Effect of installation of photovoltaic (PV) generation to power quality in industrial and residential customers distribution network

Abstract

Objective of research is to analyze the influence of the photovoltaic (PV) generator installation to power quality on distribution network. There are two models of load distribution network, namely industrial and residential costumers distribution network. Reseach show that the value of bus voltage THD on distribution network of industrial and residential customers are still under of voltage THD limit recomended by IEEE 519-1992 equal as 5%. The majority of the value of TDD conductor in two models of the distribution network is under the limit conductor current TDD recommended by IEEE 519-1992. In network industries and residential customers, the more number of PV plants installed, then the value of current harmonic (TDD) at PCC bus will be even greater. The most value of conductor current TDD average generated by conductor that is connected directly to the PV generator bus The using of single tuned passive filter able to improve THD Bus and TDD conductor which still does not meet the standart requirements.

Full text

1
Effect of Installation of Photovoltaic (PV)
Generation to Power Quality in Industrial and
Residential Customers Distribution Network
Amirullah1,4),
1,2,3)Electrical Engineering Department,
Industrial Engineering Faculty,
Kampus ITS Sukolilo Surabaya
Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim Surabaya Indonesia 60111
am9520012003@yahoo.com1,4)
Ontoseno Penangsang2), Adi Soeprijanto3)
4)Electrical Engineering Study Program,
Engineering Faculty,
University of Bhayangkara Surabaya
Jl. Ahmad Yani 114 Surabaya Indonesia
Zenno_379@yahoo.com2), adisup@ee.its.ac.id3)
Abstract-Objective of research is to analyze the
influence of the photovoltaic (PV) generator installation to
power quality on distribution network. There are two
models of load distribution network, namely industrial and
residential costumers distribution network. Reseach show
that the value of bus voltage THD on distribution network of
industrial and residential customers are still under of
voltage THD limit recomended by IEEE 519-1992 equal as
5%. The majority of the value of TDD conductor in two
models of the distribution network is under the limit
conductor current TDD recommended by IEEE 519-1992. In
network industries and residential customers, the more
number of PV plants installed, then the value of current
harmonic (TDD) at PCC bus will be even greater. The most
value of conductor current TDD average generated by
conductor that is connected directly to the PV generator bus
The using of single tuned passive filter able to improve THD
Bus and TDD conductor which still does not meet the
standart requirements.
Keywords: Photovoltaic Generator, Harmonics, Total
Harmonic Distortion, Total Demand Distortion
I. INTRODUCTION
Utility customers are becoming more and more
demanding in energy consumption and they need good
supply to operate reliably. At the same time they tend to
disrupt the utility supply with the equipment used for their
main daily activities. Such kind of equipment may include
variable speed drives, computers, electronic ballasts, and
power electronic devices. This is imposing of higher
burden on utilities to supply good quality electrical
energy. Consequently, renewable energy sources and
distributed generator (DG) will play a significant role in
the energy mix in the future and a number of further
research is require to optimize the number of grid
development strategies and improve of power quality [1].
Microgrid is a group of loads and generators that operate
as a controlled system that provides electricity to a
particular region with relatively limited power. The
concept provides a new view to define the operation of
distributed generator [2], [3]. In microgrid technology,
which is commonly used plant is a plant with renewable
energy sources. One source of renewable energy is
photovoltaic (PV) generator. The use of PV as an energy
source requires an inverter to convert DC into AC
voltage. In addition to function as a kind of change of
voltage, inverter also cause damage to existing
fundamental wave and commonly called harmonics. If it
can not be controlled, then the harmonics will cause
damage to equipment such as transformers, cables, and
other electrical devices. One way to reduce the harmonics
is using a filter [4].
The purpose of research is to analyze the
influence of the photovoltaic (PV) generator installation
to power quality on distribution network. There are two
models of load distribution network, namely industrial
and residential costumers distribution network. The
research method begins by determining network modeling
is connected to PV system, PV array circuit model, PV
inverter circuit topology model, and network topology
model of industrial and residential costumers. The next
step is to determine a mathematical model of current
control circuit PV inverter. The next process is to
determine the strategy of the PV generator installation in
the distribution network of industrial and residential
customers. The next stage is to determine the value of bus
voltage THD, conductor current TDD, and conductor
power factor in the distribution network of industrial and
residential customers on a different strategies PV
generator installation.Futhermore is comparing value of
bus voltage THD and conductor current TDD refers to
IEEE Standard 519-1992 and conductor power factor
refers on to the standard Indonesian Electricity Company
(PLN) as a basis for determining level of power quality in
industrial and residential costumer distribution network.
Single tuned passive filter are selected to improve THD
bus and TDD conductor value which still does not meet
the standart requirements.
II. THEORY
A. Power Quality Standart
Power quality has become a major concern in
electrical world for recent decades. One issue that arises is
the emergence of the current and voltage waveform is not
sinusoidal or defects caused by the emergence of
harmonics generated by the power system [5]. Figure 1
shows distorted waveform signal due to harmonics.
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2015 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications
978-1-4799-7711-6/15/$31.00 © 2015 IEEE

