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Race, Class, Network Embeddedness and Family Violence: A Search for Potent Support Systems
... or less likely than (Cazenave & Straus, 1990) White couples to experience violence in their relationships, 1 The terms Black and African American are used interchangeably within this text to describe persons of African descent residing in the U.S. these studies have not found complete support for these findings. Lockhart (1991) found that a significantly larger proportion of middle class African American women than middle class White women reported experiencing violence at the hands of their spouse. ...
... Lockhart (1991) found that a significantly larger proportion of middle class African American women than middle class White women reported experiencing violence at the hands of their spouse. Cazenave and Straus (1990) found that in the second highest of four income categories, Blacks were more likely than Whites to experience violence in their relationship. Other researchers have found that in spite of controlling for economic and other relevant factors, Blacks continue to be at increased risk for intimate partner violence (Field & Caetano, 2004;Neff, Holamon, & Schluter, 1995). ...
... The role of socioeconomic factors in explaining the incidence of intimate partner violence has been widely documented (Cazenave & Straus, 1990;Coley & Beckett, 1988;Cunradi, Caetano, & Schafer, 2002;Fox, Benson, DeMaris, & Van Wyk, 2002;Hotaling & Sugarman, 1986Lockhart, 1991 was found that the rates of violence for African American couples was lower than those for White couples in all but the second highest of four income categories (Cazenave & Straus, 1990). Lockhart (1991) considered the relationship between social class and intimate partner violence and found that, upon controlling for social class, there was no significant difference between the proportions of African American and European ...
... Here, node A is the bully and node B is the victim. All nodes are anonymized the two individuals, prior research on romantic relationships and domestic violence (e.g., [50,51]) suggests that the surrounding social support structure might play an important role in the success of a relationship. Considering these, we hypothesize that relationships with less social support may be more prone to cyberbullying. ...
... While it was hypothesized that the relationships which involve cyberbullying will have lesser number of nodes, it was not found to hold based on the data considered. This is in contrast to the existing literature in social sciences which suggests that lower social support results in more conflicts in different social settings [50,51]. This could be attributed to multiple factors. ...
Cyberbullying is an important social challenge that takes place over a technical substrate. Thus, it has attracted research interest across both computational and social science research communities. While the social science studies conducted via careful participant selection have shown the effect of personality, social relationships, and psychological factors on cyberbullying, they are often limited in scale due to manual survey or ethnographic study components. Computational approaches on the other hand have defined multiple automated approaches for detecting cyberbullying at scale, and have largely focused only on the textual content of the messages exchanged. There are no existing efforts aimed at testing, validating, and potentially refining the findings from traditional bullying literature as obtained via surveys and ethnographic studies at scale over online environments. By analyzing the social relationship graph between users in an online social network and deriving features such as out-degree centrality and the number of common friends, we find that multiple social characteristics are statistically different between the cyberbullying and non-bullying groups, thus supporting many, but not all, of the results found in previous survey-based bullying studies. The results pave way for better understanding of the cyberbullying phenomena at scale.
... Yet, using a national probability sample, Cazenave and Straus (1979) found that embeddedness in a network of family and friends reduced the intimate partner victimization reported by Black females but was not associated with less violence against the White women in the sample. Other studies also failed to show that perceived social support prevented sexual revictimization in adulthood (Lau & Kristensen, 2010;Mason et al., 2009;Mayall & Gold, 1995) or intimate partner violent victimization (Draucker, 1997;Engstrom et al., 2008). ...
Every year, interpersonal violence affects an important segment of the world population, having deleterious effects on the victims, their families, and societies. Recent scholarship indicates that sexual and gender minority population groups are overrepresented among those who experience or have experienced verbal, psychological, physical, and/or sexual violence. Using an integrative approach, the current study links the past and the present to identify the contextual factors that may increase or decrease the sexual minorities’ risk of violent victimization during adulthood. This dissertation uses as a theoretical framework Bronfenbrenner’s (1977, 1979, 1994) social ecological model of human development as well as its subsequent adaptations to victimization research (Belsky, 1980; Grauerholz, 2000; Heise, 1998).
