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Natalia Anipko, Alina Semeniuk. RECREATIONAL AND
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF MEDIEVAL CASTLES OF
TERNOPIL AREA IN UKRAINE / Anipko Natalia, Semeniuk Alina // Науковий
вісник Чернівецького університету. – Вип. 762-763: Географія. – Чернівці:
Чернівецький нац. ун-т, 2015. – С.103-106.
УДК 551.4
RECREATIONAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ESTIMATION
OF MEDIEVAL CASTLES OF TERNOPIL AREA IN UKRAINE
Natalia Anipko, Alina Semeniuk
Chernivtsi National University Y. Fedkovich, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
veprik.geogr@mail.ru
In the article the relief situations of medieval castles in Ternopil region are considered and their
recreational and geomorphological estimation of four constituents (the accessibility of the
castles, the visibility of surrounding landscapes, the architectural composition of castles, and the
diversity of landscapes) are provided.
Keywords: relief situation, medieval castle, recreational and geomorphological estimation.
INTRODUCTION
There are thirty-three medieval castles on the territory of Ternopil area. Most
of them are in the state of ruin. But notwithstanding this, nowadays these
monuments of medieval defensive architecture can be very attractive tourist
destinations.
There are many criteria of attractiveness of monuments of architecture. One
of them is the place of location of the historical monument. The tourist
attractiveness of a concrete castle or fortress depends on this criterion. And this is
the reason why it must be taken into account in the process of estimation of the
attractiveness of a concrete historical and architectural monument as most
medieval castles and fortresses are in the state of ruin, but they are located in
picturesque natural areas.
The peculiarities of natural environment of a concrete locality had a great
influence on the features of architectural composition of castles and fortresses.
There is the tightest connection between relief and historical defensive buildings.
When the exact place of location of a defensive building was chosen, the
peculiarities of relief of the concrete area were used very skillfully.
Most castles were located on elevations and hills, and this gives the
possibility to view the surrounding territories and there is a high visibility of
surrounding landscapes. The good place of location of defensive buildings made
them inexpugnable.
The actuality of this research work consists in the process of carrying out the
recreational and geomorphological estimation of medieval castles of Ternopil area.
The recreational and geomorphological estimation gives the possibility to
establish the connection between the specific elements of relief and their influence
on the recreational attractiveness of historical buildings situated on corresponding
territories.
The investigation of interrelations between natural relief and historical
buildings is rather an actual question because such relief characteristics as
morphometric and morphodynamic ones have a substantial impact on solving the
problems connected with recreational activity.
The main purpose of this research work is to carry out the recreational and
geomorphological estimation of the medieval castles of Ternopil area in order to
disclose the influence of corresponding relief features and certain landscape
components on the general characteristics of a medieval castle: its location on a
concrete territory, defensive capacity and the corresponding recreational
attractiveness.
MAIN TEXT
The methods of recreational and geomorphological estimation of medieval
castles included 3 steps: 1) the selection of main types of relief situations; 2) the
estimation of each historical building according to the criteria of the accessibility
of the castles, the visibility of surrounding landscapes, the architectural
composition of castles, and the diversity of landscapes; 3) the general (total)
estimation of each castle on the basis of four above-mentioned criteria.
The term «relief situations» was coined by V. Krohius (Krohius, 1979). He
underlined the significance of relief situations for settlements in his scientific
works. V. Krohius emphasized the relief situations which are connected with the
elements of relief (hill type, terrace type etc.); certain forms of relief (hill-ridge,
valley-hollow types); complexes of relief forms (mixed types etc.) (Krohius et al.,
1988).
In their scientific work P. Horishnii and M. Kret divided relief situations in
two groups: simple types of relief situations (valley, slope, and hilltop types) and
complex ones which are the combination of two or three types of relief situations
(tophill-slope, slope-valley, and tophill-slope and valley types) (P. Horishnii & M.
Kret, 2013).
The methodical aspect of the recreational and geomorphological estimation
of medieval castles of Ternopil area is based on carrying out this investigation on
the basis of selecting the dominating types of relief situations for castles or their
ruins (Zinko & Ronkovski, 2013).
