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Regenerating Urban Waterfronts—Creating Better Futures—From Commercial and Leisure Market Places to Cultural Quarters and Innovation Districts
Abstract
This paper investigates the contemporary issues in waterfront regeneration strategies. It evaluates and analyzes the legacies from past international waterfront projects through case examples and review policies, practices, trends and issues that pertain to waterfront regeneration. The impact of these within urban regeneration and urban cultural contexts are in turn considered. In this respect, the paper tracks the changes from typical festival-type market regeneration initiatives of the 1980s and 1990s to more culturally and entrepreneurial-focused projects evidenced today. Contemporary issues that stakeholders should consider when evaluating waterfront projects are considered. The paper gives recommendations for the direction of future waterfront development strategies. Conclusions promote the accommodation of more inclusive, socially responsible, culturally relevant, innovative, entrepreneurial and integrated regeneration objectives to ensure the future success of waterfront projects.
... This involves a rise in city marketing to give the city a brand in order to attract consumers, investors, visitors et cetera (Boland 2013). This phenomenon of place branding has increased, to strengthen the competitiveness of cities as well as downplaying or ignoring the social and economic problems that occur in other often disadvantaged parts of the city (Boland 2013 instance, increased employment opportunities, improved infrastructures, increased cultural activities and creativity, and environmentally friendly and efficient living (Huang et al. 2011;Jones 2017). ...
... Concerns regarding waterfront developments point however towards the impact commercialization of urban life has on social equity (Boland et al. 2017;Jones 2017). As Jones (2017 p. 337) claims, after wide criticism on the favoring attitude for the private sector, urban planning strategies, especially in relation to waterfront developments need to be a part of a wider "integrated regeneration strategy which embraces economic, environmental, cultural and social objectives". ...
... emphasis on making housing more accessible to people of a diverse range of backgrounds. Though, affordable housing was mentioned as an indicator for economic sustainability, it was not indicated how it was measured or achieved. In fact, instead of defining affordable housing further, it was replaced with the words reasonable price at market-value.Jones (2017) argues that inclusive waterfront regeneration strategies have become more common in recent years after the rise of segregation and gentrification in many cities. Nevertheless, it is demonstrated that sometimes the initial objectives of planning strategies are not achieved (Morena 2011 quoted Timu 2013 p. 174). ...
Increasing urbanization and the commodification of housing have contributed to limited availability of affordable housing in many cities worldwide. Marked-based rent regulations and the redevelopment of post-industrial harbor districts have given rise to the emergence of new-build gentrification in many cities. Sweden, formerly known for its social democratic and welfare state policies, has undergone legislative changes in housing policy in the past quarter decade which has made housing prices more dependent on the market. Malmö, one of Sweden's biggest and most segregated cities, is internationally known for its sustainable waterfront development called Western Harbor. This study applies a SDG 11 macro-narrative that unfolds onto the micro-narrative of sustainable waterfront development in Malmö. Accordingly, it investigates how inclusive the housing landscape in Western Harbor is. A critical discourse analysis of the English policy reports made it possible to get an in-depth understanding of how adequate housing is represented in the reports. The major finding is that adequate housing, in terms of affordability and accessibility to low-income groups, has been barely mentioned. There are three developments with a focus on building housing at affordable prices, yet, so far, the rent levels are higher than the average rent in Malmö. Moreover, the other sub-districts, which take up most of the land in the waterfront district, do not mention anything regarding adequate housing. In addition, the reports indicate that the aim is to attract the knowledge-based society/ creative class (Florida 2002). The study concludes that the discourse within the reports imply the development of new-build gentrification. Consequently , it is argued that a neoliberal market-based approach hinders the succession of providing for adequate housing as the main focus lies on competition instead of housing.
... The changing port-city interface offers a vantage point from which to observe post-industrial dynamics and processes of reindustrialization, and to assess the extent to which they provide more locally embedded and socially inclusive forms of economic development (Grodach & Gibson, 2019). In this optic, waterfront regeneration projects, accelerated in recent decades by the desire to attract creatives and knowledge workers and accrue socio-economic gains, have given new purposes to areas where functional port activities were in retreat-yet they have often been coupled with controversial outcomes and concerns over commercialization, marginalization of communities, and standardization of uses (Jones, 2017;Smith & Garcia Ferrari, 2012). More recently, imperatives relating to decarbonization, digitalization, and the circular economy have set new challenges and opportunities for port-cities, changing spatial demands and adaptation needs for businesses and city planners (Gladek et al., 2018;Van den Berghe & Vos, 2019). ...
... The results support the relevance of the conceptual lens of porosity in urban planning (Wolfrum, 2018), insofar as they show that the area's transition can be typified by the withdrawal of certain (port) activities, the persistence and innovation of others, and the arrival of new activities and users. The article contributes to existing literature that calls for a paradigm shift in waterfront regeneration, aligning it to a more progressive and longterm planning agenda calling for more socially responsible change (Jones, 2017;Stouten, 2017). Moreover, the article offers novel data to substantiate the interconnections of policy vision, legacy of the area's former uses, and new embodiments. ...
... Our qualitative analysis shows that regeneration strategies of Rotterdam Makers District to some extent embody what Jones (2017) describes as more socially responsible, innovative, entrepreneurial, and integrated regeneration objectives. Yet our data does not allow us to uncover whether such developments have the inclusive nature Jones (2017) advocates. The area's location and attractive character open up a dilemma for inclusive and progressive waterfront regeneration, as the new users contend with rising demands for urban space. ...
This article explores old and emerging socio‐spatial imaginaries and uses of Rotterdam’s Makers District. The district comprises two urban harbors—Merwe Vierhavens and Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij—historically in use as bustling trade, storage, and ship yarding nodes of the city’s port activities. At the turn of the millennium, technological advancements made it possible to move many port‐related activities out of the area and farther out of the city, gradually hollowing out these harbors’ port‐related economic foundations and opening opportunities for new uses and imaginaries. This article traces the transition by detailing how the boundary between the city and the port has become more porous in this district. It does so by offering original empirical evidence on the flows of users in and out of the area in recent years, based on location quotients, while also applying a content analysis of the profiles of companies and institutions currently inhabiting and working in these transformed port‐city spaces. On the one hand, the results show how the ongoing port‐city transition in Rotterdam’s Makers District combines carefully curated interventions and infrastructure plans seeking to progressively adapt the area to new purposes, while maintaining some of its former functions. On the other hand, they highlight the pioneering role of more bottom‐up initiatives and innovative urban concepts, springing from the creative industries and maker movement. The article offers insights into the emerging uses and imaginaries attached to the district, while also
showing the resilience and adaptation of port legacies.
... In place development, the point of departure is often in the local features or place identity that contributes to the unique environment of a city or region (Erfurt-Cooper, 2009;Lindberg et al., 2017). Jones (2017) points out that waterfront regeneration is a current important agenda for city planners and considered a global major planning phenomenon, i.e., 'the last 20 years, or so, the growth and success of such projects has been exponential and a phenomena without parallel. Many waterfront locations have created whole new city districts or quarters or new urban cultural, leisure and tourism quarters ' (p.335). ...
... Contemporary waterfront regeneration is however shifting from an earlier focus on physical transformation of declining waterfront areas into more culturally oriented regeneration projects that focus on all urban stakeholders and locally based innovation (Sairinen and Kumpulainen, 2006). Current regeneration projects are often inclusive and focused on integrated objectives since the development of the place also changes the character of a city, giving opportunities for new economic development and attracting new enterprises and investors as well as developing local strategies for innovation and culture in cross-sector partnership (Jones, 2017). It is not unusual that harbour cities involve networks with various stakeholders from public, private and non-profit sectors as well as residents and tourists. ...
