NANOPARTICLES: A DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS

Abstract

The delivery systems of bioactive food components through nanoencapsulation provide maximum stability, protection and permit the release of encapsulated compound during mastication and digestion for efficient absorption into the body system. Bioactive compounds are secondary metabolite of plant which forms the constituent of foods or dietary supplements responsible for the health benefit other than provision of basic nutrition. They are grouped into proteins and amino acids, polysaccharides and minerals. These compounds are found useful in treating coronary heart diseases, inflammation, immune disorder, and psychiatric disorder use of nanoparticles to deliver a bioactive compound provides greater advantage due to their greater surface to mass ratio and their ability to absorb and carry the compounds to the required destination with minimal destruction, increased absorption and bioavailability. However, the fate of the bioactive compounds depends on its physicochemical properties and release site. Depending on the compatibility of the target bioactive compound, nanoparticles properties and the required application. the delivery system has been grouped as either solid (including lipid nanoparticles, nanopolymeric nanoparticles) or liquid system (nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, and nanopolymersomes).

Full text

NANOPARTICLES: A DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS
*1
Umar Garba,
2
Aminu Shehu Abubakar
1
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab, India
2
Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional Uni
3
Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punj
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
The delivery systems of bioactive food components through nanoencapsulation provide maximum
stability, protection and permit the release of encapsula
digestion for efficient absorption into the body system. Bioactive compounds are secondary
metabolite of plant which forms the constituent of foods or dietary supplements responsible for the
health benefit other than pro
proteins and amino acids, polysaccharides and minerals. These compounds are found useful in
treating coronary heart diseases, inflammation, immune disorder, and psychiatric disorder
use of nanoparticles to deliver a bioactive compound provides greater advantage due to their greater
surface to mass ratio and their ability to absorb and carry the compounds to the required destination
with minimal destruction, increased absorpt
compounds depends on its physicochemical properties and release site. Depending on the
compatibility of the target bioactive compound, nanoparticles properties and the required application,
the de
livery system has been grouped as either solid (including lipid nanoparticles, nano
polymeric nanoparticles) or liquid system (nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, and nanopolymersomes).
Copyright © 2014 Umar Garba et al. This
is an open access
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
INTRODUCTION
The word Nanoparticles (NPs) is derived from the Greek word
“nano” which denotes a factor of 10
-9
and the technology
dealing with these materials is called nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology, according to the National Nanotechnology
Initiative (NNI) and the National Science Foundation (NSF,
USA) is defined as the ability to understand, control, and
manipu
late matter at their individual atomic and molecular
levels, as well as the “super-
molecular” level (ranging from 0.1
to 100nm) of cluster molecules, in order to produce materials,
devices, and systems with new properties and functions.
Nanoparticles exhib
it unique features which significantly differ
from that of their macroscopic or bulk counterparts. They have
the capacity to work at the molecular level, atom by atoms,
thereby forming a large structure with new molecular
organisation (Misra et al., 2013).
The greater surface to mass
ratio of NPs as compared to other particles, the quantum
properties and the ability to absorb and carry other compounds
(such as drugs, probes and proteins) make them more
increasingly attractive for medical purposes (Jong and
2008). Inclusion of bioactive compounds in diet has been
clinically proved to have health benefits (Lasoń, 2011), and
offers many benefits to the consumer such as increase
*Corresponding author: Umar Garba,
Department of Food Technology and Nutriti
on, Lovely Professional
University Phagwara, Punjab, India
.
ISSN: 0975-833X
Available online at http://www.journal
International Journal of Current Research
Vol.
Article History:
Received 14
th
May, 2014
Received in revised form
20
th
June, 2014
Accepted 20
th
July, 2014
Published online 31
st
August,
2014
Key words:
Nano particles,
Bioactive food components,
Nanoemulsion,
Solid lipid nanoparticles,
Nanoencapsulation
REVIEW ARTICLE
NANOPARTICLES: A DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS
Aminu Shehu Abubakar
and
3
Muhamammad Said Bashir
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab, India
Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab, India
Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punj
ABSTRACT
The delivery systems of bioactive food components through nanoencapsulation provide maximum
stability, protection and permit the release of encapsulated compound during mastication and
digestion for efficient absorption into the body system. Bioactive compounds are secondary
metabolite of plant which forms the constituent of foods or dietary supplements responsible for the
health benefit other than provision of basic nutrition. They are grouped into isoprenoids, fatty acids,
proteins and amino acids, polysaccharides and minerals. These compounds are found useful in
treating coronary heart diseases, inflammation, immune disorder, and psychiatric disorder
use of nanoparticles to deliver a bioactive compound provides greater advantage due to their greater
surface to mass ratio and their ability to absorb and carry the compounds to the required destination
with minimal destruction, increased absorption and bioavailability. However, the fate of the bioactive
compounds depends on its physicochemical properties and release site. Depending on the
compatibility of the target bioactive compound, nanoparticles properties and the required application,
livery system has been grouped as either solid (including lipid nanoparticles, nano
polymeric nanoparticles) or liquid system (nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, and nanopolymersomes).
