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Effect of Meditation on Work Performance, State of Mind and Health

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dk;Z'khyrk] ekufld fLFkfr ,oa LokLF; ij /;ku (Meditation) ds izHkko
ujsUnz dqekj vk;Z
deys'k flag
vuqJh efyd
vfÒ;kaf=dh esa ewY; f'k{kk ds fy;s jk"Vªh; lalk/ku dsUnz
Òkjrh; izks|kSfxdh laLFkku fnYyh
/;ku (Meditation) Hkkjrh; ;ksx] phuh] tkikuh ,oa cgqr lh lH;rkvksa dk vfHkUu vax jgk gSA egkRek
cq) us /;ku ds jkLrs d"V:ih thou ls eqfDr dk jkLrk crk;kA iratfy us v"Vkax ;ksx esa /kkj.kk /;ku
,oa lekf/k NBs] lkrosa ,oa vkBosa vax crk;sA xhrk esa Hkh jkt;ksx ds :Ik esa /;ku dk o.kZu gSA vkt ds
;qx dh ekufld rukoHkjh dk;Z 'kSyh ,oa lH;rk esa /;ku dh t:jr vR;Ur c<+ xbZ gSA bl ys[k esa
/;ku ds ckjs esa crkrs gq, vusd 'kks/k i=ksa dk lkj :Ik of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA lHkh lkfgR; ,oa 'kks/k i=ksa
dh foospuk djrs gq, dk;Z'khyrk] ekufld fLFkfr ,oa LokLF; ij /;ku ds izHkko la{ksi esa crk, x, gSaA
'kks/kdkfj;ksa us /;ku eq[;r;k% rhu izdkj ds fy, gSaA leFkk (Attention Focussing), foi';uk
(Introspective) ,oa 'kkafr (Tranquility)
Lakf{kIr ifjp;
Hkkjrh; ;ksx ijaijk esa /;ku dks eu dks lqpk# :Ik ls pykus dk lk/ku ekuk x;k gSA iratfy us vius
;ksxlw=ksa esa ;ksx dks vkB vaxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA ;g gS ;e] fu;e] vklu] izk.kk;ke] izR;kgkj]
/kkj.kk] /;ku ,oa lekf/kA ;e lekt esa O;ogkj ds] fu;e Lo;a ls laca/kh vuq'kklu ds] vklu 'kjhj dks
yphyk ,oa xzfUFk;ksa dks lqpk# cukus ds ckjsa esa gSA izk.kk;ke 'kjhj esa izk.k ok;q ,oa izkf.kd 'kfDr ds ckjs
esa gSA izR;kgkj bfUnz;ksa ij fu;a=.k dks crkrk gSA /kkj.kk esa ge fdlh fopkj dks /kkj.k djrs gSaA /;ku esa
dsoy ogh fopkj jg tkrk gS vkSj tc ge lekf/k esa pys tkrs gSa rks Lo;a dks Hkh Hkwy tkrs gSaA /kkj.kk]
/;ku ,oa lekf/k meditation ds uke ls Hkh tkus tkrs gSaA ;s jkt;ksx dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA
bldks nwljs <ax ls Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA gekjk 'kjhj ikap dks"kksa ls cuk gSA vUue; dks"k] izk.ke;
dks"k] eukse; dks"k] foKkue; dks"k ,oa vkuUne; dks"kA eukse; dks"k gS eu] cqf)] fpÙk ,oa vgadkjA
/;ku ds ek/;e ls ge eukse; dks"k dks lqpkj djrs gq,] foKkue; dks"k ,oa vkuUne; dks"k dh vksj c<+
tkrs gSaA vk/kqfud ;qx esa ekufld ruko cgqr c<+rk tk jgk gSA ekufld ruko fofHkUu jksxksa ,oa
leL;kvksa esa cny tkrk gSA eu dk lqpk# :Ik ls pyuk] fpÙk dk gydk gksuk] vgadkj dk ifj"d`r
gksuk ,oa cqf) dk Js"B ekxZ ij pyuk vkt ds ;qx dh ,d t:jr gSA bl lc ls ekufld LokLF;
vPNk jgrk gSA
/;ku dh fofHkUu i)fr;ka vusdksa laLFkkuksa }kjk pykbZ tk jgh gSa ¼ÁLrqfr 1½A /;ku ds
dk;Z'khyrk] ekufld fLFkfr ,oa LokLF; ij izHkko ij dkQh 'kks/k Hkh fd;k x;k gS ¼ÁLrqfr 2½A
vc /;ku lEcfU/kr 'kks/k 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld mUur Lrj dks ysdj ns'k vkSj fons'kksa esa brus gks pqds