... Consequently, place development processes are often very complex with multiple actors and sectors involved in the co-shaping of a place (McCarthy, 2004). Inclusion and coordination of stakeholders and networks are thus crucial for renewal processes in urban regeneration (Lee et al., 2005;Jones 2017;Lindberg et al., 2017). Lindberg et al. (2017) point out that in the development of a place more and more emphasis is on developing innovative solutions to societal challenges through inclusive innovation processes. ...
... In place development, the point of departure is often in the local features or place identity that contributes to the unique environment of a city or region (Erfurt-Cooper, 2009;Lindberg et al., 2017). Jones (2017) points out that waterfront regeneration is a current important agenda for city planners and considered a global major planning phenomenon, i.e., 'the last 20 years, or so, the growth and success of such projects has been exponential and a phenomena without parallel. Many waterfront locations have created whole new city districts or quarters or new urban cultural, leisure and tourism quarters ' (p.335). ...
... Contemporary waterfront regeneration is however shifting from an earlier focus on physical transformation of declining waterfront areas into more culturally oriented regeneration projects that focus on all urban stakeholders and locally based innovation (Sairinen and Kumpulainen, 2006). Current regeneration projects are often inclusive and focused on integrated objectives since the development of the place also changes the character of a city, giving opportunities for new economic development and attracting new enterprises and investors as well as developing local strategies for innovation and culture in cross-sector partnership (Jones, 2017). It is not unusual that harbour cities involve networks with various stakeholders from public, private and non-profit sectors as well as residents and tourists. ...
... Consequently, place development processes are often very complex with multiple actors and sectors involved in the co-shaping of a place (McCarthy, 2004). Inclusion and coordination of stakeholders and networks are thus crucial for renewal processes in urban regeneration (Lee et al., 2005;Jones 2017;Lindberg et al., 2017). Lindberg et al. (2017) point out that in the development of a place more and more emphasis is on developing innovative solutions to societal challenges through inclusive innovation processes. ...
... Although there are risks connected with rehabilitating waterfronts, the benefits are more substantial and essential. Jones (2017) added several additional dangers to those mentioned throughout the discussion of the principles. There is a need for established traits that include creativity, innovation, and welfare programs to reduce these hazards and meet current needs. ...
... There is a need for established traits that include creativity, innovation, and welfare programs to reduce these hazards and meet current needs. (Hoyle, 2000;Kostopoulou, 2013;Jones, 2017;Sepe M. , 2009;Carta, 2012). ...
With current approaches to urban development, Cyprus's rich historical and cultural inheritance is taking shape. It has faced numerous political, sociocultural, economic, and technological concerns during the past few decades. Consequently, these elements influence the urban design and generate uniquecharacteristics and patterns. As a result of considerable changes in the socio-economic structure, as seen by contemporary methods of urban development, cities have become more congested. The Limassol waterfront is a world-famous area that displays innovative urban design. This essay examines several urban features of the Molos, popularly known as the Limassol Promenade. The Promenade in Limassol and its environs have been the subject of research to analyze the evolution of general urban characteristics over time. There have been both descriptive and analytical assessments. Physical, functional, social, economic, cultural, and political variables occurred in the analysis.The review concludes that the Limassol Promenade has considerable strengths in drawingvisitors and offers economic benefits, employment prospects, and inspiration for the creative class. On the other hand, technologically speaking, the waterfront has several flaws. The achievements of modern technology must apply to the waterfront to enhance inventive, informative, and appealing perspectives. In addition, vehicular traffic, cyclists, the disabled, and pedestrians must also be made more accessible.
... Waterfronts and city docklands continue to be transformed [60]. Today, waterfront development strategies aim to create new social facilities, expand employment, and create a base for environmental, economic, and social development for many declining waterfronts [64]. Waterfront development strategies continue to be developed, and nowadays, creativity and creative environment planning strategies are starting to shape urban planning strategies as well. ...
... Timur (2013) mentioned eight aspects of waterfront development: expansion (if possible); temporary events and opportunities; itinerary; new urban waterfront itineraries (if possible); safety; suitable for cargo and passenger ships (if needed); reuse; flood defense (if needed); and artificial urban beaches (if possible and needed) [71]. Finally, Jones A. L. (2017) mentioned eleven points for waterfront development strategies: innovation, creativity, visionary design concept, cultural sensitivity, cultural capacity, community resilience, connectivity, promotion, entrepreneurs, integration, and appropriate scale of development [64]. ...
Nowadays, cities exhibit a high degree of culture, innovation, knowledge, and advanced technology. Therefore, talented people or the creative class have become the focal point of contemporary cities. The productivity of cities affects the economy, attractiveness, and awareness level of society. Economic, socio-cultural, and demographic changes in Kyrenia Waterfront have altered visitors’ expectations; they expect to experience adequate physical quality, practical opportunities, and a collaborative atmosphere. By surveying 247 randomly selected users and conducting site observations, this study aimed to assess user satisfaction at Kyrenia Waterfront and clarify its impacts on the immediate local context. Statistical analysis of the resulting data allowed us to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, creative environmental aspects, waterfront development aspects, and creative waterfront aspects of the Kyrenia Waterfront through the use of SPSS and AMOS. This study revealed that most respondents perceive the waterfront as a positive contribution to the area. On the other hand, the results affirmed that physical quality, practical opportunities, and integration of innovation and technology need to be improved. The process suggests that the viewpoints of locals, visitors, and creative people should be considered in planning and design decisions to contribute to the sufficiency of creative waterfronts.
... Innovation district is an emerging land use type, where also referred to as urban model of innovation (Millar and Choi, 2010;Wagner et al., 2019) that has become a global phenomenon for many cities in recent years primarily due to the agglomeration benefits attached with it. The term innovation district is used interchangeably with 'high technology district' (Forsyth, 2014), 'science and technology park' (Díez-Vial and Fernández-Olmos, 2015), 'knowledge community precinct' (Esmaeilpoorarabi et al., 2020b), 'innovation and cultural districts' (Jones, 2017), 'innovation precincts' (Esmaeilpoorarabi et al., 2018b), 'knowledge and innovation spaces' (Pancholi et al., 2019) and the likes-that are mostly inner-city and suburban mixed-function land uses . In a nutshell, innovation district is the nexus of knowledge-based urban development (Yigitcanlar and Dur, 2013;Yigitcanlar and Inkinen, 2019) ...
... The modern examples are Singapore's One-North, and Spain's 22@ Barcelona Innovation District. Whilst the former innovation districts were developed for single-purpose use within enclosed district walls based on closed innovation systems design , the more contemporary ones are designed and developed as boundaryless environments and mixed land uses encouraging open innovation systems with strong social networks (Jones, 2017;Wagner et al., 2019;Yigitcanlar et al., 2020). ...
Establishing innovation districts is a highly popular urban policy due to the economic, social and spatial benefits they offer to the host city. Investing on innovation districts is a risky business as there is no one-size-fit-all innovation district type. Besides, there only exists limited understanding on the varying features, functions and spatial and contextual characteristics of this new land use type. This study aims to contribute to the efforts in classifying innovation districts holistically through a multidimensional framework. The study builds on a conceptual framework developed by the authors and expands it into an operational framework that consists of numerous attributes—i.e., four dimensions (context, form, feature, function), 16 indicators and 48 measures. The framework and its attributes are subjected to validation by a panel of 32 experts through an international Delphi survey. This paper reports the process of framework development and validation. The resulting multidimensional innovation classification framework is first of its kind. It is useful in determining the key characteristics of existing innovation districts, helps in understanding what works in certain locations and what does not, and informs decisions of policymakers in investing the type of innovation districts suitable for the local context.