2
Figure 1. Distorted Wave Cause Harmonics. Where: a = Fundamental
Frequency Wave, b.1 = 3rd Harmonics Wave, b.2 = 5th Harmonics
Wave, c. = Distorted Harmonics.
The first parameter is the Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD). THD is the ratio of the rms value of the
harmonic components to rms value of fundamental
component and is commonly expressed in percent (%).
This index is used to measure periodic waveform
deviations contains harmonics of a perfect sine wave [6].
In a perfect sine wave THD value is zero percent. THD
value is expressed in Equation 1 as follows:
%100
1
2
2



U
U
THD
k
nn
(1)
Where: Un = Harmonic Component; U1 = Fundamental Component; K =
Maximum Harmonic Component
The second parameter is Individual Harmonic
Distortion (IHD) is ratio of the rms value of individual
harmonics to the rms value of fundamental component.
The third parameter is Total Demand Distortion (TDD) is
amount of current harmonic distortion and defined in the
following Equation 2 [7]:
%100
2
2



L
k
nn
I
I
TDD
(2)
Where IL is maximum load current (for 15 or 30 minutes) at fundamental
frequency at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC), is calculated from
current average of maximum load of 12 months before.
Maximum THD value which allowable for each
country is different depending on the standard used. THD
standards is most often used in the electric power system
is the IEEE Standard 519-1992. There are two criteria that
are used in the analysis of harmonic distortion is the limit
voltage distortion and current distortion limits. Table I
shows voltage distortion limit (THD) on power
distribution system. Table II shows current distortion limit
is based on the IEEE Standard 519-1992 [5].
B. Single Tuned Shunt Passive Filter
Shunt passive filters always considered as agood
solution to solve harmonic current problems [8], shunt
passive filters can be classified into three basic catagories
as follows:
1. Band pass filters (of single or double tuned).
2. High pass filters (of first, second, third-order or C-
type).
3. Composite filters.
The single tuned filter (Figure 2) consisting of
inductor Lf, capacitor Cf and small damping resistor Rf are
connected in parallel with non linear loads to provide
low-impedance paths for specific harmonic frequencies,
thus resulting in absorbing the dominant harmonic
currents flowing out of the load. Furthermore it also
compensates reactive power at system operating
frequency.
Rf
Lf
Cf
Figure 2. Single Tuned Shunt Passive Filter
The impedance versus frequency of this filter is shown
[9]:
SC
SCLSCR
SZ
f
ffff
f
2
1
)( 

(3)
Where S = j2πf
Generally the filter capasitor is sized for known reactive
power compensation Qc required to improve power factor,
Cf can be expressed as:





 22
1
1
1
21nUf
Cf

(4)
Where U is the supply voltage, n is the harmonic order
and f1 is a fundamental frequency.
At the harmonic frequency fn = n f1 the filter reactor
provides a series resonance.
nf
nf fC
fL