gSa fd /;ku dk ldkjkRed izHkko vc fdlh ifjp; dk eksgrkt ugha gSA vdsyh eg_f"k ;qfuoflZVh
vkWQ euStesUV] ;w-,l- esa 350 ls vf/kd 'kks/kksa eas /;ku ds ldkjkRed izHkko ds izek.k izLrqr fd, x,
gSaA ftuesa eq[;r% 'kkjhfjd ekufld] cqf)] Le`fr] vkilh laca/k] v/;kfRed Lrj vkfn ij gSaA ftuesa
EEG, f- MRI ,oa euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k oSKkfud rduhdksa ds }kjk fl) fd;k x;k gSA tSlk fd
fuEufyf[kr dqN nwljs 'kks/k Hkh leFkZu djrs gSA bu 'kks/k i=ksa esa of.kZr fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dks la{ksi esa
vkxs crk;k tk jgk gSA
2
ÁLrqfr 1
ÁLrqfr 2
"The effects of meditation on executives’ performance in business organizations” (1) esa ruko] ifjorZu lEHkkyuss
dh {kerk] >xM++k fuiVkus dh {kerk ,oa usr`Ro dh {kerk ij /;ku ds izHkko dk v/;;u ,oa 'kks/k fd;k
x;kA ,d laLFkk esa rhu lewg cuk; x;s] /;ku djus okyksa dk lewg] muds lkFk dke djus okyksa dk
lewg ftlus fd /;ku ugha fd;k ,oa ewY;kadu djus okyksa dk lewgA /;ku dsfUnzr djus okys /;ku esa
;g ik;k x;k fd ruko Lrj de gq, ,oa ifjorZu lEHkkyus dh {kerk vf/kd fodflr gqbZA d#.kk
fodflr djus okys /;ku esa >xM+k fuiVkus dh {kerk ,oa usr`Ro {kerk vf/kd fodflr gqbZA
3
"The effects of mindfulness meditation training on multitasking in a high stress information environment"(2) ds
v/;;u esa leFkk /;ku (mind full meditation) izfØ;k dk cgqdk;Z {kerk ij izHkko ij[kk x;k gSA leFkk
/;ku djus okyksa dh cgq dk;Z djrs le; ;knnk'r csgrj gks xbZA 'kkafr okyk /;ku djus okyksa dh Hkh
;knnk'r csgrj gqbZA
"Work place spirituality, meditation and work performance"(3) esa dk;Z {ks= dk vk/;kfRed Lrj] /;ku ,oa
dk;Z'khyrk ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA blesa 'kkfUr] /;ku ,oa foi';uk /;ku rjhdksa dk bLrseky fd;k
x;k gSA blesa ;g ik;k x;k fd tks /;ku djrs gSa mudk dk;Z {ks= vk/;kfRed Lrj /;ku u djus
okyksa ls Åapk gSA
blh 'kks/k i= esa nwljk v/;;u dsoy vkB fnu ds /;ku ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl v/;;u esa dk;Z'khyrk
ij /;ku dk ekewyh lk vUrj gh feykA bldk dkj.k /;ku dh vof/k de gksuk Hkh gks ldrk gSA
"Transforming trauma: a qualitative feasibility study of integrative restoration (irest) yoga nidra on combat related
post- traumatic stress discarded"(4) ds 'kks/k ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k fd ;ksx fuanzk ds vH;kl ls
ekufld vk?kkr ds ckn ds ruko dh fLFkfr esa Qk;nk igqpsxkA
"Effects of transcendental meditation in veterans of operation enduring freedom and operation iraqi freedom with
post traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study"(5) esa vrhfUnz; /;ku ds ;q) dj pqds lSfudksa ij izHkko ds ckjs esa
crk;k x;k gSA bl 'kks/k esa ;g ik;k x;k fd vfrfUnz; /;ku dk ekufld vk/kkr ds ckn ds ruko dh
fLFkfr esa Qk;nk gqvkA
'Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training an working memory capacity and affective experience"(6)