... Within this general longitudinal context, much of the existing literature (re)visits themes such as firstly, transitions over the last 30 years from heritage led to popular culture led waterfront revitalisation and innovation and creative tourism (e.g. Brownill, 2013;Jones, 2016;Kostopoulou, 2013;Schubert, 2011Schubert, , 2017. Second, the role of signature architecture and flagship developments e.g. ...
... Amongst these have been 'bluescapes' and it is widely acknowledged that waterfront developments are a key driver for generating economic growth and extending competitiveness in an increasingly globalised market (e.g. Brownill, 2013;Jones, 2016). ...
This paper explores the under-researched intersections between the trajectories of luxury waterfront property led development and changing contemporary tourism product supply and offer. A case study approach is used and positioned within the context of mediatised, financialised neoliberal capitalism and interpreted through the lens of critical theory. It focuses on prestige property developments in Malta and on how tourists are being given the opportunity of ‘buying into’ the lifestyles of the affluent elite. Qualitative bricolage methods are utilised. The study argues that the adaptive reuse of luxury property by tourists is stalling potential waterfront development decline. Through conspicuous consumption and the search for status symbolism by tourists, economic resilience is strengthened. The significance of this case study is that it introduces this particular tourism property relationship as a new area of research and opens up opportunities for further conceptualisation and theoretical contexts.
... En un entorno urbano, con presencia de un río, lago o mar, su borde costero se percibe como un espacio con valor estético, funcional e identitario. Representan espacios híbridos, donde lo urbano se fusiona con el espacio natural, marcando un límite que integra ambos escenarios (Abdul, Shamsudinb y Liew 2012) y ahí reside su potencial para responder a la diversidad de necesidades, intereses y realidades sociales y económicas de todas las personas y colectivos, sin menoscabar las particularidades del medio ambiente, cuidando su preservación (Jones 2017). ...
Trata-se de capítulo de livro que compõem a coletânea "Os estudos do lazer, ócio e recreação na Ibero América", organizado por Elisângela Chaves, Hélder Ferreira Isayama e Mirleide Chaar Baia, publicado pela editora Mercado de Letras.
... En un entorno urbano, con presencia de un río, lago o mar, su borde costero se percibe como un espacio con valor estético, funcional e identitario. Representan espacios híbridos, donde lo urbano se fusiona con el espacio natural, marcando un límite que integra ambos escenarios (Abdul, Shamsudinb y Liew 2012) y ahí reside su potencial para responder a la diversidad de necesidades, intereses y realidades sociales y económicas de todas las personas y colectivos, sin menoscabar las particularidades del medio ambiente, cuidando su preservación (Jones 2017). ...
... The term 'innovation district' is described by [14] as an expansive term that includes similar developments such as high technology districts (Forsyth, 2014), science and technology parks [17], innovation and cultural districts [18], innovation precincts [19], knowledge and innovation spaces [12], and knowledge community precincts [20]. Some of the world's most renowned innovation districts include the United States' (US's) Silicone Valley, France's Sophia Antipolis, Spain's 22@Barcelona, Singapore's One North, and Australia's Macquarie Park Innovation District. ...
As a new land use type, innovation districts are taking prominence in the urban development policies and plans of many cities across the globe. This new urban land use comes in many shapes and forms and offers various features and functions to the users. Despite its increasing popularity, there exist only limited approaches to classify innovation districts, and there are no holistic typologies developed so far. This study focuses on this understudied, but important area of research. The paper aims to develop an innovation district typology matrix and evaluates its practicality with real innovation district data. The methodological approach is three-fold. First, the multidimensional innovation district classification framework is adopted as a performance framework. Second, data from three eminent Australian innovation districts—i.e., Macquarie Park Innovation District (Sydney), Monash Technology Precinct (Melbourne), and Kelvin Grove Urban Village (Brisbane)—are collected. Third, both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods are employed for data analysis. The study finds that innovation district performances can be measured, and typologies can be developed though a novel approach. These, in return, inform property developers and managers, city administrators, and urban planners in their efforts to plan, design, develop, and manage competitive innovation districts.
... Since the 21st century, the revitalization of waterfront areas has usually been accompanied by the optimization of urban functions and an important way for cities to improve their competitiveness [12]. In recent years, the research on the renewal of urban waterfronts has become a development trend in cities around the world [13]. Increasing studies are considering the renewal of urban waterfronts as an important approach to boosting the vitality of cities [14][15][16]. ...
Improving the attractiveness of urban waterfronts has become an important objective to promote economic development and improve the environmental quality. However, few studies have focused on the inherent characteristics of urban waterfront attractiveness. In this study, mobile phone signaling data and the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) were used to construct the attractiveness evaluation system of the riverside in Wuhan. The OLS (ordinary least squares) regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the POI (point of interest) and the attractiveness of river waterfronts. Furthermore, the high-or-low-value aggregation classification of research units was performed according to attractiveness and the POI indicators to reveal the influencing factors of the attractiveness of the Wuhan urban riverside. Results showed the following. (1) The high-value distribution of attractiveness of the river waterfronts in Wuhan presented regional aggregation characteristics, and the attractiveness of economically developed areas was high. (2) Consumer POIs (CPOIs) and outdoor recreation POIs (RPOIs) had a positive effect on the attractiveness of the riverside in Wuhan, while housing POIs (HPOIs), public service POIs (OPOIs), and the high degree of POI mixing had a negative impact on the attractiveness of the urban riverside. (3) The high–high agglomeration spaces were mainly concentrated in the economically developed areas of the city center, which are mainly open spaces where urban cultural activities are held, while the low–low agglomeration spaces were mostly gathered in the suburban areas. The spatial distribution of the high–low agglomeration spaces, which are mainly green open spaces, was relatively fragmented, while the low–high agglomeration spaces, which are mainly freight terminals, linear walks, and residential areas, were near the city center.
... In addition to the risks highlighted during the discussion of principles, Jones (2017) added several others. There is a need for established characteristics that incorporate creativity, innovation, and welfare programs in order to eliminate these risks and meet contemporary needs [36,[60][61][62][63]. ...
This study’s primary objective is to investigate the fundamentals of urban waterfront development. Consequently, the study created and validated two assessment scales (questionnaires). Using SPSS and AMOS, descriptive statistics assessed data gathered via questionnaires. Current approaches to urban development are starting to bring to the fore the rich historical and cultural heritage of Cyprus. Over the past few decades, Cyprus has encountered many political, sociocultural, economic, and technological challenges. These factors consequently influence urban design and produce distinct characteristics and tendencies. The waterfront of Kyrenia is a district that notably exemplifies progressive urban design. Specifically, this article aims to assess various urban aspects of Kyrenia’s waterfront. An ancient harbor in Kyrenia and its surroundings have served as the focus of the investigation to examine the evolution of general urban features across time. Participants included members of the creative class, employees and employer groups, students, and tourists. Physical, functional, social, economic, cultural, and political considerations underlie urban waterfronts. An evaluation of the Kyrenia waterfront revealed, based on the results of many statistical investigations, that the variables reflect varying degrees of user participation. According to the study findings, most people living in the community view the selected area favorably since it offers distinctive urban features and social opportunities. However, locals think that the region will need new technologies and ideas in the future to help the creative class be more productive by generating a creative economy.
