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Studies on California ants. 7. The genus Stenamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
... Many species are represented by only a few samples and not much is known about their natural history. Despite this paucity of information, taxonomists have described over forty species and produced several significant regional revisions: Smith (1957) and Snelling (1973) revised the species of the Nearctic region; Smith (1962) reviewed the species known from the Neotropics; Arnol'di (1975) revised the species of the former USSR; and DuBois (1998) revised the species of the Palearctic and Oriental regions. DuBois (1998) also included the most thorough diagnosis of the genus to date. ...
... 3. The structure of the clypeus varies greatly among species of Stenamma and has been useful for distinguishing species groups in western North America (Snelling 1973) and will likely be useful for distinguishing Neotropical groups (pers. obs.; Figures 2,5,8,11,14,[17][18][19][20]. ...
... Assignment of species to species groups follows Snelling (1973) Justification for transfer of species to Lordomyrma ...
The myrmicine ant genus Stenamma Westwood is redefined and a new diagnosis of the worker caste is presented. Justified by both morphology and molecular data, two species are removed from Stenamma and transferred to the genus Lordomyrma Emery: L. bhutanensis (Baroni Urbani) comb. n. and L. sinensis (Ma, Xu, Makio & DuBois) comb. n. Based on compelling differences in morphology, a third species originally described in Stenamma is transferred to the genus Propodilobus gen. n.: P. pingorum (DuBois) comb. n. Molecular results also indicate that Stenamma, as newly defined here, is a monophyletic genus that forms a clade with Aphaenogaster Mayr and Messor Forel. Additional notes on the diversity and distributions of Stenamma, Lordomyrma, and Propodilobus are provided.
... I identified ants by reference to Wheeler and Wheeler (1986), Snelling (1973Snelling ( , 1976Snelling ( ,1982, Snelling and George (lg7g), Snelling et al., (2014) and AntWeb.org' The website has automontage images of all of California's ant species and is kept up to date. ...
... I have made this key so that it includes the six species that occur in, or near, the San Gabriel Mountains. The key derived from Mackay (2002) and Pacheco and Mackay (2013 by Snelling et al (1973). There are twenty species in California. ...
... Bernstein, 1979;Blom & Clark, 1980;Clark, 1996;Johnson, 2000a,b) or consists of generic revisions that include peninsular records of species, i.e. Pogonomyrmex (Cole, 1968), Formica (fusca group) (Francoeur, 1973), Stenamma (Snelling, 1973), Myrmecocystus (Snelling, 1976), Neivamyrmex (Watkins, 1982), Pseudomyrmex (Ward, 1985), and Camponotus (Myrmentoma) (Snelling, 1988). Except for extensive collecting by Roy R. Snelling in the 1970s, these revisions relied on existing specimens in museums. ...
... The extended dashed line is the border between BC and BCS. (Snelling, 1973), and Myrmecocystus tenuinodis (Snelling & George, 1979)]. The final data set consisted of 2101 records. ...
Abstract Aims Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Baja California peninsula are poorly known, with information based largely on scattered museum and literature records. We provide the first comprehensive account of ant species occurring on the peninsula, we examine distribution patterns, and we assess the ‘peninsular effect’ which predicts that species richness declines from the base to the tip of a peninsula.
Location Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico.
Methods Data collection involved examining, identifying and recording label data from c. 2350 series of ants. These records provide a provisional, if incomplete, species list. We applied the incidence-based estimator, Chao-2, to our data base of specimen records to estimate the total number of ant species on the peninsula. We assessed endemism by comparing our peninsular species list to those from adjacent states. The peninsular effect was tested by comparing genus and species level richness between the two states of Baja California, and across five latitudinal blocks.