21
2
(5)
The inductive value of filter can be obtained from
equation 6 as:
fn
fCf
L2
)2( 1


(6)
The value of the low-impedance Rf for each single tuned
filter is affected by the quality factor of filter Q.
Q
L
nfR f
f1
2


(7)
The quality factor Q determines the sharpness of tuning.
Usually, a value of Q ranges between 20 and 100. High
Q-value filter give the best reduction in harmonic
distortion. The interaction of the filter with the source
reactance Ls, creates a parallel resonance condition
addition to the series resonance frequency of the filter.
fsf
pCLL
f)((2
1



(8)
C. Photovoltaic System
Photovoltaic systems (PV) or solar panels is one
of renewable energy power generator that utilize sun as
main source and then converted into electrical energy. In
general, solar power has to be accepted as an alternative
energy source. The issue now is the price is still
192

3
expensive compared to electricity generated by other
energy sources, so its use is now limited to a limited scale
such as in electrical devices and are also used as power
generator in areas that are still inaccessible by electrical
network [10]. Figure 3 shows PV characteristic curve.
(a) I-V curve for PV panel PV for fix radiation and temperature change
(b) I-V curve for PV panel for radiation level change and fix
temperature
(c) Curve of current versus voltage and power
Figure 3. Curve of PV panel characteristic
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Research Method
Research method begins by determining network
model (grid) is connected to the PV system, PV array
circuit model, PV inverter circuit topology models, as
well as the distribution network topology model of
industrial and residential customers. The next step is to
determine a mathematical model of current control circuit
of PV inverter. The next process is to determine the
strategy of PV power generator installation in the
distribution network of industrial and residential
customers. PV system model which has been
subsequently simulated in two distribution network
topology. The first network representing industrial area
measurements made before and after the installation of
150 kW PV system and the residential area. In the
industrial customer case studies, three 150 kW PV system
connected to the distribution network and subsequent
evaluation of response of distribution network. A
residential customer distribution topology then proposed
with a 150 kW PV system. The next stage is to determine
value of bus voltage THD, current TDD, and power factor
(power factor) conductor in the distribution network of
industrial and residential customers on a number of
strategies installation of PV generator. Futhermore,
comparing value of bus voltage THD and current
conductor TDD refers to IEEE Standard 519-1992 and
conductor power factor refers to the standard PLN. Single
tuned passive filters are installed to improve THD bus and
TDD conductor value still does not meet the standart
requirements. Simulation and analysis of research using
ETAP 7.0 software.
B. PV Model Description
The PV system model proposed for the
simulation consists of PV array, diode, inverters and a
power grid interface as shown in Figure 4. The PV array
is modeled according to its equivalent circuit shown in
Figure 5, by using the equation deriving from
aforemention circuit representation.
DC AC
PV Array
Blocking
Diode
PV Inverter
Circuit
Breaker
Power Grid
Figure 4. Proposed model for grid-connected photovoltaic system
In particular, the behavior of the PV array model
is affected by the solar irradiance, the temperature and the
specific characteristics of the chosen PV module
technology. The PV inverter circuit is composed of a DC
to DC converters which is necessary to determine
maximum power point tracking of PV arrays, a DC to AC
converter to transform DC power into AC, means of
energy transfer to absorb fast voltage variations and filters
to eleminate undesirable harmonic components. The
modular circuit of the PV inverter is shown in Figure 6.
NpIph