... Likewise, they are deemed important in mega cultural events, urban transformation, place-making and place marketing strategies ( [41]. Culture-based urban renewal approach paves the way for efficient use of cultural resources through encouraging economic activities in cooperation with local governments and local businesses [42]. Cultural investments in urban renewal chiefly concentrate on physical, social, economic, tourism and leisure issues / problems [43]. ...
Van city has serious socio-economic cultural development problems. Despite these problems, Van's cultural and natural diversity, as well as its potential to be an important commercial center due to its geopolitical situation, are important for the solution of extant problems. In this regard, this paper strives to examine the challenges of Van from the cultural aspect. Accordingly; in Van, the investments determined by the actors affecting the development and planning process periodically (2003-2016) were evaluated vis-à-vis the classification of cultural economy and human development index. Content analysis was used in the research. The European Union (EU) is one of the international actors in Van and the national actors are; Ministry of Development, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, T.C. Prime Ministry General Directorate of Foundations, Eastern Anatolia Project (EAP) Regional Development Administration, Eastern Anatolia Development Agency (EADA) and Municipalities. It is seen that these are important actors in development policies and the investments they have made coincide with the strategies they have targeted. International actors prioritize social and human development investments within the framework of EU regional development policies. National actors however followed both a development model within the scope of industry, trade and services, which was predominantly based on the economic perspective, and a development model from the tourism perspective in the services class. Consequently, it is seen that development in Van is not directly evaluated from the cultural view, but evaluated together with tourism, culture is instrumentalized for tourism and cultural tourism is brought to the fore and cultural policies are developed from the tourism perspective.
... En un entorno urbano, con presencia de un río, lago o mar, su borde costero se percibe como un espacio con valor estético, funcional e identitario. Representan espacios híbridos, donde lo urbano se fusiona con el espacio natural, marcando un límite que integra ambos escenarios (Abdul, Shamsudinb, & Liew, 2012) y ahí reside su potencial para responder a la diversidad de necesidades, intereses y realidades sociales y económicas de todas las personas y colectivos, sin menoscabar las particularidades del medio ambiente, cuidando su preservación (Jones, 2017). ...
... Cities are often engaged in urban renewal and economic redevelopment, regenerating disused and formerly industrial lands. Tokyo, New York, and London have all had particular successes with the conversion of former industrial lands into revitalized precincts for knowledge work, residential living, and leisure (1,2). Often this regeneration happens on waterfront precincts. ...
With ports having moved downriver, redevelopment of central city areas and waterfronts has transformed the urban centres and created new economic bases for once industrial cities. Water transit systems, such as New York’s East River and City-Wide Ferry services and Gothenburg’s harbor ferries, are being installed by economic development agencies as a device to stimulate further land development, provide tourism opportunities, and promote a new social engagement with the river. Guangzhou’s water transit system is the third largest in Asia by passenger volume, behind only Bangkok and Sydney. This paper describes the Guangzhou system in depth, comparing its operations favourably with the world’s leading water transit systems. Comparisons are made in vessel design, route design, terminals, operations, and fares. The Guangzhou case is distinctive, with a mixture of cross-river and parallel routes, and an especially unique approach to subsidy that may be an option for North American cities considering water transit. Opportunities to further improve the system in line with international trends are identified, as well as a research agenda to further the knowledge of water transit operations and regulation generally.
... Innovation districts were traditionally developed as closed innovation systems for a single-purpose use that include a controlled environment within enclosed district walls. Nonetheless, contemporary innovation districts have become a significant urban land use type as they adopted open innovation systems with mixed-use and boundary blurred environments (Van Winden and Carvalho (2016); Jones, 2017). These new generation innovation districts thrive as the growth nodes of metropolitan cities-not only stimulating the economic development of cities, but also boosting technological, sociocultural, and environmental developments (Yigitcanlar et al., 2017;Pancholi, 2018a). ...
Innovation is a key driver of economic growth and competitiveness, and innovation clusters house much of the innovation generating high-tech and creative industries. These clusters, as a land use type, evolved overtime in terms of their functions, features, and spatial characteristics. This has led to their reconceptualization from a ‘science and technology park’ model to a ‘innovation district’ model. The key functional and spatial characteristics of innovation districts vary due to the local contextual factors. This makes the determination of the generic typologies of innovation districts challenging, and hence an understudied area of research. This paper aims to expand our understanding on the classification of innovation districts based on their key characteristics. The methodological approach of the study employs a systematic review of the literature on innovation districts, and places global case studies under the microscope. The results point to a holistic approach for the classification of innovation districts through three key factors—(a) Function; (b) Feature, and; (c) Space-use—and their 28 indicators. Each of these factors along with the broader ‘context’, as the fourth one, forms a cornerstone of a conceptual typology framework. The study findings consolidate our understanding on innovation districts, and informs policymaking mechanisms on their planning and development.
... Port-cities are naturally part of these global dynamics (Alemany and Bruttomesso 2011;Hein 2011;Andrade and Prieto 2014;Pallis et al. 2014), adding extra capacities to touristic destinations, as a result of their infrastructure specificities: the waterfront allows the expansion of this phenomenon to port areas, both thought the development of marinas and cruise destinations. As a result, the touristification of port cities generates a more complex discussion, within a theme that is already complex in these urban territories (Stewart et al. 2011;Roca Blanch 2014;Boland et al. 2017;Jones 2017;Papatheochari and Coccossis 2019). ...
Touristification of European port-cities is a contemporary process of globalisation in the age of the information society, adding cruise and marine specific dynamics to the promotion of cities as products and destinations for short-breaks, congresses or holidays. Port-cities have a long history of investment on the waterfront, adapting these spaces through at least three cycles since industrialisation, in a 50 years process of waterfront regeneration that started in the late 1960s. Touristification corresponds to a new (fourth) stage in a continuous port/city redevelopment process. Global tourism research reveals several undesirable impacts on cities, for example through gentrification (displacement) of local inhabitants or a change of the city’s identity into a generic image, where living conditions are impacted by higher housing prices. Alongside the negative impacts of cruise tourism is the profile of this type of tourist, e.g. as part of the so-called “low-cost tourism”. Confronted with unlimited growth of touristification and its negative impacts, major port-cities want to control this process. Effective monitoring tools, strong administrative coordination, and agile spatial planning and management instruments are determinant for port-cities to respond to the touristification process. Port-cities have struggled to orientate this process to define which types of tourism they want to promote or limit; cruises are part of the equation. In port-cities, touristification demands highly effective spatial planning answers, with inter-sectoral and trans-scale policy answers occurring simultaneously.
... Postindustrial tourism can thus be metaphorically seen as a sort of bricolage experience (Judd, 2003), either tailor-made for affluent tourists, based on small-scale products available in urban space, or even assembled piece-by-piece by travellers with lower budgets who seek their own path of discovery. Cultural and creative industries intermingle with tourism attractions (Baptista et al., 2018;Jones, 2017), as part of urban competition strategies (Richards, 2014) and alternatives to conventional touristic products (Ebejer, 2019). ...
In the wake of severe economic slowdown during the 2008-2015 crisis, and despite continued constraints on public investment in large scale infrastructure, Lisbon is emerging as one of the most attractive destinations in Europe. Tourism has been driving major spatial, functional and social changes, initially in the city’s historical districts, and nowadays exerts impact across a much larger urban and regional area. Tourism, together with new drivers of the real-estate market, is promoting the renovation of formerly vacant or rundown built stock, taking advantage of a rather fragile socio-economic milieu and changing the face of residential, commercial and public space landscapes.