This dissertation examines why certain individuals tend to experience violent victimization over their life-course, while others’ victimization experiences are limited solely to childhood/adolescence or adulthood. The analysis is based on data collected between 2016 and 2018 from a nationally representative sample of sexual minority adults (N = 1,507) in the United States (Krueger et al., 2020). This retrospective study examines a special population group that is currently understudied in victimology and its results are useful in filling knowledge gaps in the existing literature on victimization.
Findings indicate that adverse childhood experiences and childhood victimization by parents, caregivers, peers, or others increase the likelihood of future victimization. While substance abuse in adulthood increases the risk of victimization in post-adolescence, social support from family and friends acts as a protective factor against victimization or revictimization in adulthood. Additionally, the proposed typology of victims (i.e., adolescence-limited victims; adulthood-limited victims; lifetime victims) indicates that sexual minorities who reported lifetime direct violent victimization were more likely to be individuals who did not grow up in intact families, were exposed in childhood to inter-parental violence, misused drugs, and alcohol later in life, and received diminished social support from family and friends. Moreover, the lifetime victims of violence were more likely to have a sexual identity other than homosexual and were between 27 and 60 years old. Compared to men, women were more likely to experience direct violent revictimization over their life span. The implications of the findings for research and practice and the study limitations are also discussed.
... The present study found that both education and minority status were significant predictors of marital aggression. These findings are generally consistent with Cazenave and Straus (1990), who found that socioecomonic status and race were significant predictors of marital violence. After controlling for income, only Black, working-class individuals reported more aggression than Whites. ...
This study prospectively examined a social interactional model of husband marital aggression. Young couples were assessed at the time of their 1st marriage with respect to marital conflict styles, alcohol consumption, hostility, gender identity, perceived power inequity, and history of family violence. Couples were reassessed at their 1-year anniversary, and information concerning marital aggression was collected. Most of the constructs were prospectively related to husband aggression, but these relationships were largely mediated through marital conflict styles and husband alcohol consumption, which in turn were influenced by husband's hostility, gender identity, and perceived power inequity.
... It is not surprising that during the course of individual and group counseling, particularly that dealing with family violence, child mistreatment is discovered. Many homes in which child abuse occurs are also characterized by violence between spouses (Cazenave and Straus, 1979). Of households in which child abuse was reported during the period 1978 through 1985 in Colorado, spouse abuse was found in 14% (Colorado Department of Social Services, 1986). ...
... Because economic hardship is a risk factor for IPV (Copp et al., 2016;Lucero et al., 2016), the heightened risk for IPV among people of color may be driven by these income inequalities. Indeed, racial differences in IPV have disappeared when controlling for household income in heterosexual samples (Cazenave & Straus, 1979;Rennison & Planty, 2003). Interestingly, however, socioeconomic status did not account for racial differences in IPV in a sample of sexual minority women (Steele et al., 2020). ...
Objective: Sexual and gender minority people of color (SGM-POC) report higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) than White SGM, adding to growing evidence that people holding multiple stigmatized social identities are at particular risk for adverse experiences. We aimed to identify mechanisms underlying the racial/ethnic disparities in IPV among SGM, focusing on childhood experiences of violence, structural inequalities, and sexual minority stress. Method: 308 SGM assigned female-at-birth (AFAB; 82 White, 133 Black, 93 Latinx; age 16–31) self-reported on minor psychological, severe psychological, physical, and sexual IPV victimization and perpetration, and three proposed mechanisms: childhood violence (child abuse, witnessing interparental violence), structural inequalities (economic stress, racial discrimination), and sexual minority stressors (internalized heterosexism, anti-SGM victimization, low social support). Indirect effects of race on IPV victimization via hypothesized mechanisms were estimated using logistic regression with 5,000 bootstrapped samples. Results: Compared to White participants, Black participants were 2.5–7.03 times more likely to report all eight IPV types; Latinx participants were 2.5–4.8 times more likely to experience four IPV types. Univariate indirect effects analyses indicated that these racial/ethnic disparities were partially explained by higher economic stress, racial/ethnic discrimination, and childhood violence experiences (for Black and Latinx participants) and lower social support (Black participants). In multivariate models, the most robust indirect effects were through racial/ethnic discrimination and childhood violence. Conclusions: Findings underscore the need for policy and interventions aimed at preventing IPV among SGM-POC by targeting factors that contribute to IPV disparities in this group, particularly racial/ethnic discrimination and family violence.