Ns
Np
p
p
sR
N
N
s
p
sR
N
N
VPV
IPV
Figure 5. Equivalent circuit of PV array
A maximum power point tracking mechanism to
extract the maximum power available from the PV array
is also considered. The maximum power point tracking
adopted is the incremental conductance method with
integral regulator to minimize the errors in tracking MPP.
More information about the specific algorithm is found in
reference [1]. Distribution network model of industrial
and residential customers is shown in Figure 7 and 8.
DC DC
PV Inverter Circuit Topology
DC AC FILTER
DC Link
DC Link
MPPT
Mechanism Control
Circuit
Voltage and
Current
Meauserement and
Calculation
Figure 6. PV inverter circuit topology
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4
PV 150 kW Park
No. 3
0.2 km
25 kW Load
with pf = 0.98
0.3 km
35 kW Load
with pf = 0.97 50 kW Load
with pf = 1
0.25 km
0.15 km
PV 150 kW Park
No. 2
PV 150 kW Park
No. 1
0.15 km
0.4/11 kV
Distribution Substation
External Grid
(a) Industrial costumer
0.25 km
Feeder 1
23 kW Load
with pf = 0.96
0.24 km
Feeder 3
27 kW Load
with pf = 0.91 Feeder 4
12 kW Load
with pf = 0.975
0.15 km
PV 150 kW Park
0.25 km
0.4/11 kV
Distribution Substation
Feeder 2
10 kW Load
with pf = 0.78
0.32 km
0.28 km
Feeder 5
20 kW Load
with pf = 0.945
0.33 km Feeder 6
17 kW Load
with pf = 0.97
External Grid
(b) Residential costumer
Figure 7. Two model of distribution network
(a) Industrial costumer
(b) Residential costumer
Figure 8. Two model of distribution network for industrial and
residential customer using ETAP
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Research was conducted on the condition of system
is connected to microgrid. There are two models of
network topology, namely distribution network of
industrial and residential customers. Both grid distribution
network supplied by a power transformer 1000 kVA,
11/0.4 kV Δ /Y connection, which is connected to the
external grid MVAsc 9000. The first distribution network
connected to 5 buses, respectively 2 load buses,
connected to the PV plant, as well as one other bus
connected to the PV generator and also serves as a bus
load. The second distribution networks connected to 7
buses, each 6 load buses and 1 bus is connected to PV
generator. Data load, transformer, conductor, and PV
generator on the distribution network of industrial and
residential costumer are shown in Table III. PV generator
in addition to functioning supplying power to the
distribution network, is also a source of harmonics due to
the presence of inverter as a medium to transform the DC
voltage into AC voltage. Data of harmonic current
generated by the PV generaton is shown in Table IV [11].
Harmonic order are generated according to the ability of
ETAP 7.0 software.
TABLE IV. HARMONIC CURRENT GENERATE BY PV
Order
Mag (%)
Order
Mag (%)
2
0.71
11
0.24
3
1.85
12
0.08
4
0.57
13
0.16
5
0.52
14
0.25
7
0.61
15
0.05
8
0.07
17
0.06
9
0.08
19
0.05
10
1.12
23
0.07
Based on the above data, then analyzed using
ETAP 7.0 software help to determine the value of the bus
voltage THD, current TDD, and conductor power factor
in the distribution network of industrial and residential
customers on a number of installation strategies of PV
generator. Analysis of three parameters shown in Table V,
VI, and VII.
TABLE V. COMPARATION OF VOLTAGE QUALITY USING
DIFFERENT STRATEGY OF PV INSTALATION ON INDUSTRIAL
COSTUMER
Strategies
Bus
V(pu)
VTHD (%)
VTHD Std
(%)
Without PV
1
0.998
0.01
5
2
0.988
0.01
5
3
0.985
0.00
5
4
0.985
0.00
5
5
0.989
0.01
5
6
0.989
0.01
5
7
1.000
0.00
5
8
0.989
0.01
5
PV1
1
0.998
0.07
5
2
0.981
0.18
5
3
0.986
0.13
5
4
0.986
0.13
5
5
0.991
0.13
5
6
0.991
0.13
5
7
1.000
0.00
5
8
0.998
0.13
5
PV1 + PV2
1
0.999
0.15
5
2
0.989
0.32
5
3
0.987
0.27
5
194