Recently upgraded transportation nodes and extensive improvements on public space have also played a meaningful role in this process. Central government and municipality rationale have underpinned its role in providing accessibility, “attractivity”, and “heritage valorisation”, aiming to attract young residents after decades of resident population decline. In contrast to considerable public investment in public space and infrastructure, very limited funding or policy has been targeted at maintaining an affordable housing and real-estate market: thus leaving much of the public investment return to the private sector. Criticism of gentrification and “touristification”, rising housing prices, and pressure on infrastructure is growing accordingly.
The paper provides insight into aspects of this process, with a focus on the relational aspects of mobility upgrade, public space renewal and inner-city urban regeneration. Several urban projects are mapped and broadly characterised in their spatial and functional relationship with tourism. An interpretative framework that combines them with the forms of territorialisation and the main conflicts and tensions is offered as a contribution to the ongoing discussion. Conclusions point to the complex and powerful role that public space and mobility infrastructure play in the impact that territorialising tourism has: as supports for better qualified, multi-scalar and shared urban spaces and as drivers of a more balanced, diverse and socially-inclusive urban tourism development.
... Care must be taken when using demographic statistics; an improvement in income, skills, employment rates or other socio-economic factors can mask the 'gentrification' effect associated with regeneration where populations are replaced with new, wealthier and better educated ones, and property prices increase. Andrew Jones in his analyses of regeneration projects over the years 223,224 highlights that many of the earlier waterfront schemes in the 1980s and 1990s, while economically successful on paper, had detrimental effects on local communities which the evaluations did not capture. A 2010 report for CLG addressed this, highlighting four themes (with sub-categories) in the framework for evaluating regeneration: Worklessness, skills and business development; Industrial and commercial property and infrastructure; Housing growth and improvement and Communities, environment and neighbourhood renewal. ...
This report identifies and summarises a range of existing and planned research into themes relevant to waterways; Heritage, Green Infrastructure, Health & Wellbeing and Economic Development & Regeneration.
It was commissioned by the Inland Waterways Association to inform future research, partnerships and organisational direction. The full report can be accessed at https://issuu.com/waterwaysassoc/docs/the_value_of_waterways_october_2019?fr=sYjk3ZTQ2MTUyNQ or via the website of the Inland Waterways Association https://www.waterways.org.uk/iwa_publications/reports
... One of the more obvious facets of the relationship between water and city is the planning and management of river areas (Brown, 2015;Van den Brandeler et al., 2019;Verbrugge et al., 2019). Here, we are concerned not only with water as a resource and common good, but with the river space as a whole, understood as an axis that structures a range of distinct urban uses that might include green spaces and zones for cultural, tourist and commercial activities (Gravari- Barbas and Jacquot, 2016;Jones, 2017). All these uses are promoted through urban regeneration projects, which may be accompanied by environmental rehabilitation and renaturation programs (Espinosa et al., 2016;Cantó-Perelló et al., 2017). ...
The urban regeneration of European river spaces since the 1990s has allowed their transformation into new axes of centrality and socialization and has seen the concentration of green areas along the banks of Europe's cities. This process has been promoted by the implementation of various projects, conducted at different scales and with varying budgets, in a range of urban-river habitats; yet, all of them seek a common goal: the exploitation of river spaces as new areas for social uses. In Western Europe, both France and Spain have implemented major projects that serve as good examples of urban regeneration. This paper identifies, classifies and analyses the main French and Spanish urban-river regeneration projects described in studies published since 1990 through a literature review and a statistical treatment of data. We identified 47 publications, referring to 12 projects in France and 14 projects in Spain, that allow us to conduct an analysis of the characteristics of this urban regeneration process. Overall, the projects are highly varied, above all in terms of their scale, the way in which they use processes of public participation to reach citizen consensus, and their implementation of environmental measures as a complement to urban regeneration. The projects with the largest budgets, as well as those targeting the largest areas for regeneration, have been made possible thanks to EU funding. In contrast, smaller budgets and interventions of shorter length and area tend to characterize the projects without EU funds. Additionally, processes of public participation have also been a key element, above all in France, and most projects with environmental rehabilitation have been carried out in Spain.
... Since the 1970s, urban waterfronts around the world have emerged as a particularly powerful and ubiquitous mode of urban development, "streaming" from one location to the next (Breen et al. 1994;Gordon 1997;Erbil and Erbil 2001;Jones 2017). As the "borders" between water and land and as gateways to cities, waterfronts present unique challenges from a planning perspective. ...
Since the 1970s, urban waterfronts have undergone profound functional transformations. While in many ways they have been proven successful in reviving prime urban areas, waterfront redevelopments have also been contested. This article reviews several
aspects of the planning conflicts that have been pertinent to the redevelopment of waterfronts internationally: (1) land ownership, (2) heritage and culture, (3) social and environmental justice, and (4) environment and resilience. Based on a comprehensive
review of state-of-the-art literature, we suggest that the growing concerns over social justice and environmental resilience during the course of waterfront redevelopments will continue to challenge cities in the future.
... Therefore, the need for resolving any conflicts and addressing interactions among waterfront activities, uses and tools has emerged. As stated by Jones (2016), recent waterfront regeneration initiatives have not only altered the aesthetic image of the city but also changed the identity of cities as places, however, accompanied often with inducing socioeconomic and environmental conflicts. ...
Increasing pressures from coastal urbanization have created the need for an integrated approach to address the interactions among human activities, taking into account the significance of protecting coastal ecosystems. In this context, a number of policies are promoted at a European, Mediterranean and national level relating to an integrated approach of coastal area management and sustainable development of the urban environment. Among these, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and urban regeneration seem to share common principles and characteristics. Therefore, they constitute the framework within which waterfront development can be approached, namely as part of the urban coast where significant interactions among human activities but also between land and sea uses occur. This paper provides a methodology for the development of a decision making tool (ENCoRe), which is based on multi-criteria analysis and explores local stakeholders’ perceptions in terms of priority actions for waterfront development. The tool includes sixteen (16) variables assessing the waterfront and providing the main priorities for waterfront regeneration while it is implemented in four Greek medium-sized coastal cities: Volos, Heraklion, Kavala and Patras. The results highlight four important fields of intervention: management and protection of the environment, spatial adaptability, accessibility and connectivity. The tool can be adapted in other cases providing an opportunity for comparative analysis among coastal cities, highlighting similarities and differences among waterfronts and providing a list of prioritized fields of intervention for waterfront regeneration in the context of ICZM.
... Finally, Saz-Salazar et al. (2015) show how the economic valuation of the environmental externalities related to waterfront redevelopment is an issue of growing interest. Jones (2017) points out that over the last 15 years there have been subtle changes in waterfront regeneration policies since now the focus is on cultural capital, entrepreneurship, innovation, and creativity as key ingredients for long-term success. These new regeneration schemes tend to be of a smaller scale than the festival marketplace initiatives of the 1980s and 1990s that, in many cases, proved to be controversial in terms of design quality, over commercialization and social equity. ...
Waterfront renewal is a recurrent event in the life of many cities around the world. Traditionally, planners and geographers have focused on this phenomenon analyzing the ongoing relationship between ports and cities. Unlike previous studies, in this paper this phenomenon is addressed from the point of view of local residents through a case study in Valencia, Spain. As this urban renewal process was initiated through the hosting of two major events as the 32nd and 33rd America's Cup, local residents were surveyed with the purpose of investigating the determinants of their visits to the port area during the celebration of both events and afterward. As it is assumed that both choices are correlated, a bivariate probit model is estimated. Results show that the main determinants of the visits are their recreational character, the proximity to the port area and the respondent's environmental awareness. Finally, as the visits plummeted after the celebration of both events, the findings of this research could be useful in informing decision making in order to make the best use of these restructured port areas, thus guaranteeing a regular flow of local visitors all year round once there are no longer prospects for hosting new megaevents.