The cosmic pictures, schemes, descriptions of places of location of medieval
castles or fortresses and personal observations were used as the initial materials for
distinguishing the relief situations of preserved medieval castles and fortresses of
Carpathian-Podillya region of Ukraine.
It is possible to distinguish next types of relief situations for castles and their
ruins on the territory of Ternopil area: castles located on butte hills (hilltop
castles), castles located on slanting hills of valleys (valley castles), castles located
in meanders areas (river castles) and castles located in hillocky valleys (hill
castles) (see Scheme 1). Each of these types of relief situations predetermines a set
of specific recreational and geomorphological features for concrete castles.
Types of relief situations
Castles located on Castles located Castles located Castles located
buttes on slanting hills of valleys in meanders areas in hillocky valleys
(Hilltop castles) (Valley castles) (River castles) (Hill castles)
Kremenets castle Berezhany castle
Terebovlya castle
Skalat castle
Mykulyntsi castle
Kryvche castle
Pidzamochok castle
Buchach castle
Zaliztsi castle
Husyatyn castle
Vysichka castle
Kudryntsi castle
Okopy castle
Toky castle
Skala-Podilska castle
Yazlovets castle
Sydoriv castle
Dolyna (Yaniv) castle
Chervonohorod castle
Zbarazh castle
Vyshnivets castle
Ternopil castle
Staryi Zbarazh castle
Lychkivtsi castle
Budaniv castle
Novosilka castle
Koropets castle
Bilokrynytsya castle
Chortkiv castle
Yahilnytsya castle
Kolyndyany castle
Hrymayliv castle
Zolotyi Potik castle
Scheme 1. Types of relief situations of the castles of Ternopil area
The recreational and geomorphological estimation
of medieval castles of Ternopil area
The recreational and geomorphological estimation of medieval castles and
their ruins of Ternopil area was conducted on the basis of using 4 criteria:
the accessibility (A) of the castles, the visibility (V) of surrounding landscapes, the
architectural composition (C) of castles, and the diversity (D) of landscapes. The
medieval castles and their ruins was estimated in accordance with each of these 4
criteria by a corresponding number of points, from 1 to 4.
The recreational-geomorphological estimation (RGE) of each of 33 regarded
and investigated medieval castles (including their ruins and the rebuilt castles) of
Ternopil area unites and sums the number of points of all 4 criteria for each castle
separately:
RGE (the name of the castle) =A+V+C+D(see Table 1).
Table 1. The general recreational and geomorphological estimation of
medieval castles of Ternopil area
The name of the
castle
Criteria of recreational and geomorphological estimation (RGE)
of medieval castles of Ternopil area (number of points)
The
accessibili
ty of the
castles
(A)
The visibility
of surround
ing
landscapes
(V)
The
architectural
composition
of castles
(C)
The
diversity
of
landscapes
(D)
The total
number
of points
(RGE
=A+V+C
+D)
Castles located on buttes
1.Krements castle 3 4 2 4 13
Castles located on slanting slopes of valleys
2. Berezhany castle 4 3 3 2 12
3. Terebovlya
castle
4 4 3 4 15
4. Skalat castle 4 4 3 2 13
5. Mykulyntsi
castle
3 4 3 3 13
6. Kryvche castle 4 3 3 3 13
7. Pidzamochok
castle
3 4 3 3 13
8. Buchach castle 2 3 3 4 12
9. Zaliztsi castle 2 3 3 1 9
10. Husyatyn castle 3 2 4 2 11
11. Vysichka castle 3 4 3 4 14
12. Kudryntsi
castle
3 4 3 4 14
13. Okopy castle 3 4 4 4 15
14. Toky castle 3 3 3 4 13
15. Skala-Podilska
castle
3 4 4 4 15
Castles located in meanders areas
16. Yazlovets
castle
3 2 3 4 12
17. Sydoriv castle 1 4 4 4 13
18. Dolyna (Yaniv)
castle
3 1 3 2 9
19. Chervonohorod
castle
2 2 4 4 12
Castles located in hillocky valleys
20. Zbarazh castle 4 4 3 3 14
21. Vyshnivets
castle
4 3 2 2 11
22. Ternopil castle 4 4 3 1 12
23. Zolotyi Potik
castle
3 2 1 3 9