esa 'kks/k ls fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k fd leFkk /;ku dk izf'k{k.k ;q) esa Hksts tkus ls iwoZ ds le; esa vR;Ur
ykHkdkjh gSA blls leL;k >syus dh ekufld 'kfDr c<+rh gSA leFkk /;ku euksoSKkfud dkj.kksa ls gksus
okyh leL;kvksa dh laHkkouk dks de djrk gSA leFkk /;ku lSfudksa ds laKkukRed lk/ku c<k+rk gSA
"Impact of adoption of Yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers"(7) esa 'kks/k ls irk pyk fd
;ksxe; thou yksx¨a dh HkkoukRed cqf) {kerk dks c<+krk gS ftlls fd mudh dk;Z'khyrk c<+rh gSA
lQyrk lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dks ;ksx dh f'k{kk lgh <ax ls nsus ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
"Individual spirituality, work place spirituality and work attitudes"(8) esa dk;Z{ks= dh vk/;kfRedrk ds rhu
igyqvksa ds izHkko ns[sk x;s gSaA ;s rhu igyw gSa dk;Z esa vFkZ] leqnk; :Ik esa dk;Z ,oa laLFkk ds
ldkjkRed mn~ns';A O;fDrxr vk/;kfRedrk dks dk;Z ds rhu joS;ksa ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gSA ;s gSa dk;Z
esa lUrks"k] dk;Z esa yxu ,oa laLFkk ds izfr drZO;fu"BkA bl 'kks/k esa ;g ik;k x;k fd dk;Z esa lUrks"k
,oa dk;Z esa yxu ij dk;Z {ks= dh vk/;kfRedrk dk ldkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA dk;Z {ks= dh
vk/;kfRedrk dk laLFkk ds izfr drZO;fu"Bk ij ldkjkRed izHkko iw.kZ :Ik ls iM+rk gSA O;fDrxr
vk/;kfRed dk dk;Z {ks= dh vk/;kfRedrk ij FkksM+k lk ldkjkRed izHkko gSA
"Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training"(9) esa NksVh /;ku izf'k{k.k izfØ;k
ds cks/k {kerk ,oa fetkt ij izHkko ij 'kks/k fd;k x;k gSA 49 yksxksa us bl 'kks/k esa Hkkx fy;kA fdlh
dks /;ku dk iwoZ vuqHko ugha FkkA 24 yksx /;ku oxZ esa Fks ,oa 25 yksx fu;a=.k oxZ esa FksA fo'ys"k.k ls
irk pyk fd NksVs le; ds leFkk /;ku ls leFkk lEcfU/kr dyk;sa ifj"d`r gks tkrh gSaA ;g Hkh irk
pyk fd udkjkRed fetkt ?kV tkrk gSA leFkk /;ku ls Fkdku feVkus esa vR;kf/kd enn feyhA fpark
4
ds vkadM+s Hkh dkQh de gks x;sA mnklh Hkh leFkk /;ku ls vR;Ur de gks xbZA leFkk /;ku ls cks/k
dk;ksaZ esa tSls fd okd~ izokg bR;kfn esa dkQh mUufr gqbZA
"The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital"(10) esa ldkjkRed
euksoSKkfud iwath cukus ij ,oa blls dk;Z'khyrk ij izHkko 'kks/k dk o.kZu gSA f'k{kk] vuqHko ,oa Nqik
gqvk Kku ,d ekuoh; lalk/ku ekus tkrs gSaA ysfdu ldkjkRed euksoSKkfud iwath bl lc ls cgqr
vkxs gSA blesa dsoy vki D;k gSa dk egRo gh ugha gS cfYd vki D;k cu jgs gSa] viuk lcls vPNk
vkRe Lo:Ik bldk Hkh egRo gSaA euksoSKkfud iwath esa vk'kk] ldkjkRed lksp] fo'okl ,oa izfrjks/k
{kerk vkrs gSaA bl 'kks/k ds nkSjku euksoSKkfud <ax ls euksoSKkfud iwath c<+kus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZA
vk'kk dh iwath c<+kus ds fy;s mn~ns';ksa ,oa jkLrksa ds ckjs esa izf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA bl izf'k{k.k ls jkLrs
[kkstus dh {kerk c<+h ftlls fd ck/kkvksa dk udkjkRed izHkko de gks x;kA bu izfØ;kvksa ls