is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The word Nanoparticles (NPs) is derived from the Greek word
and the technology
dealing with these materials is called nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology, according to the National Nanotechnology
Initiative (NNI) and the National Science Foundation (NSF,
USA) is defined as the ability to understand, control, and
late matter at their individual atomic and molecular
molecular” level (ranging from 0.1
to 100nm) of cluster molecules, in order to produce materials,
devices, and systems with new properties and functions.
it unique features which significantly differ
from that of their macroscopic or bulk counterparts. They have
the capacity to work at the molecular level, atom by atoms,
thereby forming a large structure with new molecular
The greater surface to mass
ratio of NPs as compared to other particles, the quantum
properties and the ability to absorb and carry other compounds
(such as drugs, probes and proteins) make them more
increasingly attractive for medical purposes (Jong and
Borm,
2008). Inclusion of bioactive compounds in diet has been
clinically proved to have health benefits (Lasoń, 2011), and
offers many benefits to the consumer such as increase
on, Lovely Professional
absorption, uptake and improved nutrients and supplements
bioavailability. It also has the potential to change the
distribution of substances in the body (FAO/WHO, 2010).
Bioactive food
components are constituent of food or dietary
supplements responsible for health benefit other than basic
nutrition. They are categorised in to groups which composed of
isoprenoides (carotenoides, saponines, tocotrienoles,
tocopheroles), fatty acids (monou
nsaturated fatty acid, poly
unsaturated fatty acid, ω-
3, and conjugated linolic acid),
phenolic compounds (flavonoles, flavonones, anthrocyanines,
lignins,tannins), proteins and amino acids (isothiocynatte, allyl
S components, capsaicinoides) polysaccharid
oligosaccharides) and minerals (Weiss, 2008a).
Nanotechnology has contributed significantly to the
development of nanometric delivery systems, which allow
encapsulation of bioactive materials in nano
combat the problem
of deterioration during processing and
increase activity by enhancing the mass transfer rate to the
required active areas (G
ökmen, 2013). Nanoencapsulation is
important as it give protection to sensitive bioactive food
components against oxidation, enzyme
before reaching the target. Discomfort due to consumption of
unpleasant taste bioactive material is also eliminated (Fathi
et al
., 2012). This delivery system of bioactive food
components is achieved through the use of carb
protein or lipid.
Available online at http://www.journal
cra.com
International Journal of Current Research
Vol.
6, Issue, 08, pp.8032-8035, August,
2014
INTERNATIONAL
OF CURRENT RESEARCH
z
NANOPARTICLES: A DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS
Muhamammad Said Bashir
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab, India
versity Phagwara, Punjab, India
Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punj
ab India
The delivery systems of bioactive food components through nanoencapsulation provide maximum
ted compound during mastication and
digestion for efficient absorption into the body system. Bioactive compounds are secondary
metabolite of plant which forms the constituent of foods or dietary supplements responsible for the
vision of basic nutrition. They are grouped into isoprenoids, fatty acids,
proteins and amino acids, polysaccharides and minerals. These compounds are found useful in
treating coronary heart diseases, inflammation, immune disorder, and psychiatric disorder
etc. The
use of nanoparticles to deliver a bioactive compound provides greater advantage due to their greater
surface to mass ratio and their ability to absorb and carry the compounds to the required destination
ion and bioavailability. However, the fate of the bioactive
compounds depends on its physicochemical properties and release site. Depending on the
compatibility of the target bioactive compound, nanoparticles properties and the required application,
livery system has been grouped as either solid (including lipid nanoparticles, nano
-crystals, and
polymeric nanoparticles) or liquid system (nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, and nanopolymersomes).
article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
absorption, uptake and improved nutrients and supplements
bioavailability. It also has the potential to change the
distribution of substances in the body (FAO/WHO, 2010).
components are constituent of food or dietary
supplements responsible for health benefit other than basic
nutrition. They are categorised in to groups which composed of
isoprenoides (carotenoides, saponines, tocotrienoles,
nsaturated fatty acid, poly
3, and conjugated linolic acid),
phenolic compounds (flavonoles, flavonones, anthrocyanines,
lignins,tannins), proteins and amino acids (isothiocynatte, allyl
-
S components, capsaicinoides) polysaccharid
es (ascorbic acid,
oligosaccharides) and minerals (Weiss, 2008a).