Results We document 170 native ant species in thirty-three genera, plus six non-native species, in Baja California. It seems likely that additional species remain to be discovered: the Chao-2 estimator of species richness, at 206.0 species, is about 20% higher than our observed species richness. About 30% of the species and 20% of the genera are restricted within Baja California to the relatively mesic California Floristic Province of north-western Baja California. Nearly all of these species also occur in California. Forty-seven species (27.6%) are peninsula endemics. Using our entire data set, the peninsular effect appears to be strong, with about twice as many species in the northern state of Baja California than are recorded from the southern state of Baja California Sur; the ratio of genera is 33 to 24. However, this effect becomes weak at the species level and absent at the genus level when minimizing habitat effects by omitting species restricted to the California Floristic Province. At a finer scale, across latitudinal blocks of about 1.9°, the number of species declines towards central portions of the peninsula and then increases in the Cape Region. Nine ant species display strongly disjunct distributions, and these occur in two general patterns: peninsula disjuncts and peninsula–mainland disjuncts.
Main conclusions The Baja California peninsula supports a diverse and distinctive ant fauna, with the proportion of endemic species similar to that displayed by plants. Patterns of species and genus richness across the five latitudinal blocks provide poor support for the peninsular effect. Moreover, habitat diversity, especially that related to topographic relief, appears to be the most important factor affecting the gradient of ant species richness in Baja California. Additional collections are needed to develop a more complete species list and to determine the boundaries and status of many species. Nevertheless, the present data base provides a useful starting point for understanding the evolution of ant assemblages in Baja California and for comparison with peninsular patterns in other taxa.
Objetivos Las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de la península de Baja California son poco conocidas, y la información disponible sobre ellas esta basada principalmente en registros dispersos de museos y bibliografía. Damos a conocer la primera recopilación lógica sobre las especies de hormigas presentes en la península; examinamos los patrones de distribución y estimamos el ‘efecto peninsular’, el cual nos indica que la riqueza en la diversidad de las especies se reduce de la base a la punta de la península.
Situación Geográfica Península de Baja California, México.
Métodos La recolección de la información consistió en examinar, identificar y registrar los datos de etiquetas de aproximadamente 2350 series de hormigas. Estos registros nos dan una lista provisional, aunque incompleta de las especies de hormigas. Aplicamos el cálculo basado en incidencia ‘Chao-2’ a nuestra base de datos de especimenes para estimar el número total de especies de hormigas en la península. Asignamos el endemismo basado en la comparacion de nuestra lista de especies de la peninsula con aquéllas de los estados adyacentes. El efecto peninsular fue probado comparando la riqueza a nivel de género y de especies entre los dos estados de Baja California y a través de cinco bloques latitudinales.
Resultados Documentamos 170 especies nativas de hormigas en 33 géneros además de seis especies no nativas en Baja California. Parece probable que existan más especies que aún no han sido descubiertas: el estimador de la riqueza de especies Chao-2, a 206.0 especies, es aproximadamente un 20% más alto que la riqueza en especies observada por nosotros. Cerca de un 30% de las especies y 20% de los géneros estan restringidos dentro de Baja California a la relativamente mesica Provincia Florística de California en el noroeste de Baja California. Casi todas estas especies se encuentran tambien en California. Cuarenta y siete especies (27.6%) son endémicos de la península. Al analizar toda nuestra información, el efecto peninsular parece ser muy acentuado, con aproximadamente el doble de especies en el estado de Baja California en comparación con las registradas en Baja California Sur; el radio de los géneros es 33 a 24. Sin embargo, este efecto se hace menos presente a nivel de especies, y desaparece a nivel de género cuando se minimizan los efectos del hábitat suprimiendo las restringidas a la Provincia Florística de California. En una escala más exacta, a través de bloques latitudinales de aproximadamente 1.9°, el número de especies disminuye hacia las partes centrales de la península y luego se incrementa en la Región del Cabo. Nueve especies de hormigas muestran distribuciones muy discontinuas, y éstas ocurren en dos patrones: discontinuidades peninsulares y discontinuidades continentales-peninsulares.
Principales Conclusiones La península de Baja California sustenta una diversa y distintiva fauna de hormigas, siendo la proporción de especies endémicas similar a aquélla presente en las plantas. Los patrones de riqueza de especies y género a través de cinco bloques latitudinales contribuyen poco a la demostración del efecto peninsular. Además, la diversidad de hábitat, especialmente aquélla relacionada al relieve topográfico, parece ser el factor más importante que afecta el grado de riqueza de especies de hormigas en Baja California. Se requieren colecciones adicionales para desarrollar una lista de especies más completa y para determinar los límites y estados taxonomicos de muchas especies. No obstante, la actual base de datos provee un punto de partida útil para entender la evolución de los ensamblajes de hormigas en Baja California y para la comparación con patrones peninsulares en otros taxa.