24. Lychkivtsi
castle
3 2 3 2 10
25. Budaniv castle 4 3 3 2 12
26. Staryi Zbarazh
castle
1 4 4 4 13
27. Novosilka
castle
3 1 3 1 8
28. Koropets
palace (rebuilt
castle)
4 1 3 1 9
29. Bilokrynytsya
palace (rebuilt
castle)
4 2 3 2 11
30. Chortkiv castle 4 3 2 2 11
31. Yahilnytsya
castle
4 4 2 4 14
32. Kolyndyany
castle
(rebuilt castle)
3 2 3 1 9
33. Hrymayliv
castle
3 3 3 1 10
CONCLUSIONS
Thus, on the basis of corresponding recreational and geomorphological
estimation which was carried out, is possible to confirm with confidence, that for
many historical buildings that are partly ruined or completely ruined, their good
place of location on hills, among picturesque landscapes with a good visibility of
surrounding places, plays an enormously important role. Exactly due to the unique
combination of components of landscape, the place of location, ruined or partly
ruined medieval castles have the same level of recreational attractiveness as the
preserved or partly preserved castles.
A small number of points that separate castles obtained can be explained
mostly by their accessibility (difficult access), notwithstanding their maximal
recreational attractiveness predefined by the relief situation.
It is possible to distinguish the next degrees of recreational and
geomorphological attractiveness of medieval castles depending on the received
results on the basis of the conducted recreational and geomorphological estimation
of medieval castles of Ternopil area: low recreational-geomorphological estimation
(mark) - from 8 to 10 points (Zolotyi Potik castle, Novosilka castle, Zaliztsi
castle), medium recreational-geomorphological estimation - from 11 to 13 points
(Sydoriv castle, Buchach castle, Kryvche castle); the medieval castles that on the
basis of summing the number of points of all 4 criteria got more than 13 points
(Kudryntsi castle, Vysichka castle, Terebovlya castle) have a high recreational-
geomorphological estimation.
The different recreational-geomorphological estimations of relief testify
about different degrees of attractiveness of medieval castles and fortresses. It must
be taken into account obligatory in order to prepare properly the corresponding
territories and historical buildings for tourist visiting in future.
REFERENCES
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1. Horishnyi P., Kret M., 2013, Reliefni sytuatsii i planuvalni struktury naselenykh punktiv
Roztochchia. V: Visnyk Lvivskoho universytetu, Ser. heohrafiia, Vyp. 41, s 99-108.
2. Zinko, Yu., Ronkovski, H., 2013, Rekreatsiina ta kulturno-estetychna heomorfolohichna
otsinka zamkiv Ternopilshchyny. V: Heohrafiia, ekonomika i turyzm: natsionalnyi ta
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3. Krohyus, V., 1979, Horod y relef, Stroiyzdat, Moskva.
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Аніпко Н.П., Семенюк А.М. Рекреаційно-геоморфологічна оцінка середньовічних
замків Тернопільської області України. У статті наведені виділені рельєфні ситуації
середньовічних замків Тернопільської області та подана їх рекреаційно-геоморфологічна
оцінка за чотирма показниками (доступність замку, оглядовість навколишніх
ландшафтів, архітектурна композиційність замків, різноманітність ландшафтів).
Ключові слова: рельєфна ситуація, середньовічний замок, рекреаційно-геоморфологічна
оцінка.
Анипко Н.П., Семенюк А.М. Рекреационно-геоморфологическая оценка
средневековых замков Тернопольской области Украины. В статье приведены
выделенные рельефные ситуации средневековых замков Тернопольской области Украины
и дана их рекреационно-геоморфологичекая оценка по четырем показателям
(доступность замка, обзорность окружающих ландшафтов, архитектурная
композиционность замка, разнообразие ландшафтов).
Ключевые слова: рельефная ситуация, средневековий замок, рекреационно-
геоморфологическая оценка.