Nanotechnology has contributed significantly to the
development of nanometric delivery systems, which allow
encapsulation of bioactive materials in nano
-size particles to
of deterioration during processing and
increase activity by enhancing the mass transfer rate to the
ökmen, 2013). Nanoencapsulation is
important as it give protection to sensitive bioactive food
components against oxidation, enzyme
degradation and pH
before reaching the target. Discomfort due to consumption of
unpleasant taste bioactive material is also eliminated (Fathi
., 2012). This delivery system of bioactive food
components is achieved through the use of carb
ohydrate,
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL
OF CURRENT RESEARCH

However lipid based nanocarrier system predominates due to
the different complicated chemical or heat requirements
involved in the use of protein or carbohydrate (Fathi et al.,
2012). The new approach is now attracting more attention from
researchers (Misra et al., 2013) and is advantageous as it is use
to prevent chemical degradation of functional ingredients
through encapsulation with droplets of nano-emulsion
(McClements and Decker, 2000).
Bioactive compounds such as carotenoid, omega-3 fatty acids,
phytosterols, are some of the major component of functional
foods important in improving health and well being of
consumers. Incorporation of these components into the food
system however, require the design of a technical
encapsulation matrix capable of providing maximum stability,
protection and also permit the release of encapsulated
components during mastication and digestion for efficient
absorption into the body system (Weiss et al., 2008b). These
components have been found effective against coronary heart
diseases, inflammation, and immune and psychiatric disorders
etc when incorporated in the diet (Gökmen, 2013). Though,
components such as carotenoid are highly dependent on the
carrier and unstable when isolated from plant or animal
sources; their lipophilic nature leads to low absorption and
limited bioavailability in human beings. Solid lipid
nanoparticles are found to be the best solution to this problem
(Lasońq, 2011). The fate of bioactive compounds depends on
its physicochemical properties and release site (Borel et al.,
2014).
Delivery systems for bioactive components
There are a lot of researches going on to exploit the used of
food-grade nanodispersion such as nanoemulsion and solid
lipid nanoparticles in delivering bioactive lipophilic food
components. The system has been classified as either solid or
liquid, each of which provides a distinct advantage, depending
on the compatibility of nanoparticles properties with that of the
bioactive compounds and the intended application. The solid
nanodelivery systems include lipid nanoparticles, nano-
crystals, and polymeric nanoparticles, while the liquid systems
include nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, and
nanopolymersomes (Borel et al., 2014).
Solid based nanoparticles delivery Systems
Solid lipid nanoparticles
A solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are novel encapsulation
system initially developed in the pharmaceutical industries to
deliver bioactive compounds (Weiss et al., 2008b; Qian, 2013).
They composed of a core of solid lipid with bioactive material
having part of the lipid matrix. Such particles are stabilized
using surfactant layer or a mixture of surfactants (Lasoń,
2011). It is formed by homogenisation at temperature (≈ 80°C)
above the melting point of lipid phase (tripalmitin), followed
by cooling the water-in-oil emulsion to obtain the crystallized
nanoemulsions with the dispersed phase being composed of a
mixture of solid carrier lipid bioactive components (Weiss
et al., 2008; Qian, 2013). Yang et al. (2014) developed a
delivery system for lipophilic bioactive compounds at ambient
temperature using high pressure homogenization from barley
protein nanoparticles. In this preparation, no organic solvents
or cross linking agents were involved. At a protein weight
concentration of up to 5% and oil/protein ratio maintained
within the range of 1 to 1.5%, an optimum nanoparticles with
regular spherical shape, small size (90- 150nm) and narrow
size distribution (PDI <0.3) were achieved. The nanoparticles
show high zeta-potential (about -35mV), high payload (51.4 –
54.5%) and good stability without the use of surfactants.
Although the bulk protein matrices degraded in the simulated
gastric tract, during the release test, smaller nanoparticles were
released and bioactive compounds were protected by a layer of
barley protein. In vitro studies revealed that barley protein
nanoparticles are relatively safe and could be internalized by
caco-2 cells and built up in the cytoplasm.
Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)
Nanostructured lipid carriers are delivery system for partially
crystallized lipid particles (having mean radii of at most 100
nm) dispersed in an aqueous phase of emulsifier. Important
nutraceutical are delivered using this system with high drug
loading, encapsulation efficiency and stability. The size and
physical state of the solid phase present the most influencing
performance of lipid dispersions. NLC dispel the limitation of
poor water-solubility, chemical instability, and low
bioavailability encountered during fortification of aqueous-
based foods with nutraceutical ingredients. Thus,
nanostructured lipid carrier can be a substitute to other
nanocarrier and can be suitable for application in food and
beverages (Tamjidi et al., 2013).