5
4
0.986
0.27
5
5
0.991
0.31
5
6
0.991
0.27
5
7
1.000
1.00
5
8
0.991
0.27
5
PV1 + PV2+ PV3
1
0.999
0.22
5
2
0.991
0.45
5
3
0.988
0.40
5
4
0.987
0.40
5
5
0.992
0.44
5
6
0.993
0.44
5
7
1.000
0.00
5
8
0.998
0.40
5
TABLE VI. COMPARATION OF VOLTAGE QUALITY USING
DIFFERENT STRATEGY OF PV INSTALATION ON
RESIDENTIAL COSTUMER
Strategies
Bus
V(pu)
VTHD (%)
VTHD
Std (%)
Without PV
1
0.997
0.01
5
2
0.986
0.00
5
3
0.987
0.00
5
4
0.986
0.01
5
5
0.997
0.00
5
6
0.998
0.00
5
7
0.986
0.02
5
8
0.986
0.01
5
9
0.988
0.00
5
10
1.000
0.00
5
PV
1
0.998
0.07
5
2
0.987
0.13
5
3
0.988
0.13
5
4
0.987
0.13
5
5
0.998
0.13
5
6
0.990
0.17
5
7
0.987
0.13
5
8
0.987
0.13
5
9
0.989
0.13
5
10
1.000
0.00
5
Table V dan VI shows that bus voltage THD
value on distribution network of industrial and residential
customers ranged between 0 through 0.45%. This value is
still below limit of voltage THD recommended by IEEE
519-1992 by 5%. The addition of PV generator in both
distribution network generates increasing of voltage THD
value. On industrial customer network without PV,
maximum bus voltage THD value is 0.01%, while
network using three PV maximum bus voltage THD value
increased to 0.45%. The maximum bus voltage THD
value on residential customer networks without PV of
0.02% and if using PV maximum bus voltage THD value
increased to 0.17%.
Figure 9 and 10 show that on industrial and
residential customers network, the more the number of
PV generator installed then value of current harmonics
(TDD) at PCC bus will be even greater. This is because in
addition to functioning PV generator supplying power to
the distribution network, is also generating harmonics due
to presence of inverter as a media to convert DC to AC
voltage.
Table VII shows that the value of conductor currents
TDD in the industrial customers distribution network has
already meet current TDD recommended by IEEE 519-
1992 except on conductor 2, 5, and 6. Current TDD value
on conductor 2 has a minimum because value of the
power factor is 1.0. Improvement of TDD current only
can be done on conductor 5 and 6 for the condition of P1
+ PV1 and PV1+ PV2 + PV3 connected to the grid by
increasing power factor of both conductor becomes 1.0.
By using the power triangular method, we will obtain
reactive power compensation value to get value of C, L,
and R is based on the most dominant-order harmonics
with a single passive filters tuned using Equation 4 to 7.
The most dominant-order harmonics are 3rd, 5th, 7th, 11th,
and 14th. By using the same procedure, migitation of
current TDD can be done on conductor 6 in the residential
distribution network for PV installed to the grid. Table
VIII shows designed single tuned passive filters, current
TDD without and with filter. From Table VII, we can see
that nominal current TDD on conductor 5 and 6 in the
industrial costumer distribution network before using
single tuned passive filters are 224.9 and 39.4. After using
3rd order single tuned passive filter, as shown in Table
VIII, the value of current TDD for both conductor has
reduced to 154.68 and 28.26. Improvement of current
TDD using filter also happens on conductor 6 in the
residential distribution network for PV installed to the
grid. Figure 11 and 12 show harmonic current spectrum of
conductor 6 for PV1 + PV 2 + PV 3 connected to grid on
industrial costumer network before and after installed
single tuned passive filter.
Figure 11. Harmonic current spectrum of conductor 6 for PV1 + PV 2 +
PV 3 connected to grid on industrial costumer network without filter
Figure 12. Harmonic current spectrum of conductor 6 for PV1 + PV 2 +
PV 3 connected to grid on industrial costumer network with filter
Table VII also shows that the addition of PV
generator in two models distribution network produce
conductor current TDD value is increasing. The most
value of conductor current TDD average generated by
conductor that is connected directly to the PV generator
bus. V. CONCLUSION
The simulation results show that the THD value
on the bus voltage distribution network of industrial and
residential customers are still under voltage THD limit
recommended by the IEEE 519-1992 by 5%. The
majority of the value of TDD conductor in two models of
the distribution network is under the limit conductor
current TDD recommeded by IEEE 519-1992. In
industrial and residential customer networks, the more the
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6
number of PV generator installed, then the value of
current TDD at PCC bus will be even greater. This is
because in addition to functioning PV plants supplying
power to the distribution network, is also generates
harmonics due to the presence of the inverter as a medium
to transform DC into AC voltage. Using of single tuned
passive filter 3rd order give better solution to improve
current TDD. The value of power factor in the distribution
network of industrial and residential customers on
average already meet minimum requirements set PLN
limits by 85%.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge to
Directorate General of Human Recource for Science,
Technology, and Higher Education Indonesia for financial
support by BPP-DN Scholarships to pursue Doktoral
Program in Electrical Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember
Institute of Technology (ITS) Surabaya.
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APPENDIXS: TABLE I. IEEE 519-1992 HARMONIC VOLTAGE LIMIT
Bus Voltage on PCC
Individual Voltage
Distortion (%)
Total Voltage
Distortion THD (%)
69 kV and below
3,0
5,0
69,001 kV through 161 kV
1,5
2,5
161,001 kV and above
1,0
1,5
Tabel II. IEEE 519-1992 HARMONIC CURRENT LIMIT
Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in Percent of IL
Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)
Isc/IL
<11
11≤h<17
17≤h<23
23≤h<35
35≤h
TDD
<20*
4
2
1,5
0,6
0,3
5
20 s/d 50
7
3,5
2,5
1
0,5
8
50 s/d 100
10
4,5
4
1,5
0,7
12
100 s/d 1000
12
5,5
5
2
1
15
>1000
15
7
6
2,5
1,4
20
TABLE III. DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DATA OF INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL COSTUMERS
Network models
Generator and Transformers
Conductors
Loads
Industrial costumer
External grid 9000 MVAsc (Swing)
Transformer 1000 kVA, 11/0.4 kV, ∆/Y
PV 1 (Bus 2) 150 kW (Mvar Control)
PV 2 (Bus 5) 150 kW (Mvar Control)
PV 3 (Bus 6) 150 kW (Mvar Control)
Frekuensi 50 Hz
Bus 1-8, Al 3/C 120 mm2
Bus 8-2, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 8-3, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 8-4, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 8-5, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 8-6, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 2, 25 kW cos φ = 0.980
Bus 3, 35 kW cos φ = 0.970
Bus 4, 35 kW cos φ = 1.000
Residential costumer
External grid 9000 MVAsc (Swing)
Transformer 400 kVA, 11/0.4 kV, ∆/Y
PV (Bus 6) 150 kW (Mvar Control)
Frequency 60 Hz
Bus 1-9, Al 3/C 120 mm2
Bus 9-2, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 9-3, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 9-4, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 9-5, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 9-6, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 9-7, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 9-8, CU 3/C 35 mm2
Bus 2, 23 kW cos φ = 0.960
Bus 3, 10 kW cos φ = 0.780
Bus 4, 27 kW cos φ = 0.910
Bus 5, 25 kW cos φ = 0.975
Bus 7, 20 kW cos φ = 0.945
Bus 8, 35 kW cos φ = 0.970
196

