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) : : (
(Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease, TYLCD)
(Bemisia tabaci) (Solanum esculentum)
. TYLCD
.
.
. TYLCD (B. tabaci) .
TYLCD )Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV (
. TYLCV (Geminiviridae)
(Begomovirus) . TYLCD
.
: TYLCV.
An analysis on the status of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl disease
K. BANANEJ
Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) was reported firstly in tomato (Solanum esculentum) fields, association with outbreaks of the
whitefly Bemisia tabaci, in the late 1930s in Jordan valley. Since 1960s, TYLCD has become the most destructive disease of tomato
throughout the world. Tomato crops are severely affected by TYLCD and 93-100% yield losses have been recorded in some cases. Infected
tomato plants have a few, small fruits and in some cases, flower abscission resulted to the loss of fruits. The viral nature of the disease agent
and its transmission with whitefly was proved in 1964. The disease viral agent was then identified and named tomato yellow leaf curl virus
(TYLCV) and its genome sequence was determined in the late 1980s. TYLCV is a member of the genus Begomovirus in the family
Geminiviridae, which includes the viruses transmitted by the whitefly B. tabaci. In Iran TYLCD was first detected in tomato fields from two
provinces (Hormozgan and Sistan-Baluchestan) in the south, in 1990. Thereafter, during one decade, the disease was reported from many
other provinces such as Kerman, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Markazi, Isfahan, Tehran, Golestan, Mazandaran, Yazd and Khorasan-Razavi.
TYLCD has now become a major agent of tomato yield reduction in the Iranian tomato fields.
Key words: Tomato, TYLCV, virus.
Corresponding author: k_bananej@yahoo.com
( )
)
Anonymous, 2016
.(
Fig. 1.
Status of field tomato cultivation in Iran
)( ■
) (■
Fig. 2.
Status of greenhouse tomato cultivation in Iran
)( ■
) (■
:
(
) (
) (
) .(
( ) (
( ) (
/ )
) (
/ )
.
/
)
.
( )/ (
( )/ (
/
/
/
)
.(
Status of field tomato cultivation in Iran
■
)/(
Status of greenhouse tomato cultivation in Iran
■
)/(
)
:
) (
) (
) (
: )
)
) .(
/ .
( /
/ ) (
( .
/
)/ (
(
/
)/
)/
.
/
/
. /
)/ (
) (
Fig. 3.
The area under cultivation of tomatoes (field) in each province (2014)
(
Fig. 4.
.
.
(Diaz-
Pendon
.
.
)
(
) (
The area under cultivation of tomatoes (field) in each province (2014)
) ( )
Fig. 4.
The tomato production (field) in each province (2014)
TYLCD
.
) .(
Pendon
et al., 2010)
.
:
:
.
TYLCV
Fig. 5.
Leaves symptoms on infected tomato by TYLCV
Topocuvirus
Becurtovirus
Turncurtovirus
(Varsani et al., 2014)
.
.
(Bipartite)
Padidam
.(
(Whiteflies)
(
Gemini
TYLCD
(Monopartite)
Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus
(Bipartite)
.
TYLCV
/
(Diaz-Pendon et al
., 2010)
.
(Recombination)
TYLCV
:
TYLCV
Leaves symptoms on infected tomato by TYLCV
in Varamin and Behbahan
areas
Begomovirus
Geminiviridae
(Lazarowitz, 1991)
.
)
(TYLCV
) (
(
Rybicki, 2015
.
(TYLCD)
Diaz-Pendon et al
., 2010; Lefeuvre
)
circular single-
(geminate)
×
.
(genome organization)
(insect vector)
:
Mastrevirus
Curtovirus
Begomovirus
Topocuvirus
Eragrovirus
(Monopartite)
)
Padidam
et al., 1995
Gemini
viridae)
Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus
(Bipartite)
., 2010)
areas
:
)
(TYLCV
Geminiviridae
Rybicki, 2015
; Scholthof et al., 2010)
)
., 2010; Lefeuvre
et al.,
2010
(.
stranded DNA
(
) (
(Lazarowitz, 1991)
.
(genome organization)
(host range)
:
)Garcia-Andres et
al., 2007(.
)TYLCV-IR, Acc. No.
Aj132711( )Intergenic
region( )Tomato leaf curl Iran virus, Acc.
No. AY29792 ((Behjatnia et al., 2004)
) ( )TYLCV-Mid, Acc. No. X76319(
(Bananej et al., 2004).
(B. tabaci) ) (
)dicotyledonous ( )Van Regenmortel et al., 2000 .(
: TYLCV
.
TYLCV (Czosnek, 2007) .
(S. esculentum) TYLCV .
S. chilense
S. habrochaites S. peruvianum S. pimpinellifolium
.
-a × -b ) (
) (-c B. tabaci
(Czosnek, 2008)
Fig. 6. a- Twin bodies with size 30×20 nm b- symptoms of infection with TYLCV in tomato plant (left)
and healthy tomato (Right) c- B. tabaci
the insect vector of TYLCV(Czosnek, 2008)
Maize streak virus, MSV http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123846846)(
Fig. 7. Electron microscope image of Maize streak virus, MSV (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123846846)
:
(Phaseolus vulgaris)
)Petunia hybrida ( )Eustoma grandiflorum(
TYLCV
.
Datura stramonium
Cynonchum acutum
Malva parviflora
.
(Gossypium hirsutum)
(Solanum melongea)
. (Datura stramonium)
.
Nicotiana benthamiana tabacum
.
N
(infectious clone)
.(Czosnek, 2008)
TYLCV
(Capsicum annuum) ) (
(Shirazi et al., 2008) (Cucumis sativus)
)Melilotus officinalis( (Dacus sp.)