... While they perform a central function as hub of different flows, they represent the specialist edge in the framework of the national state, struggling hard to hold its ground against the predominant claims of the nation-state, principally embodied in 'the capital'. Therefore port cities, such as Antwerp, Barcelona, Gdansk, Hamburg, Liverpool, Marseilles are described as 'second city' whose particular 'spirit loci' emerges as a result of its quality as national periphery and counter-pole to the capital [18]. ...
Regardless of size or location, port cities were strongly affected by industrial decline and forced to reinvent themselves. The port city we once knew was coined by a particular identity and culture, but now a new type of maritime city emerges with high-tech production, research institutions, tourism, leisure and other services. So, the port city in western countries underwent serious changes in its historic development path. In this process of transformation, one of the most important challenges was and is to change thinking and mentalities. The more distinctive the port city, the more exclusive and specialised its profile, culture and character-products of a historic legacy of maritime trading, seafaring, shipbuilding and all their related productive and service capacities-the greater the difficulty of responding to these challenges. Nonetheless, the changing patterns of local structures reflect essential elements and expressions of a typical local culture. The following reflections will argue that (1) “local culture” forms a third factor besides the socio-economic structures and the institutional system, which strongly determines the local development; (2) this “local culture” is more or less a common characteristic of port cities all over Europe and in the western industrialised parts of the world, which have their roots in the European history (i.e. in USA or Australia) and (3) even today the typical maritime “local culture” plays an important role for the development of the postmodern port city, in spite of the strong forces of globalisation. Local culture affects the process of transformation by various functions. Hence, the typical development paths of port cities are not just pure adaptations to global dynamics. They are more an expression of a certain cultural autonomy reproducing the individuality and the diversity of port cities as well as their differences to the territorial, inland towns.
This article unravels the factors of affective dynamics that shape and sustain waterfront regeneration while critically examining the essence and influence of megaprojects. It examines why and how urban atmospheres can be provoked and manipulated to dominate the rationale, political orientations, intrinsic motivations, and power struggles behind waterfront landscapes. It provides explicit insight into how waterfront regeneration operates affectively and atmospherically through the convergence of emotion-focused planning, value-creation approaches, and affective adaptability to transform the physical and political landscape. Focusing on the ‘Asia New Bay Area’ (ANBA) project in Kaohsiung, this article explains why and how megaprojects can be accepted and supported by local people, despite a lack of professional evaluation, public participation, and revenue. The key claim of this article is that addressing the city’s affective dynamics and atmospheric resonances is critical for understanding how megaprojects can be employed to direct public emotions and concerns.
Las rápidas transformaciones en la economía y en el comercio han derivado en la obsolescencia de espacios portuarios en todo el mundo. En el contexto europeo, numerosas ciudades han transformado dichas instalaciones en atracciones turísticas.
En el proceso participan varias políticas públicas no siempre de forma coordinada, entre las que se encuentran la política turística, la urbanística y la cultural. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la reconversión parcial de antiguos puertos industriales en áreas de ocio y consumo turístico, tomando para ello dos casos de estudio europeos: Málaga (Andalucía, España) y Plymouth (Inglaterra, Reino Unido). Es una investigación descriptiva y explicativa y la metodología consistió en el análisis de planes urbanísticos y documentos de política pública municipal de ambas ciudades, así como en observación directa. El análisis se dividió en cinco categorías: movilidad externa, movilidad interna, usos, incorporación del patrimonio e integración en el contexto urbano. Los resultados apuntan a importantes diferencias en los dos casos, especialmente destacables en cuanto a movilidad dentro del recinto portuario y a la rehabilitación y reutilización del patrimonio edificado. La investigación presentada puede ser útil para otras ciudades que se encuentran inmersas en transformaciones similares de sus recintos portuarios.
This paper explores the process by which the regeneration of Liverpool waterfront took place over the past few decades. It adopts a case study method to identify different trends and patterns and to examine their impact on the emerging urban landscape. The research identified three successive eras of post-industrial waterfront regeneration in Liverpool that aimed to tackle different issues and respond to challenges and opportunities. The study argues that although the future of regeneration will be predominantly led by the private sector within a context of weakened public role and extreme urban competition, it is important to uphold the role of the public sector to actively lead the process of regeneration through a shared and comprehensive regeneration strategy. The strategy should be based on urban design and heritage agenda to guarantee the qualities of the urban landscape will not be compromised and new interventions will result in a coherent whole.
With the emergence of the third technological cycle, we have witnessed the gradual functional obsolescence of large industrial complexes inherited from the second industrialization, some of which located on waterfronts. Given their particularities, regeneration processes of these brownfield sites face complex challenges, in addition to those placed upon the regeneration of first generation port/industrial areas. Based upon the case study of brownfield sites in the Tagus Estuary (Portugal), this article aims to understand, systematise and discuss the challenges and barriers facing the regeneration of these areas, through the perception of the stakeholders involved in this process. The results obtained showed that 20 challenges/barriers are involved in understanding the difficulties of brownfield regeneration. These can be classified into six categories: governance (i.e. inconsistency of political vision, inadequacy of the intervention concept, inadequacy of the institutional model, inadequacy of institutional coordination, instability of the institutional model, lack of promotion and marketing); infrastructure (i.e. undefined structural projects, lack of accessibility); territorial (i.e. size of the intervention areas, location of the intervention areas, metropolitan territorial model, land ownership issues); finance (i.e. lack of investment, financial liabilities, financial crisis, property market crisis); culture (i.e. industrial tradition, industrial stigma); environment (i.e. environmental liabilities, climate change effects).
Purpose
The Rolex Middlesea sailing event takes place in Malta on an annual basis. The race forms part of a number of new tourism initiatives supported by the Maltese Government. These aim to diversify the Maltese tourism economy from reliance on mass tourism to more niche or specialist forms based, for example, upon the “Blue Economy”. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the impact and future of sailing events using the Rolex Middlesea sailing event as a specific case. In turn it evaluates current and future contributions to both the Maltese tourist economy and broader experiences and lessons of such events for other regional destinations. Consideration is given to the overall impact of the Rolex race for Maltese tourism; how the event can be improved to enhance its contribution to Maltese tourism; and what challenges the event faces in promoting Malta as an “alternative” tourism destination. Conclusions assess the benefits and barriers for developing maritime events and for sailing and yachting sectors as an alternative tourism option for Malta. In turn, it provides a specific and unique case that reviews implications for such events and, at a broader policy context, lessons for developing niche event markets for tourism destinations generally.
Design/methodology/approach
This research focusses upon an inductive approach using qualitative and case study research methodologies. Secondary data for events management, sports tourism sailing and yachting and niche market development provide a contextual framework. Primary research is used to collect qualitative data which are based on purposeful sample selection of interviews from professionals associated with Maltese maritime industries and key stakeholder groups. The data are analysed through discourse analysis techniques utilising grid matrices to evaluate and ascertain common themes and responses that occur from the discussions and questions asked.