ldkjkRed lksp c<+hA fo'okl c<+kus ds fy, vuqHkoh yksxksa us le>k;k fd dSls mn~ns'; iwjs fd, tk
ldrs gSaA blls HkkoukRedrk Hkh c<+h ,oa lHkh lnL;ksa dks mEehn yxus yxh fd mn~ns'; iwjs gks
tk;saxsA izfrjks/k {kerk c<+kbZ xbZ vius xq.kksa dks le>kdj tks fd Fks mudh [kwfc;ka dyk;sa ,oa
lkekftd laidZA blds vykok blds fy, Hkkx ysus okyksa dh leL;kvksa ds le; gksus okyh 'kq#vkrh
vuqHko ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k x;kA 'kks/k ls ;g Hkh irk pyk fd bl euksoSKkfud gLr{ksi ls dk;Z'khyrk
c<+ xbZA
"Autonomic changes in Brahmkumaris Raja Yoga Meditation"(11) esa czg~e dqekjh jkt;ksx /;ku izfØ;k esa
gksus okys Luk;qra= ds cnyko ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA bl /;ku izfØ;k esa yksx vkjke ls vk¡[k
[kksydj cSBrs gSaA os viuk /;ku ,d izdk'k fcUnq dh vksj yxkrs gSaA lkFk gh os loZO;kid 'kfDr ds
ckjs esa ldkjkRed fopkj ykrs gSa izdk'k ,oa 'kkfUr ds :Ik esaA ifj.kkeksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls iyk pyk fd
Luk;qrU= esa vyx vyx fgLlksa esa ,d gh le; fØ;k'khyrk ,oa f'kfFkyrk c<+hA blds vykok vyx
vyx yksxksa ds 'kjhj esa cnyko dk <ax Hkh dqN vyx FkkA blls fu"d"kZ fudyk fd bl /;ku izfØ;k
ds 'kkfjfjd izHkko dks fdlh ,d laosnukRed fØ;k'khyrk ;k f'kfFkyrk ls O;Dr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
"Loving, kindness and Compassion meditation: potent tail for psychological intervention"(12) 'kks/k esa cq) ijaijk
ds esÙkk /;ku ,oa d#.kk /;ku (compassion mediation) ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA d#.kk /;ku i)fr esa
lHkh ds nq[k nwj djus ds ckjs esa /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA esÙkk /;ku esa lHkh ds ckjs esa I;kj ,oa n;kyqrk
dh Hkkouk ij /;ku yxk;k tkrk gSA bl 'kks/k i= esa dbZ 'kks/k i=ksa dk gokyk nsrss gq, bu /;ku
izfØ;kvksa dh ekufld izfrfØ;k dk o.kZu gSA blesa Li"V crk;k x;k gS fd leFkk /;ku izfØ;kvkssa dk
ekufld O;Fkk esa fo'ks"k ykHk gks ldrk gSA d#.kk ,oa esÙkk /;ku dk Øks/k] 'k=qrk] mnklh ,oa fpUrk ds
bykt esa fo'ks"k ykHk gks ldrk gSaA
"Mindfulness meditation, well-being and heart rate Variability: A preliminary investigation into the impact of
intensive vipassana meditation"(13) esa foi';uk /;ku izfØ;k dk euksoSKkfud ekinaMksa ij izHkko dk v/;;u
fd;k x;k gSA ;g euksoSKkfud ekinaM vPNs LokLF; ,oa cqjs LokLF; nksuksa ls lacfU/kr gSaA 36 yksxksa us
10 fnu ds foi';uk dkslZ esa Hkkx fy;kA ldkjkRed euksoSKkfud ekinaMksa esa thou ls larqf‘V bR;kfn
Fks rFkk [kjkc LokLF; ds ekinaMksa esaa mnklh] fpUrk ,oa ruko bR;kfn FksA fny dh /kM+du esa cnyko
Hkh ekik x;kA bl fnu ds foi';uk /;ku ds Ik'pkr Hkkx ysus okys lHkh ldkjkRed euksoSKkfud
ekinaMksa esa lq/kkj vk;sA mnklh] ruko ,oa vU; udkjkRed phtsa ?kVhaA ân;xfr esa cnyko esa dksbZ
fo'ks"k vUrj ugha feysA
5
"Spatial variation in air ion concentrations under different indoor environments"(14) esa vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- fnYyh dks