... Manica bradleyi (Wheeler, W. M. 1909 Snelling (1973) Oak/Chamise Chaparral, Scrub Oak/Prunus, willow riparian margin between 1450-6000 ft. Feb-Nov. ...
... This anthology ofkeys to the workers includes the genera C amp on o tu s, Crem ato ga st er, F or eliu s' F or mi c a' Temnothorax. User-friendly keys to the genera can be found in Fisher and Cover (2007) and Ward (2005) I identified ants by reference to Wheeler and Wheeler (1986), Snelling (1973Snelling ( ,1976Snelling ( ,1982, Snelling and George (1979), Snelling et al., (2014) These keys are a work in progress and I would appreciate it ifyou direct my attention to errors or ,ugg.tt.a improvements. Additional species will surely be detected within the range. ...
Dichotomous keys to the 96 species of ants that are known to occur in the San Gabriel Mountains of Southern California are provided. The keys are designed to be supplemented by the imaged found at AntWeb.org.
... Los estudios sobre hormigas de la península de Baja California son es casos. Se han llevado a cabo estudios sobre sistemática y taxonom ía de varias especies (Snelling, 1973(Snelling, , 1981Ward 2000;Burge 2005), sobre ecología y comportamiento (Blom y Clark 1980;Clark et al., 1986;Clark y Blom 1988;Coria-Benet et al., 1993;Lighton y Berrigan 1995;Clark 1996), métodos de trampeo (Clark y Blom 1992), y la biología reproductiva de dos especies del género Messor (Johnson 2000). Johnson y Ward (2002) presentaron la primera lista exhaus tiva de especies de hormigas (176 especies) para la península con base en la revisión de registros his tóricos , museos y bibliografía. ...
Las hormigas se encuentran entre los organismos con mayor riqueza de especies del
planeta, incluido los ecosistemas áridos y semiáridos. El presente trabajo presenta un
listado de especies de hormigas del matorral costero del área periurbana a la ciudad de
Ensenada, Baja California. En los nueve sitios que cubrieron el área de estudio se
colocaron trampas de caída, trampas de de cebos y se realizaron colectas selectivas de
hormigas. Se colectaron 16,721 especímenes de 40 especies y 17 géneros de hormigas,
de las cuales únicamente la hormiga argentina (L. humile) es no nativa. Las especies más
comunes fueron C. festinatus, C. semitestaceus, M. mimicus, C. califórnica, P. califórnica,
P. vistana, S. xyloni y T. andrei. El área muestreada representa menos del 1% de la
península y 3% del Estado de Baja California, sin embargo se colectó el 22% y 26% del
total de especies registradas para la península y Estado, respectivamente. De manera
independiente, las variables sugeridas para explicar el comportamiento de la riqueza de
especies, excepto el tipo de suelo, no fueron un factor que incida en la riqueza de
especies de hormigas. Sin embargo, de manera combinada al interactuar el tipo de suelo
con los factores de pendiente, altura y orientación puede influir la composición en la
riqueza de especies. Por otra parte se sugiere la incorporación de variables climáticas y
de comportamiento de las especies para entender mejor el funcionamiento de las
comunidades de hormigas del matorral costero circundante a la ciudad de Ensenada.
... The pronotum is lightly carinulate-punctate (longitudinal orientation), with small smooth patches on the dorsum. One characteristic unseen by Smith (1957) or Snelling (1973) is that some specimens of S. huachucanum from the southwestern U.S.A. have the first gastral tergite and sternite punctate. I treat this as intraspecific variation as no other characters within these specimens vary significantly. ...