Findings
Results point to lessons learnt and future policy directions for the Blue economy and sailing and yachting as drivers for change. Results show that the RMSR can clearly create opportunities for the establishment of new innovative tourism markets. In turn, it is also recognised that this can lead to a stronger sailing and yachting tourism industry not only within Malta but also help regenerate or sustain interest in maritime traditions and stimulate new opportunities for maritime tourism and broader opportunities for the growth of the “blue economy” agenda across the region and further afield.
Research limitations/implications
This single case study can be best described as an “exploratory” study. It deals with how an event is structured, functions and performs particularly within the different inter-organisational partnerships. In this context, the research deals with the case study of a real-life event and therefore its academic value may tend to be rather specific and industry focussed. The empirical value of the enquiry, nonetheless, can provide a platform to draw more general assertions regarding the hosting of sailing and yachting events and consequences more broadly for events management theory and practice.
Practical implications
Evidence from the research also suggests that sailing and yachting has the capability of lending itself to many different areas of investment and new business development opportunities such as overwintering for yachts and corporate business event sponsorships linked to a growing MICE market. The need to engage with local communities at a local level is also recognised as a potential for building recognition and skill capacity. This, in turn, can assist local host communities to familiarise themselves with the discipline of sailing as a life skill simultaneously strengthening and encouraging maritime tradition and opening opportunities for social development, business and employment growth.
Social implications
The RMSR demonstrates that such an event can assist local host communities to familiarise themselves with the discipline of sailing as a life skill simultaneously strengthening and encouraging maritime tradition and opening opportunities for social development, business and employment growth. The growth potential of the RMSR is thus broad and, in many ways, may continue to assist Malta in diversifying its traditional tourism markets, capitalising assets, developing opportunity for its local communities, encouraging business opportunity and assisting in developing a higher quality tourism focus for the Islands.
Originality/value
Detailed and insightful research on sailing and yachting in Malta remains fairly limited and there is little hard evidence to prove the value of such events since there is little available data on differential spending patterns and little cost/benefit analysis undertaken. The RMSR case provide unique research which sets out to explore the role of the RMSR to Malta’s tourism product, identify and evaluate factors for success, evaluate key contemporary issues and challenges in hosting the event, evaluate the future potential of such events for Malta’s tourism economy and draw broader benefits and lessons for hosting events of this nature.
This article examines fundamental changes in the form and content of Melbourne Docklands planning discourse, between 1989 and 2003, which would seem to represent a radical departure from planning's `normal paradigm'. It draws on the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari to provide an account of these changes, showing how the planning process moved from a grounding in site, history and community, through an unbounded, ungrounded and dream-like phase of `deterritorialization', to a phase of `reterritorialization' with the production of new identities and desires. It concludes by considering what this analysis entails for understandings of urban planning practice; planning's relationship to capital and desire; the exercise of power in planning; the `discursive turn' in urban studies; and the relevance to planning of Deleuze and Guattari's privileging of `immanence' over `transcendence'.
Approaches to urban regeneration in the UK have, in recent years, been heavily influenced by American models and ideas. Some observers view this trend with delight, others view the prospect of an Americanisation of British local government with dismay. This article offers some reflections on American experience. It considers the way information about urban regeneration in the US is often hopelessly distorted and examines the broader forces which constrain local regeneration strategies. In the light of this discussion it is suggested that councils may need to reconsider their urban regeneration objectives if they are to avoid drifting into misconceived forms of civic boosterism. -from Author
The decline of traditional industry has created a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to redevelop places associated with the industrial revolution for new uses. Using five sources of evidence, including his own PhD thesis, the author argues that a mix of private and public schemes provides the best type of regeneration. In particular, the author advocates the use of Balanced Incremental Development which involves a combination of published development strategies, planning briefs, and feasibility studies and includes the input of locals, planners, consultants and developers. -A.Gilg
Striking transformations are taking place in the urban landscape. The regeneration of urban areas in the UK and around the world has become an increasingly important issue amongst governments and populations since the global economic downturn.
The book is in three parts. Part 1 analyses the main issues for urban planning and development – in economic development and job generation, sustainable development, housing policy, transport and development mechanisms – and probes how practice in the UK has fallen short.
A critique of the #1500 million strategy to revive Cardiff's waterfront by the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation. It is argued that it is undemocratic, irresponsible, inequitable, and irrational. In more detail no rationale is put forward for taking such a huge gamble with public money and the possible environmental problems of flooding and the destruction of mudflats have not been adequately dealt with. In conclusion, the author argues for a different approach based on the GEAR scheme in Glasgow. -A.Gilg
Provides a worldwide analysis of dockland revitalisation, examining the process of change, how planners and urban managers have responded to the challenge, and the impact of these changes on inner-city problems. The book is divided into three sections: frameworks for analysis (development dynamics, socio-economic change, waterfront redevelopment, waterfront changes); policy and practice (North American revitalisation strategies, Toronto, Rotterdam, Swansea, Baltimore and Manchester, Hong Kong); and strategic planning issues (economic restructuring, demand-led planning, dockland renewal, deindustrialisation, revitalisation). More than half of these papers are abstracted separately. -from Publisher
Reviews
‘With international scholarship and case studies from every continent, this Companion is destined to be
an essential reference for anyone interested in urban regeneration. Accessible essays cover every aspect
of the problems cities face worldwide and report on the solutions that have been tried using the latest
research.’
Yvonne Rydin, Professor of Planning, Environment and Public Policy, Director of UCL Environment
Institute, UCL
‘The Companion is extraordinary in the scope of the cases covered. Focusing on Europe and Asia, it
points to the similarities and differences among a vast number of projects in developing and developed
countries. It shows the effects of neoliberalism on regeneration programs but also the ways in which
resistance to megaprojects has been effective.’
Susan S. Fainstein, Visiting Professor, LKY School, National University of Singapore and Senior Research
Fellow, Harvard University Graduate School of Design
‘Leary and McCarthy’s impressive collection of papers is a timely reminder that urban regeneration is not
confined to the glamour cities of North America or the command and control centers of the EU. Urban
regeneration is global, complex, multi-faceted and not always right.’
Professor Robin Boyle, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Wayne State University, USA
This Companion provides cutting-edge critical review and synthesis of recent conceptual, policy and practical
developments. With contributions from 72 international experts within the field, it explores the meaning of ‘urban
regeneration’ in differing national contexts, asking questions and providing informed discussion and analyses to
illuminate how an apparently disparate field of research, policy and practice can be rendered coherent, drawing out
common themes and significant differences. The Companion is divided into six parts, exploring: globalization and
neo-liberal perspectives on urban regeneration; emerging reconceptualizations of regeneration; public infrastructure
and public space; housing and cosmopolitan communities; community centred regeneration; and culture-led
regeneration. The concluding chapter considers the future of urban regeneration and proposes a nine-point research
agenda.
This Companion assembles a diversity of approaches and insights in one comprehensive volume to provide a stateof-
the-art review of the field. It is a valuable resource for both advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in
Urban Planning, Built Environment, Urban Studies and Urban Regeneration, as well as academics, practitioners and
politicians.
Fluid City traces the transformation of the urban waterfront of Melbourne, the re-vitalization of the Yarra River waterfront, Melbourne Docklands and Port Philip Bay.
This paper aims to rethink creative city theory by analyzing urban regeneration processes in Japan through cultural creativity and social inclusion. The impact of Florida’s theory has led to the common misperception that cities prosper as people of the creative class, such as artists and gays, gather. However, attracting people of the creative class does not automatically make a creative city. Empirical analyses of Kanazawa City, clarify that the creative city needs a ‘culture-based production system’, a well-balanced system of cultural production and cultural consumption that takes advantage of accumulated cultural capital. This paper also examines Osaka City, where creative city policies failed to produce adequate results because they did not take root as a comprehensive urban strategy. However, in spite of these failures, a lively and inclusive grassroots movement has emerged around the creative city. This movement brings Osaka towards being a socially-inclusive creative city.