fofHkUu iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa _.kkRed ok;q vk;u ij 'kks/k dk fooj.k gSA bl 'kks/k esa ik;k x;k fd fofHkUu
iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa _.kkRed ok;q vk;u fHkUu fHkUu la[;k esa FksA goknkj dejs] lw;Z dh jks'kuh] [kqykiu
,oa dkQh ek=k esa ikuh dk gksuk bu vk;uksa dh la[;k dks c<+krk gSA e/;e oxZ esa ;g iz;ksx'kkyk;sa Fkha
ftuesa de iznw"k.k mRiUu gksrk gS tSls fd ydM+h dk dke] yksgs dks ihVus dk dke bR;kfnA lcls de
_.kkRed vk;u ogkW ik;s x;s tgka ij ne ?kksVus okyk] iznwf"kr okrkoj.k gS tSls fd oSfYMax
dk;Z'kkyk bR;kfnA
"Effect of negative air ions on physiological and perceived psychological stress during computer operation"(15)
v/;;u esa _.kkRed ok;q vk;uksas dk dEI;wVj vkWijs'ku ds nkSjku 'kkjhfjd ,oa euksoSKkfud n'kk ij
izHkko dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA bl v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k gS _.kkRed vk;u vf/kd ek=k esa gksus
ij dEI;wVj vkWijs'ku ds nkSjku jDr pki fu;fU=r j[kus esa lgk;rk feyh vFkkZr budk ldkjkREkd
izHkko gqvkA ân;xfr Hkh lkekU; dh vksj vkbZA _.kkRed vk;u ls ruko ds 'kkjhfjd izHkko de gq,A
_.kkRed vk;uksa dk euksoSKkfud fLFkfr ij izHkko Hkh vkadk x;k vkkSj mlesa Hkh budk ldkjkRed
izHkko ik;k x;kA
gky gh esa jks'kuh lPpj us vius ih,p-Mh- 'kks/k esa ik;k fd /;ku ds rgr Soka Gakkai International
(SGI) vH;kl djus okys Hkkjr] vejhdk vkSj nwljs ;wjksfi;u ns'kksa esa csgrj dq'ky gSaA bl ckSf)d
izfØ;k dk v/;;u ldkjkRed euksfoKku dks ,d ljkguh; ;ksxnku gSA
foospuk ,ao fu"d"kZ
mu lHkh 'kks/ki=ksa ds v/;;u ls ;g izekf.kr gksrk gS fd /;ku ,oa ldkjkRed euksoSKkfud rjhdksa dk
dk;Z'khyrk ij vPNk lq/kkjkRed vlj iM+rk gSA euksoSKkfud fLFkfr esa lq/kkj vkrk gSA _.kkRed ok;q
vk;u Hkh _.kkRed euksn'kk ,oa ruko dks de djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA ekufld vk/kkr ls mRiUu
ruko ij Hkh /;ku dk ldkjkRed izHkko gSA fu"d"kZ Lo:Ik ge dg ldrs gSa fd /;ku] ldkjkRed
euksoSKkfud rjhds] _.kkRed ok;q vk;u bR;kfn rjhds euksoSKkfud ,ao 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr dks lq/kkjrs
gq, dk;Z'khyrk ,oa usr`Ro {kerk dks c<+krs gSaA bl fo"k; ij vR;kf/kd 'kks/k dh t:jr gS ftlls fd
fofHkUu laxBuksa esa dk;Z'khyrk c<+kbZ tk lds lkFk gh yksxksa dks csgrj euksoSKkfud fLFkfr ,oa 'kkjhfjd
LokLF; fn;k tk ldsA
/;ku ds fofHkUu laxBu Hkkjr esa ,oa fo'o esa lfØ; gSaA Hkkjr /;ku dh tUe Hkwfe gS rFkk lHkh /;ku
rjhds ewy :Ik ls Hkkjr esa mits gSaA vr% Hkkjr ds 'kks/kdrkZvksa dk ,oa izcU/kdksa dk ;g fo'ks"k drZO;
cu tkrk gS fd fo'o dks bl fn'kk esa ykHk igqpk;saA
6
lanHkZ
1. Arias, J.C., “The effects of meditation on executives’ performance in business
organisations”, Business Intelligence Research Centre 2008.
2 Levy, D.M., Wobbrock, J.O., Kaszniak, A.W., Ostergren, Marilyn., The effects of