... Domestic violence advocates frequently went even one step further and insisted that there was no association between class and violence in an effort to make clear that domestic violence crosses all class boundaries (e.g., Davidson, 1978). Although it has been repeatedly demonstrated that domestic violence occurs in all socioeconomic groups, it is increasingly acknowledged that economic stresses both increase the likelihood of violence occurring and severely curtail victims' abilities to effectively respond to violence once it has occurred (Cazenave & Straus, 1990;Ptacek, 1997). ...
There are over 500 native communities in the United States alone. Although popular conceptions in the majority culture commonly refer to these as a single American Indian group, native communities are in fact extremely diverse and heterogeneous. Issues of gender, class, and power are discussed from a feminist perspective with an emphasis on the diversity among native communities. Available evidence, while sketchy, suggests that male authority, male restrictiveness, and socioeconomic stress are associated with violence, but that the levels of these factors vary widely across native groups. For example, some native tribes practice matrilineal descent while others are patrilineal. This diversity has far‐reaching implications for the community context in which domestic violence occurs. An approach that integrates both feminist and community approaches seems best suited to address the problem of domestic violence in native North America.
... For those who are dating or are married, being tied to one's kin may have the unintended consequence of helping to monitor violent behavior. Whether cohabiting couples are isolated by choice or because of a lingering stigma on this type of relationship, physical violence may be less likely to be recognized or challenged (Cazenave and Straus, 1979). ...
... As women conformed to demands -often to please the partner or protect the relationship -the controlling behaviors slowly led to their isolation from the workplace, from family and friends. These patterns are consistent with cross-cultural comparisons of data on domestic violence that argue that social isolation of women is both a cause and a consequence of wife abuse (Heise 1998); and studies have found that women living in situations of violence have fewer interactions with friends, neighbors and relatives (Neilsen, Russell andEllington 1992, Cazenave andStraus 1979). ...
This paper seeks to fill a knowledge gap relative to the low uptake of services for women living in situations of violence. The phenomenon is observed in many countries, including Brazil, despite its robust legal framework to prevent and protect women from domestic violence. Through qualitative research, the paper explores the experience of women survivors of violence against women in seeking help to exit abusive relationships, with the aim of identifying avenues to strengthen service delivery and violence prevention policies. The experiences of research participants demonstrate that a complex set of issues related to social norms, individual agency, and institutional weaknesses serve as strong barriers for service uptake. These include women's personal preparedness to seek support; the catalyzing or constraining function that families, friends, peers, and people in authority can play; external barriers to accessing services; and the availability and quality of services in different settings. Data from this research also highlight the importance of psycho-social support services that help survivors make informed decisions about how to exit abusive relationships, to rebuild their emotional stability and self-esteem, establish economic autonomy, pursue justice, and ultimately reconstruct their lives.
... However, this early research neglected to contextualize these findings and hence gave the impression that African Americans were inherently more violent. Subsequent research has exhibited that once socio-economic status is controlled for, African American families are no more violent, and may even be less violent, than their white counterparts (Benson, Wooldredge, Thistlethwaite, & Fox, 2004;Cazenave & Straus, 1979;Coley & Beckett, 1988;Hampton, Gelles, & Harrop, 1989). Research by the National Institute of Justice supports this finding. ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern that has profound impacts on women across the globe. Though it cuts across race, socioeconomic status, age, geography and sexual orientation, those communities plagued by poverty experience disproportionate rates. Poverty creates unique circumstances of vulnerability for individuals, families, and communities and is disproportionately experienced by Black communities in both developed and developing countries. The impact of poverty on Black communities is significant and pervasive, with deep historical roots. Both IPV and poverty have profound effects on women's physical and psychosocial health and well-being. Black women who live at the intersection of experiencing poverty and IPV are in an especially disadvantaged position. This paper will explore the impact of poverty on Black women's experiences of violence in the United States and on the African continent and present a call to action for necessary structural, community and individual level intervention to address this pervasive concern.