Liquid based nanoparticle delivery systems
Nanoemulsion
Nanoemulsions are isotropic system comprising of two
immiscible liquid (such as oil and water) mixed to form a
single phase of clear dispersion and stabilized using desirable
surfactants. Nanoemulsions are thermodynamically stabled
with droplets sizes in the range of 20-200 nm (Shah et al.,
2010; Haritha et al., 2013; Chouksey et al., 2011). The
thermodynamical stability makes nanoemulsion to require little
energy input and possesses a long shelf life (Chouksey et al.,
2011a). The small size droplet of nanoemulsion makes it look
transparent and its stability is enhanced by Brownian motion
which plays important role in preventing creaming (Fernandez
et al., 2004). A distinguishing feature of nanoemulsion is their
ability to retain droplets size distribution even upon dilution
with water compared as opposed to microemulsion (Fathi
et al., 2012). To prevent the droplet from recombining into
larger droplet, a thin encapsulating layer can be introduced to
stabilize the system. This layer is made up of proteins or
phospholipids acting as surfactant (Sanguansri and Augustin,
2006). Nanoemulsions are dispersion of nanoscale droplet
formed by mixing two immiscible phases, by the application of
great shear force. The rupture of this droplet can be possible by
application of ultra-sonication or micro fluidisation. Higher
amount of surfactant is required to stabilise the nanoemulsion
(Augustin and Hemar 2009).
8033 Umar Garba et al. Nanoparticles: a delivery system for bioactive food components

Nanoemulsions have been grouped, depending on the
constituent materials involved, into oil in water, water in oil or
bi-continuous. Bi-continuous carries interdispersed micro
domains of oil in the system (Haritha et al., 2013). A number
of approaches have been reported in the production of
nanoemulsion, some of which include phase inversion
technique, sonication method, higher pressure homogenization,
micro fluidization and spontaneous emulsification (Depnath
et al., 2011; Haritha et al., 2013; Shah et al., 2010). The initial
stage of nanoemulsion preparation is the selection of the
suitable oil phase on which other components depend upon. Oil
with a good solubilisation potential is imperative. The choice
of surfactant follows and this plays a major role. This could be
either ionic or anionic; however the use of ionic surfactant is
discouraged due to toxicity effects.
Depnath et al. (2011) Nanoemulsion exhibits characteristic
properties such as higher solubilisation capacity, high kinetic
stability and optical transparency, provision of ultra low
interfacial tension and reduced inter-subject variability in terms
of gastrointestinal tract fluid volume (Depnath et al., 2011).
The use of nanoemulsion enhances solubility and absorption of
bioactive substances. They are used for delivery of poorly-
soluble food components such as fish oil and lipophilic
vitamins (Fathi et al., 2012). They have efficient transport
mechanism due to large surface area to volume ratio and do not
pose any threat such as creaming, flocculation, coalescence and
sedimentation as seen in macroemulsion (Shah et al., 2010)
Qian (2013) studied the design of efficient delivery systems for
encapsulation of carotenoids and other lipophilic bioactive
component. When β-carotene was encapsulated within
nanoemulsion-based delivery systems with tween 80 (non-ionic
surfactant) as emulsifier and long chain triglycerides (LCT)
acting as carrier, the bioavailability was relatively high (about
66%) due to the large sizes of the mixed micelles capable of
solubilising the bioactive molecules. In contrast, bioavailability
of β-carotene in orange oil nanoemulsion and medium chain
triglycerides (MCT) was negligible due to the absence or small
formation of mixed micelles to solubilise the β-carotene. A
spontaneous emulsification method has been used to study the
nanoemulsion based delivery system of bioactive omega-3
polyunsaturated oils. Their finding indicates the suitability of
using nanoemulsion to incorporate polyunsaturated oil in food
Gullotta et al. (2014)
Conclusion
Nano delivery of bioactive components by incorporation into
the food system require the design of a technical encapsulation
matrix capable of providing maximum stability, protection and
also permit an efficient release of encapsulated components
into the body system. There is a need of intense study be
carried out to investigate the compatibility of the component
and the delivery system. Though, components such as
carotenoid are highly dependent on the carrier and unstable
when isolated from plant or animal sources, their lipophilic
nature leads to low absorption and limited bioavailability in
human beings. A suitable method such as the use of solid lipid
nanoparticles should therefore be adopted to ensure successful
delivery of components such as carotenoids.
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8035 Umar Garba et al. Nanoparticles: a delivery system for bioactive food components