The classical association of ports with industry needs revising. Traditionally, industry in the port area was concemed with the port opération itself, with ships, and with the cargoes transported by the ships. In récent years, as a resuit of technological changes, land use in the central water- front has tended to switch into residential, recreational, commercial and institutional uses, while new industries hâve been attracted to the adjacent old port-areas. Thèse new industries hâve an entirely différent rôle, being much more closely tied to the function of the city itself. They include: industry oriented to serving the local urban market; noxious industry; and labour-oriented industry. Many port-related industries are now located downriver or at deep-water greenfield locations where extensive sites are available. The illustration of thèse changes is presented with a case study of Toronto and the example of some major Canadian port cities.
Introduction: Cultural Quarters and Urban Regeneration This paper reviews the concept of the cultural quarter as an approach to urban regeneration. It considers the policy objectives of making such designations, the approach to 'making' places which are deemed to be more rather than less artistic and cultural in the broader senses of the word, and the methods and mechanisms for implementation and ongoing management. The paper draws heavily on case studies in describing events as they occurred, and in making comparisons between cultural quarters. The work is published in two parts. Part 1 is a conceptualisation of the term cultural quarter, discussing in broad terms what is meant by this now almost- orthodox terminology. This Part draws heavily on the urban literature, especially on theories of city growth, economic development and urban design. It con- cludes with an idealised typology of what makes for a 'good' cultural quarter, presented as a series of necessary conditions and success factors. This is applied and evaluated in more detail in Part 2, which considers four case-study examples drawn from the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland and Australia. In most of the examples referred to in Part 2, planning and development powers have been used to preserve and encourage cultural production and consumption. Moreover, cultural quarters are often seen as part of a larger strategy integrating cultural and economic development. This is usually linked to the redevelopment or regeneration of a selected inner urban area, in which mixed-use urban development is to be encouraged and the public realm is to be reconfigured. In other words, cultural quarters tend to combine strategies for greater consumption of the arts and culture with cultural production and urban place making. Most great cities have identifiable quarters to which artists and cultural entrepreneurs are attracted, whether it is Soho in London, New York's Lower East Side, or the Left Bank in Paris (Montgomery, 1998). (For a discussion of the links between city development, creativity and special places within cities, see Hall (1998) and Landry (2000).) Such places have a long history and appear
The issues of waterfront regeneration, including questions concerning the problems associated with regeneration panaceas, design paradigms, public facility provision public/private sector partnerships and broader concerns between economic and social objectives, are now well documented. Evidence increasingly suggests that development strategies should perhaps rely more upon a balanced economic and social provision of facilities. At a time when the new UK government is establishing its urban planning credentials, the concept of 'the people's city' echoed by the authorities in Barcelona is one which fits well, at least in concept, with the ethos of the new British Government, although such examples from the Greenwhich waterfront are not promising indicators. It is also disappointing and perhaps an irony that most recent commentary relating to contemporary waterfront regeneration still largely originates from the US. Nevertheless, lessons from Europe, together with a new-found impetus to offset pressures for out-of-town development and to re-focus on the regeneration of declining urban areas, will provide the UK with new opportunities and challenges to redevelop waterfront sites in the next millennium. Indeed, Kelly's recent assessment of waterfront regeneration prospects indicates that there is now a clear upturn in development interest for new waterfront sites (Kelly, 1996). It is time, therefore, for new waterfront development projects, especially in the UK, to increasingly reflect more on wider European development perspectives which tend to integrate design, environmental, social and economic objectives more effectively.
This article analyzes the efforts to regenerate Istanbul's urban waterfront area of Haliç (the Golden Horn), since the mid-1980s, from the perspective of the actors involved and their power dynamics. It uses as examples three projects: the Fener-Balat neighborhood rehabilitation, Feshane Cultural Center, and Rahmi M. Koç Museum initiatives. It argues that the case of Haliç cannot be understood through concepts such as the public-private partnerships, intense processes of urban entrepreneurialism, gentrification etc., which have often explained the experience of the North American and Western European city. Instead, this process has been shaped by a top-down initiative on the part of public sector actors initially, and a lack of private sector involvement, ambivalent public sector actors and reluctant local communities subsequently. One needs to highlight the particularities of the institutional arrangements and urban politics at the district, city and national levels in order to explain the case of Haliç. These concern low amounts of self-generated revenue in district and metropolitan municipalities, the specificities to be found in the local community–municipality relations in Istanbul, the presence of a relatively weak private sector in Turkey and, finally, the unfavorable market position of Haliç more generally and the projects in question more specifically.
The papers in this special issue focus on the political ecology of waterfronts in selected cities in Europe, North America and the Caribbean. The papers incorporate emphases on the myriad influences that different scales of social and environmental policy development and implementation, planning decisions, infrastructure funding, investment and ownership practices, and public engagement, for example, have on the social and ecological processes that occur on urban waterfronts. We posit that urban waterfronts are interesting and complex spatial locations that, when studied with attention to broader transformative processes as well as the changes that occur within the scale of the urban waterfront, allow for new insights into the production of nature, patterns of social entanglement, and political–economic configurations in cities.
Waterfronts in post-industrial cities (London: Spon)
- R Marshal
Whose waterfront is it anyway? Planning
- A Breen
- D Rigby
Creative city: Dynamics, innovation, actions (Barcelona: ActarD)
- M Carta
Downtowns: Revitalizing the center of small urban communities
- M A Burayidi
US experience in evaluating urban regeneration
- Doebarnekov
Sustaining regeneration on the Eastern Seaboard, Planning
- C Dutton
Turning the tide (London: Urbed)
- N Falk
Urban government in the 1990s: Lessons from the USA (Bristol: SAUS)
- R Hambleton
The new waterfront: A Worldwide urban success story
- A Breen
- D Rigby
America’s waterfront revival: Port authorities and urban redevelopment (the city in the twenty-first century
- P H Brown
The cool sea-Waterfront communities project toolkit (Edinburgh: Edinburgh City Council)
- M Carley
- S G Ferrari
Transforming urban waterfronts: Fixity and flow
- G Desfor
- J Laidley
Cultural regeneration: Developing a paradigm for urban waterfronts
- A Jones
City and Port: Transformation of port cities
- H Meyer
London’s Garden Bridge: Barking up the wrong tree, The Observer
- R Moore
High and dry: 10-milewaterfront park to hold back tides and save New York, The Gaurdian
- O Wainwright
Business taken to working on water
- C Warman
Urban waterfront: Positive directions urban problems
- A Breen
- D Rigby
The happy city transforming our lives through urban design
- C Montgomery
On the waterfront, The Planner
- N Falk
Elements of the urban waterfront
- B Fisher
Battery Park City: Politics and planning on the New York waterfront (Cities & Regions: Planning
- D Gordon
Seaport: New York’s vanished waterfront
- E Levick
Buffalo: A waterfront city transformed
- P Nyhuis
- M Smith
Urban regeneration in the UK: Routledge)
- A Tallon
Urban planning under thatcherism (London: Rouledge)
- A Thornley
Remaking the urban waterfront
- Urban Land Institute
The waterfront centre, excellence on the waterfront front awards
- Waterfront Centre
MSI data report back. Waterside development UK
- Msi
Revitalising the Waterfront: International Dimensions of Dockland Redevelopment
- G Norcliffe