7
TABLE VII. COMPARATION OF CURRENT QUALITY ON A NUMBER PV INSTALLATION STRATEGY
Network Models
Strategies
Conductors
PF (%)
Isc (A)
IL (A)
Isc/IL
TDD (%)
TDD Std (%)
Industrial
Costumer
Without PV
1
99.2
13900
157.7
88.1420
0.000
12
2
98.1
8100
36.30
223.141
0.000
15
3
97.1
6700
51.20
130.860
0.000
15
4
100.0
7300
71.10
102.673
0.000
15
5
0.0
8960
0.000
N/A
0.000
20
6
0.0
9040
0.000
N/A
0.000
20
PV1
1
99.6
13860
145.5
95.2580
3.920
12
2
100.0
8083
24.00
336.792
23.87
15
3
97.2
6900
51.30
134.503
0.090
15
4
100.0
7600
71.10
106.892
0.000
15
5
0.0
9390
0.000
N/A
0.000
20
6
0.0
9480
0.000
N/A
0.000
20
PV1 + PV2
1
99.7
13860
143.3
96.7200
7.970
12
2
100
8441
24.00
351.709
23.83
15
3
97.2
7150
51.30
100.422
0.180
15
4
100
7890
71.20
110.815
0.180
15
5
85.7
9390
6.300
1490.48
224.5
20
6
0.0
9930
0.000
N/A
0.000
20
PV 1 + PV2 + PV3
1
100.0
13860
130.7
106.045
13.10
15
2
100.0
8800
24.10
365.146
23.74
15
3
97.2
7400
51.40
143.968
0.260
15
4
100.0
8190
71.20
115.029
0.270
15
5
85.8
9840
6.300
1561.91
224.9
20
6
85.1
9930
15.60
636.539
39.54
20
Residential
costumer
Without PV
1
93.6
13860
165.0
84.0000
0.000
12
2
96.1
7300
34.00
214.710
0.000
15
3
77.3
6430
18.40
349.460
0.000
15
4
91.0
7450
41.60
179.090
0.000
15
5
97.5
6810
17.50
389.143
0.000
15
6
0.0
9040
0.000
N/A
0.000
20
7
94.5
7210
30.00
240.334
0.000
20
8
97.0
6230
24.90
250.201
0.000
20
PV
1
94.3
13860
150.9
91.8900
3.780
12
2
96.1
7590
34.10
222.581
0.090
15
3
77.3
6600
18.50
356.757
0.070
15
4
91.3
7750
41.60
186.298
0.080
15
5
97.5
7070
17.50
404.000
0.090
15
6
85.0
9040
14.60
619.178
39.44
15
7
94.5
7500
30.00
250.000
0.130
15
8
97.0
6450
24.90
259.036
0.130
15
(a) Without PV
(b) PV1
(c) PV1 + PV2
(d) PV1 + PV2 + PV3
Figure 9. Harmonic current spectrum in the number of PV installation strategies on industrial costumer network at PCC
197