mindfulness meditation training on multitasking in a high-stress information
environment”, Graphics Interface 2012.
3. Petchsawanga, Pawinee., Duchon, Dennis., Workplace spirituality, meditation
and work performance”, Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion 9:2 (June
2012) pp 189-208.
4. Stankovic, L., “Transforming trauma: a qualitative feasibility study of integrative
restoration (iRest) yoga nidra on combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder”,
International Journal of Yoga Therapy No. 21 (2011).
5. Rosenthal, J.Z., Grosswald, S., Ross, R., Rosenthal, N., “Effects of
transcendental meditation in veterans of operation enduring freedom and
operation iraqi freedom with posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study”, Military
Medicine, 176, 6:626, 2011.
6. Jha, A.P., Stanley E.A., “Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training
on working memory capacity and affective experience”, Emotion 2010, Vol 10
No. 1, 54-64.
7. Adhia H., Nagendra, H.R., Mahadevan, B., “Impact of adoption of yoga way of
life on the emotional intelligence of managers”, IIMB Management Review (2010)
22, 32-41.
8. Pawar, B.S., “Individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes”,
Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, Vol. 30, No. 8, 2009 pp. 759-
777.
9. Zeidan, F., Johnson S.K., Diamond, B.J., David, Z., Goolkasian, P., “Mindfulness
meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training”, Consciousness
and Cognition 19 (2010) 597-605.
10. Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., Avolio, B.J., Peterson, S.J., “The development and
resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital”, Human Resource
Development Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 1, Spring 2010.
11. Telles, S., Desiraju, T., “Autonomic changes in Brahmakumaris raja yoga
meditation”, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 15 (1993) 147-152.
7
12. Hofmann, S.G., Grossman, P., Hinton, D.E., Loving-kindness and compassion
meditation: Potential for psychological intervention”, Clinical Psychology Review
31 (2011) 1126-1132.
13. Krygier, J.R., Heathers, J.A.J., Shahrestani, S., Abbott, M., Gross, JJ., Kemp,
A.H., “Mindfulness meditation, well-being, and heart rate variability: A preliminary
investigation into the impact of intensive Vipassana meditation”, International
Journal of Psychophysiology xxx (2013) xxx-xxx.
14. Singh, K., Malik, A., Singh, M., “Spatial variation in air ion concentrations under
different indoor environments”, IJBSPT (2009), 1(1): 36: 41.
15. Malik, A., Singh, K., Singh, M., “Effect of negative air ions on physiological and
perceived psychological stress during computer operation”, Int. J. Environment
and Health, Vol X. No. Y. XXXX.
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