... However, a noteworthy limitation in the literature is that more emphasis has been placed on child-level assets and much less research has explored the possible benefits of kin and fictive kin networks (Scales & Gibbons, 1996); even less is known about these networks among children in foster care. Extended family and fictive kin involvement may be particularly beneficial to children in foster care given that African American children are overrepresented in child welfare (Lu et al., 2004) and that kinship networks are often stronger and seen as more integral to development in the African American community (Cazenave & Straus, 1979;Hunter & Taylor, 1998;Harrison, Wilson, Pine, Chan, & Buriel, 1990). Research on children outside of the foster care system has found that support (e.g., financial, emotional, or instrumental aid) from the kinship network among ethnic minority families can be protective regarding the development of anxiety, substance use, and antisocial behaviors (e.g., McLoyd, Jayaratne, Ceballo, & Borquez, 1994;Taylor, Seaton, & Dominquez, 2008). ...
Objective
To identify different kin and fictive kin network support profiles available to children in foster care and examine whether these profiles predict behavioral outcomes.
Background
For kids in foster care, individual‐level strengths have been shown to buffer the impact of maltreatment on negative outcomes. However, little is known about the possible benefit of kin and fictive kin networks on outcomes (e.g., internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors).
Method
This longitudinal study measured the involvement of 221 foster care children's (6–14 years of age) kin and fictive kin networks (e.g., visits, childcare, homework help, transportation). Strengths (e.g., coping, talents), maltreatment, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing behaviors were measured using the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths dataset.
Results
Using latent profile analysis, two kinship involvement profiles emerged: A low‐involvement profile (75.5%) and a high‐involvement profile (23.5%). The high‐involvement profile was negatively associated with internalizing symptoms trajectories but not externalizing behavior trajectories. However, this effect was moderated by child‐level strengths: Children with more strengths and in the high‐involvement profile had the best internalizing symptoms outcomes. Finally, membership in the high‐involvement profile buffered the negative impact of maltreatment on internalizing symptoms trajectories.
Conclusion
The presence of both child strengths and kin and fictive kin involvement is associated with better outcomes.
Implications
These results support efforts to promote policies and practices designed to engage kin and fictive kin networks, which is not currently a priority in child welfare.
... Although some studies found no significant differences in rates of IPV victimization with respect to race (Coker, Smith, Bethea, King, & McKeown, 2000;Thompson et al., 2006), other studies have found higher rates of reported IPV among African Americans than European Americans (Campbell et al., 2002;Jones et al., 1999). Racial disparities appear to be largely accounted for by socioeconomic factors (Cazenave & Straus, 1990;Grossman & Lundy, 2007). ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization is associated with a wide range of mental and physical health problems, but little is known about the effect of IPV on cognitive decline. Previous research suggests an association between IPV victimization and cognitive dysfunction, but the few studies that have examined this phenomenon were cross-sectional in design and focused only on female victims of IPV. This study examined cognitive function over time among a diverse population of both male and female victims of IPV. Regression analyses indicated increased completion time on Trail Making Test (TMT) A for both male and female victims of IPV living below poverty as well as for female victims of IPV without previously depressive symptomatology. Results also indicated increased completion time on TMT B for male victims of IPV. Our findings support an association between IPV victimization and increased cognitive decline that is moderated by poverty status and previous depressive symptomatology.
... Within racial/ ethnic minority populations, the use of kinship involvement as an adaptive strategy is a common cultural pattern that promotes the well-being of children, families, and communities (e.g., Harrison et al. 1990;Rodriguez 2002;Pallock and Lamborn 2006). Many studies have indicated that the kinship network is an important source of support for racial/ethnic minority families across all socioeconomic levels (e.g., Cazenave and Straus 1979) and that it is a significant contributor to the healthy development of racial/ ethnic minority youth Hunter and Taylor 1998). For example, researchers (e.g., Barrio and Hughes 2000) have noted that both African-American and Latino kinship networks provide family members with their knowledge of coping skills and other emotional supports in the face of stressors, such as economic burdens or a sick or mentally ill family member in need of care. ...
