful drug for prevention and
treatment of liver fibrosis.36 Protective
effects of SBT seed oil on carbon
tetrachloride (CCI4)-induced hepatic
damage in male ICR mice were examined37
and it has shown that the treatment of SBT
seed oil was also found to significantly
increase the activities of superoxide
dismutase. Overall, the hepatoprotective
effect of SBT seed oil at all tested doses
was found to be comparable to that of
Silymarin and have been supported by the
evaluation of the liver histopathology in
mice. In another study, it was found that
pretreatment of leaf extract at a
concentration of 100 and 200 mg kg-1 body
weight protected significantly the animals
from CCI4-induced liver injury.38
In a placebo-controlled, double-blind
study, the effect of seed and pulp oils of
SBT on atopic dermatitis was investigated
and it was shown that seed oil increased α-
linolenic acid and linolenic, α-linolenic,
and eicosapentaenoic acids in plasma.
Thus, treatment by pulp oil increased the
proportion of positive acids and decreased
negative acids and it is really helpful in the
treatment of atopic dermatitis.39
Flavones of SBT fruit can modulate the
production and level of several signaling
molecules related to function of immune
system and inflammation in vitro, including
several cytokines. The observations of
these studies suggested that stimulation of
IL-6 and TNF-alpha secretion had
antimicrobial40 and anti-virus infection
property.41
Biological properties of the plant, its
pharmacological effects and use in
traditional medicine have been reviewed in
a study by Guliyev.42 Medicinal plants have
been used for many years for different
treatments.43 However, therapy by
medicinal plants and discovery should be
focused more than before.44
A remarkable decrease in the
maximum level of platelet aggregation was
observed and also the positive effects of
SBT on blood clotting were reported.
However, further studies on the dose-
response effects are required to examine the
practical use of SBT supplements.45
SBT leaf extract can be used for food
additives and for making useful natural

Rohi-Boroujeni H and Kiani S. Therapeutic & non-therapeutic effect of sea buckthorn
59
compounds.46 Its leaves are used to make
tea. Its juice can be used to make a
nutritious beverage. Two main sources of
valuable product are derived from the
berries, juice from the fleshy tissue and
seed as a single seed from each berry. The
remained pulp after juice removal is used to
extract “SBT yellow”, that is a food
coloring material. Fruit juice contains great
amount of sugar, organic acids, amino
acids, essential fatty acids, phytosterol,
flavonoid, vitamins and mineral elements.
Phytosterol quantity in SBT is more than
soybean oil. SBT oil is rich in oleic acid
and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.47
Besides, it was shown that the nutritive
value of SBT fruits and seeds is highly
related to its origin.48 Supplementation of
diets with SBT fruits has a positive effect
on everyday human food style.49 The main
vitamin in SBT fruit is vitamin C that
contains 400 mg/100 g approximately.50 It
is suggested that SBT is useful for oral
health and diseases. Although there are
modern ways to treat oral and teeth
diseases, many people still accustomed to
utilize medicinal plants for dental
disorders.54
Cosmetic purposes of SBT were
reviewed that range from oil, juice, and
food additives to candies, jellies, cosmetics,
and shampoos.55 The effects of topically
applied water-in-oil emulsion (w/o) of SBT
were examined. It was concluded that the
topical antioxidant emulsion of H.
rhamnoides significantly improved skin
biomechanical parameters. The data
obtained suggested that H. rhamnoides
could be an alternative pharmacological
tool for treating age-related loss of skin
elasticity.56 Its seed is found to be a source
of seed oil, which is much unsaturated,
because of its light absorption and
emollient properties, as an ingredient in
cosmetics, phytopharmaceutics, or UV skin
protectant preparations and the oil absorbs
ultraviolet light and promotes healthy skin.57
The anti-sebum secretion effects of a topical
skin-care cream emulsion (w/o) of SBT were
investigated. The results showed formulation
has good stability and anti-sebum secretion
effects over 4 and 8 weeks, respectively.58
Skin health was shown that the
consumption of SBT fruit had protective
effect due to the high content of collagen that
has potential as a protective and therapeutic
drug candidate against skin aging that
functions by regulating the moisture content,
MMP expression levels and superoxide
dismutase activity.59 No scientifically
confirmed side effects were reported.
CONCLUSION
SBT is widely used for therapeutic and
non-therapeutic purposes that trigger its
significant value. Various combinations and
numerous medicinal properties of its berries,
fruits, extract, pulp, seed oil, leaves demand
further and more studies about the other
useful and unknown properties of this
multipurpose plant.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no
conflict of interests.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Hereby, we thank Research and
Technology Deputy of Shahrekord
University of Medical Sciences for funding
this research, and Medical Plants Research
Center.
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