8
(a) Without PV
(b) PV
Figure 10. Harmonic current spectrum in the number of PV installation strategies on residential costumer network at PCC
TABLE VIII. DESIGN SINGLE TUNED PASSIVE FILTERS AND TOTAL DEMAND DISTORTION
Strategies
Conductors
Tuned
Filter
C (μF)
L (mH)
R (Ω)
TDD
Without Filter
With Filter
Industrial Costomer
PV 1 + PV2
5
3rd
17.4690
44.7459
0.5062
224.50
154.65
5th
17.4690
16.1113
0.3037
224.50
157.08
7th
17.4690
8.22000
0.2167
224.50
156.65
11th
17.4690
3.3288
0.1381
224.50
160.06
14th
17.4690
2.0055
0.1059
224.50
163.06
PV 1 + PV2 + PV3
5
3rd
17.4690
44.746
0.5062
224.90
154.68
5th
17.4690
16.111
0.3037
224.90
156.97
7th
17.4690
8.2200
0.2167
224.90
156.47
11th
17.4690
3.3288
0.1381
224.90
159.91
14th
17.4690
5.0055
0.1059
224.90
161.10
6
3rd
87.3713
8.9480
0.1012
39.540
28.260
5th
87.3713
3.2213
0.0608
39.540
28.540
7th
87.3713
1.6435
0.0434
39.540
28.880
11th
87.3713
0.6656
0.0276
39.540
29.490
14th
87.3713
0.4109
0.0217
39.540
30.190
Residential Costumer
PV
6
3rd
87.3713
8.9480
0.1012
39.440
28.270
5th
87.3713
3.2213
0.0608
39.440
28.480
7th
87.3713
1.6435
0.0434
39.440
28.280
11th
87.3713
0.6656
0.0276
39.440
29.160
14th
87.3713
0.4109
0.0217
39.440
29.280
198