Researchers have found that individual strengths (e.g., coping, optimism) are protective against behavioral risk (e.g., delinquency, suicide) among traumatized youth in foster care. However, less is known about kinship involvement (i.e., extended family support) as a social strength that can also attenuate the effects of childhood trauma, thereby reducing behavioral risk. Addressing the lack of research on kinship involvement, the present longitudinal study investigated individual strengths (IS) and kinship involvement (KI) as moderators between trauma experiences (TE) and risk behaviors (RB) among 336 youth, ages 6 to 13, who entered the Illinois child welfare system between 2011 and 2014. Controlling for Time 1 (T1) RB, T1 IS, age, gender, and ethnicity, we utilized a three-level Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model to analyze TE × KI and TE × IS at T2. The study found that KI was negatively associated with RB (β16 = −.08, Event Rate Ratio [ERR] = 0.92, p = <.01), suggesting that youth with more KI had relatively lower RB trajectories. Further, the TE × IS interaction was significant in the model (β21 = −.05, ERR = 0.95, p < .01); TE was positively associated with RB at lower levels of IS but not higher levels of IS. These results highlight the importance of assessing children’s kinship networks and individual strengths early in foster care.
... The CTS2 is the most recent version of the original Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus, 1979(Straus, , 1997, which is a widely used self-report measure of psychological and physical assaults as well as negotiation in domestic relationships (Straus, 2007;. The CTS2 has been used in a variety of settings with individuals from varying races, cultures, and ethnic background, including the minority groups represented in this study: African Americans (e.g., Cazenave & Straus, 1979;DuRant, Cadenhead, Pendergrast, Slavens, & Linder, 1994;Hampton, Gelles, &Harrop, 1989) and Hispanics (Kaufman, Jasinski, & Aldarondo, 1994). According to , the CTS2 consistently demonstrates sound psychometric properties, with internal consistency reliability ranging from .79 to .95. ...
Objective
The purpose of the study was to investigate the differences between intimate partner violence (IPV) and parenting attitudes by race by comparing demographic, parenting, and IPV indicators for African American and White men.
Method
The study employed a nonequivalent, control group design in a secondary analysis of 111 men.
Results
Analyses indicated that (1) African American men had more children; (2) chi-square tests revealed no statistically significant differences between African American and Caucasian men with respect to IPV perpetration and parenting attitudes; and (3) a logistic regression model indicated that the number of children and a higher risk category for parenting attitudes were significant predictors of race group membership.
Conclusion
These findings reveal that having more children is related to a higher level of stress on intimate partner relationships, and these stressors are not evenly distributed across racial groups. Batterer intervention programs should include parenting skills to help perpetrators better cope with such stresses.
... Dennis and Key (1995) research on domestic violence in the African American community found that the majority of the men had incomes less than $20,000. Cazenave and Straus (1979) found that when income is controlled, Black respondents were less likely to report instances of spousal slapping at every income range except the $6-11,999 level. Black respondents at both the lowest and highest income categories were less likely to report engaging in these behaviors than White respondents with comparable incomes. ...
... Straus, 1979Straus, , 1997, which is a widely used self-report measure of psychological and physical assaults as well as negotiation in domestic relationships (M. A. Straus, 1996). The CTS2 has been used in a variety of settings with individuals from varying races, cultures, and ethnic background, including the minority groups represented in this study, that is, African Americans (e.g., Cazenave & Straus, 1979;DuRant, Cadenhead, Pendergrast, Slavens, & Linder, 1994;Hampton, Gelles, & Harrop, 1989) and Hispanics (Kaufman, Jasinski, & Aldarondo, 1994). According to M. A. Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy, and Sugarman (1996), the CTS2 consistently demonstrates sound psychometric properties, with internal consistency reliability ranging from .79 to .95. ...
Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between parenting attitudes and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetration and identify factors associated with program completion for a 26-week batterer intervention program (BIP).
Method: The study employed a non-equivalent, control-group design (comparing program completers to drop-outs) in a secondary analysis of 111 men court-ordered to the BIP.
Results: Correlational and logistic regression analysis indicated: (1) A modest relationship between the parenting attitudes and IPV perpetration; (2) A significant model for predicting parenting attitudes scores using number of children and racial group; (3) BIP treatment completion could be successfully predicted by education.
Conclusion: These findings reveal characteristics of male batterers as they relate to parenting attitudes and provide preliminary evidence suggesting that men in treatment for IPV offenses endorse a host of negative parenting attitudes. Implications of these findings were explored and discussed.
... Although violent families of all ethnic backgrounds may share some similarities, a color-blind perspective disregards the ways race/ethnicity shapes the experience and interpretation of violence (O'Keefe, 1994). Also when research findings have been presented without consideration for factors that might act as mediators between ethnicity and partner violence, it may account for higher rates of partner violence among ethnic minorities (Asbury, 1993;Cazenave & Straus, 1990;Jasinski, 1996). It is crucial to examine how cultural value systems color the life experiences of individuals from different cultural groups. ...