Stenamma is a cryptic "leaf-litter" ant genus that occurs in mesic forest habitats throughout the Holarctic region, Central America, and part of northwestern South America (Colombia and Ecuador). The genus was thought to be restricted primarily to the temperate zone, but recent collecting efforts have uncovered a large radiation of Neotropical forms, which rival the Holarctic species in terms of morphological and behavioral diversity. By inferring a broad-scale molecular phylogeny of Stenamma, Branstetter (2012) showed that all Neotropical species belong to a diverse Middle American clade (MAC), and that this clade is sister to an almost completely geographically separated Holarctic clade (HOC). Here, the Middle American clade of Stenamma is revised to recognize 40 species, of which 33 are described as new. Included in the revision are a key to species based on the worker caste, and for each species where possible, descriptions and images of workers and queens, images of males, information on geographic distribution, descriptions of intraspecific variation, and notes on natural history. Several species groups are defined, but the majority of species remain unassigned due to a lack of diagnostic morphological character states for most molecular clades. The following species are redescribed: Stenamma alas Longino, Stenamma diversum Mann, Stenamma expolitum Smith, Stenamma felixi Mann, Stenamma huachucanum Smith, Stenamma manni Wheeler, and Stenamma schmidti Menozzi. The following are described as new: Stenamma andersoni sp. n., Stenamma atribellum sp. n., Stenamma brujita sp. n., Stenamma callipygium sp. n., Stenamma catracho sp. n., Stenamma connectum sp. n., Stenamma crypticum sp. n., Stenamma cusuco sp. n., Stenamma excisum sp. n., Stenamma expolitico sp. n., Stenamma hojarasca sp. n., Stenamma ignotum sp. n., Stenamma lagunum sp. n., Stenamma llama sp. n., Stenamma leptospinum sp. n., Stenamma lobinodus sp. n., Stenamma longinoi sp. n., Stenamma maximon sp. n., Stenamma megamanni sp. n., Stenamma monstrosum sp. n., Stenamma muralla sp. n., Stenamma nanozoi sp. n., Stenamma nonotch sp. n., Stenamma ochrocnemis sp. n., Stenamma pelophilum sp. n., Stenamma picopicucha sp. n., Stenamma saenzae sp. n., Stenamma sandinista sp. n., Stenamma stictosomum sp. n., Stenamma tiburon sp. n., Stenamma tico sp. n., Stenamma vexator sp. n., and Stenamma zelum sp. n. Although many of the newly defined species consist of challenging species complexes, this study establishes a robust baseline that will guide future work on the systematics of MAC Stenamma. The total global diversity of Stenamma now includes 84 extant species.
... Identifications were made with keys by , , , , Deyrup et al. (1985), DuBois (1986), , , , MacKay (2000), , Snelling (1973, , , , Ward (1985Ward ( , 1988, , and ...
The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is an invasive species that causes medical and economic problems, endangers domestic animals and wildlife, displaces native species, and disrupts natural habitats. This pest ant species now occupies much of the southeastern U.S., parts of the southwestern U.S., and has invaded southern California. This study was undertaken to define selected ecological relationships and competitive interactions of this invasive ant to serve as a basis for development of biologically-based management strategies. Red imported fire ant occurrence, activity, and interactions with native ant species were compared in canopied and uncanopied habitats at two central Georgia locations. Fire ant density and activity were significantly greater in open than in canopied habitats. Native ant species were numerous and competed with fire ants via predation of reproductive alates and foraging for food resources in the canopied habitats.
... In the laboratory, ant specimens were separated and placed in 95% ethyl alcohol. Identifications were made with keys by Bolton (1994Bolton ( , 2000; Buren (1968); Creighton (1950); Cuezzo (2000); Deyrup et al. (1985); DuBois (1986); Gregg (1958); Holldobler & Wilson (1990); Johnson (1988); MacKay (2000); Smith (1957); Snelling (1973Snelling ( , 1988; Snelling & Longino (1992); Taylor (1967); Trager (1984Trager ( , 1988; Ward (1985Ward ( , 1988; Wilson (1955); and Wing (1968), and by comparison with specimens housed in the University of Georgia Natural History Museum (Athens, GA 2,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,14,18,19 Prenolepis imparis (Say) 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,16,18,19,20 Buren 10,18,19,21,22,24,25,26,28,29 Solenopsis molesta complex 4 2,4,7,9,10,11,12,14,17,18,19,21,22,23,24,26,29 Stenamma brevicorne (Mayr) 18 Stenamma diecki Emery 1,4,5,6,7,8,9, ...