(Trigonella sp.) (Malva sp.)
(Shirazi et al., 2010).
(Phaseolus vulgaris)
(Cucumis sativus)
(Physalis alkekenge) (Malva sylvestris)
(Heliotropis sp.) (Chenopodium album)
(Solanum nigrum) )Echinochloa crus-
galli(
(Azadvar et al., 2016).
:
TYLCV .
.TYLCV
.
TYLCV
. TYLCV
.
. TYLCV
Guangxi .
TYLCV
Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus
(TYLCV-Sar) (TYLCV-Sic)
.
TYLCV
. TYLCV
.
.
.
) ( . TYLCV
.
.
TYLCV
:
.
TYLCV
.
TYLCV
TYLCV
) (
.(Czosnek, 2008)
TYLCD :
(TYLCD)
(Hajimorad et al., 1993) .
:
(TYLCD)
)Hajimorad et al., 1996 .(
TYLCD
))(Shahriary and Bananej, 1997(
)( )( )(
) ( ) ( )Bananej
et al., 2003a; Bananej et al., 1998( )
((Malekzadeh et al., 2008; Malekzadeh et al., 2011)
) ( )Vahdat
et al., 2008( ) ( )Bananej et al., 2009 (
.
:
Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus
(ToLCPMV)
) ( )Hessari et al., 2010(.
: )B. tabaci (
Misra and Lamba, 1929) (
) Antarctica (
)Martin et al., 2000 .(
)B. tabaci ( )Anderson and
Morales, 2005 .( )B. tabaci (
Aleyrodes tabci )Gennadius, 1889 (
B. tabaci )Russell, 1957 .(
B. tabaci
)Jones, 2003 (
)Navas-Castillo et al.,
2011 .( B. tabaci
.
.
)Crawler (
.
) (
.
)Ghanim
and Czosnek, 2016(.
TYLCV B. tabaci
(Persistent) .B. tabaci
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
(Gerling and Mayers, 1996) .
TYLCV
.
(Acquisition access period, AAP)
(Inoculation access period, IAP)
TYLCV B
)Cohen and Harpaz, 1964; Mansour and
Al-Musa, 1992; Mehta et al., 1994.(
(AAP) .
(latent period)
.
.
) (
) (
(Ghanim et al., 2001) .
TYLCV
.
.
TYLCV
(Head) .
(Esophgus) (Midgut)
.
(Hindgut) . TYLCV
.
(Midgut)
AAP .
.
GroEL
.TYLCV /
(Salivary gland, SG) .
(APP)
(SG)
(SG)
.
. TYLCV
(Czosnek, 2008). (Gender) (Age)
.
. TYLCV
.
.
.
:
.
. (TYLCSV)
(AAP)
(AAP) .
(Viruliferous)
(Non-viruliferous)
.
(Fertility) . TYLCV
)Rubinstein and Czosnek, 1997;
Czosnek 2007.(
: )B. tabaci (
(Kiriukhin, 1947)
.
(Habibi, 1975; Javanmoghadam, 1993).
ITS1 ..
B
.
.. RAPD-PCR H16
B Cv
(Shahbazi et al., 2010) .
B B. tabaci
(Rajaei Shoorcheh et al., 2008).
:
.
TYLCV
.
TYLCV (Jafari et al., 2010) .
)
(
(Azadvar et al., 2016).
:
.
.
)Polstone and Lapidot, 2007(
.
.
.
.
)Ioannou,
:
1987( . (Cynanchum acutum)
(Cohen et al., 1988) .
TYLCV
.
.
(Czosnek, 2007) .
)Azadvar et al.,
2016(.
:
(Cucumis sativus)
(Al-Musa, 1982) .
) ( )
(
)Bananej et al., 2003b .(
(B. tabaci)
(Czosnek, 2007).
:
(B. tabaci)
) (
TYLCV .
.
.
.
(Berlinger et al., 1991) .
.
.
)Bananej et al., 2003b .(
:
.
.
(Dobson, 1994) .
:
.
(Mellor et al., 1997).
.(Selinger et al., 1994) )
( .
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
)Coombe,
1982( . (B. tabaci)
(Mound, 1962) .
(TYLCV)
(Cohen and Berlinger, 1986) .
)Cohen and Melamed-Madjar,
1978( .
.
.
(Squash leaf curl begomovirus, SLCV)
.
(Antignus et al., 2005) .
.
.
UV )UV-blocking
polyethylene films, UV-BPF(
.
.
UV-BPF
.
(UV-BPF)
TYLCV .
TYLCV UV
(UV-BPF)
.
(UV-BPF)
(Antignus et al., 1996).
:
TYLCV .
.
TYLCV
.
:
TYLCV
TYLCV
(Czosnek, 2007) .
.
)Perring et al.,
1999 .( )TYLCV(
(Chlorinated hydrocarbons)
(Organophosphates)
(Neonicotinoids) (Pyridine-Azomethines)
(Pyrethroides)
.
.
)Polstone and Lapidot, 2007 .(
(Leafminers)
.(Rafie et al., 1999)
)B. tabaci (
)TYLCV ( .
)Sharaf, 1986 .(
)Neonicotinoids (
.
)Thiomethoxam, Imidaclipride
Dinotefuron(
)TYLCV (
(Ahmed et al., 2001) . Bumblebee
.
(Zaks, 1997) .
)Byrne et al., 2003 .(
)Czosnek, 2007.(
:
:
)
(
.
.
)Whitefly (
.
:
.
.
TYLCV .
.
.
.
)TYLCV (
.
.
)
(.
.
.
.
.
)bait plants ( .
.
.
.
TYLCV.
TYLCD
) (
B. tabaci
.
(Recombination)
.
.
.
.
TYLCD
.
TYLCD
.
:
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