Hormigas que habitan en el suelo (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fueron recolectadas en 29 sitios en 26 condados del estado de Georgia con trampas de suelo, extración de hojarasca, busqueda visual, y trampas de cebo. Nosotros encontramos 96 taxa de hormigas incluyendo nueve especies no informadas anteriormente en Georgia: Myrmica americana Weber, M. pinetorum Wheeler, M. punctiventris Roger, M. spatulata Smith, Pyramica wrayi (Brown), Stenamma brevicorne (Mayr), S. diecki Emery, S. impar Forel, y S. schmitti Wheeler, además de tres especies aparentemente no descritas (Myrmica sp. y dos Stenamma spp.). Al juntar estos datos con las publicaciones y registros de museos, nosotros aumentamos el número de hormigas conocidas que habitan el suelo en Georgia a un total de 144 taxa.
The genus Stenamma Westwood comprises a group of cryptic, cold tolerant ants that occur throughout the Holarctic and Middle American regions. Traditional approaches to taxonomy and phylogeny are confounded by multiple factors, including the conservative and often convergent morphology of workers and the rarity of reproductive castes in collections. Monophyly of Stenamma and relationships within the genus are uncertain as nearly all previous taxonomic work has been regional in scope. Furthermore, the sister group to Stenamma has not been well established. Here an extensive molecular dataset consisting of ten genes (∼8 kb of data), 48 ingroup taxa (20 Nearctic, 6 Palaearctic and 22 Neotropical) and 8 outgroup taxa (6 closely related non‐Stenamma and 2 additional myrmicines) is used to investigate the broad‐scale phylogeny and evolutionary history of Stenamma. Phylogenetic analysis is performed under maximum likelihood and Bayesian frameworks on individual genes and several alternate concatenated datasets, which are used to investigate the effects of inclusion or exclusion of COI and intronic regions. The timing of Stenamma evolution is inferred in beast and ancestral areas are reconstructed using both the s‐diva and DEC methods, as implemented in the programs rasp and lagrange, respectively. Stenamma is revealed as monophyletic with high support and tentatively is sister to a group of New World species placed currently in Aphaenogaster Mayr and Messor Forel. Within Stenamma, two major clades are recovered: a ‘Holarctic clade’ (HOC) and a ‘Middle American clade’ (MAC). The HOC consists of the European S. striatulum Emery sister to two well‐supported groups, the informal ‘debile’ and ‘brevicorne’ clades. The ‘brevicorne’ clade is entirely Nearctic, whereas the ‘debile’ clade includes both Nearctic and Palaearctic representatives. The MAC occurs from the southern United States to northern South America and, with the exception of S. huachucanum Smith, is almost completely isolated geographically from the HOC. It includes a depauperate northern clade and the ‘MAC core’, which is a diverse assemblage of wet forest adapted species found throughout Central America. Divergence dating and biogeographic reconstruction show that Stenamma is most likely to have originated in the Nearctic at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary (∼35 Ma) and diversified more rapidly at 16 and 8 Ma for the HOC and MAC, respectively. Potential environmental factors affecting the evolution of Stenamma include the intense global cooling of the late Eocene combined with aridification and mountain building. The phylogenetic results are discussed in relation to the current Stenamma species groups and several new morphological characters are presented to help in identification.
Stenamma diecki is a small ant with a widespread distribution. Systematic plot excavations in two locations have allowed us to collect data on a large number of S. diecki nests in order to examine seasonal and spatial differences in nest demography and allocation decisions within this species. Populations of this species from New York and Vermont nest in cavities far more commonly than has been reported, and thus we could compare our results with data on this species and with patterns of demography and reproduction for two other well-studied cavity-dwelling ants. We found nests were monogynous at all locations, but showed considerable variation in mean queen number and mean worker number. Most nests did not produce any males or reproductive females in a season, and this pattern was also site specific. Sexual and reproductive allocation was similar for all sites tested. Finally, demographic patterns within a site over 3 seasons are consistent with those predicted by seasonal polydomy.
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