Although it is common for Korean Americans to seek assistance from clergy for intimate partner violence
(IPV), there has been lack of research on Korean American clergy’s practices regarding IPV. 152 Korean American Protestant clergy were surveyed on their practices regarding IPV in their congregations. 92.7 % of respondents reported counseling people who had experienced IPV; however, one third stated that they had never referred congregants to additional resources. Additionally, the great majority of respondents
recognized their important role in responding to IPV; however, only 16 % of them reported feeling well-prepared to deal with IPV. Practice and research implications are discussed to improve a partnership between religious leaders and victim advocates for the purpose of supporting battered
Korean immigrant women.
... This approach views conflict as a part of human interactions; however, it does not support violence as the appropriate response to conflict (Straus, 1997;Straus et al., 1996). The CTS has been used to measure conflict with individuals from different cultures, races, and ethnicities, including the minority groups represented in this study (Cazenave & Straus, 1979;DuRant, Cadenhead, Pendergrast, Slavens, & Linder, 1994;Hampton, Gelles, & Harrop, 1989;Kauffman Kantor, Jasinski, & Aldarondo, 1994). In addition, the reliability and validity of the CTS has been established in previous studies, ranging from .79 to .95; its authors provided preliminary evidence of construct validity and discriminant validity (Straus, 1997;Straus et al., 1996). ...
This study analyzed the subscales of the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory to investigate the levels of dependency among men court ordered to enter a batterers intervention program, determine associations between the subscales and violence, and evaluate the treatment's ability to change dependency on program completers. A secondary analysis with 114 men was used. Results indicated that using negotiation tactics and psychological aggression were significantly associated with emotional reliance on another person. Furthermore, the level of injury inflicted on a partner was associated with 2 subscales. No change in the level of dependency was found. Implications regarding treatment were explored and discussed.
... Blacks may be more likely than whites to be not only physically aggressive but also verbally aggressive because they condone the use of aggression (Wolfgang and Ferracuti, 1967). However, economic strains might also explain a greater propensity among blacks to aggression (Cazenave and Straus, 1979;Lockhart, 1987). The present analysis tests this notion by examining the effect of race when social class is held constant. ...
This study examines the relationship between verbal and physical aggression in marriage, using data from the 1985 National Family Violence Re-Survey. The results show that when physical aggression occurs, verbal aggression occurs also. Two different explanations are offered for this association: (a) verbal and physical aggression are manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon—aggressiveness—but they have different thresholds of occurrence (verbal aggression having a lower threshold than physical aggression) or (b) verbal and physical aggression are manifestations of two different underlying phenomena, and what explains the relationship is a two-step process that starts with verbal aggression and moves to physical aggression. The results favor the second explanation. For male-to-female aggression, the subculture-of-violence theory best explains the movement from verbal to physical aggression. For female-to-male aggression, the structural theory of violence is more appropriate in explaining the transition from verbal to physical aggression.
... Stets and Straus (1989) and Yllo and Straus (1981) have speculated that cohabitors are more isolated from their network of kin than are married persons. This isolation lifts restraints on being aggressive (Cazenave and Straus, 1979). However, it is not clear what mechanisms are operating when isolation occurs that influences aggression. ...
Research has consistently found that physical aggression is more common among cohabiting couples compared with married couples. The present study examines this difference, using data from the National Survey of Families and Households to test the speculation that cohabitors are more likely to be socially isolated than married persons. This isolation may lift restraints on being aggressive, either because of the lack of social support or lack of social control. The results show that is the lack of social control in certain social relations that is important. These factors, together with particular demographic characteristics, help to explain the greater aggression of cohabitors in comparison with married persons.
... The results from quantitative research are mixed. A greater propensity for violence among African Americans compared with whites is reported by some (Cazenave and Straus 1990;Wolfgang et al. 1985), whereas other studies report no racial differences (Ellis, Grasmick, and Gilman 1974;Finn 1995;Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando 2002;Johnson 1966;Shoemaker and Williams 1987;White 1980;Wolfgang 1961;Wright 1989) after statistical control variables are introduced into the models. However, because it has been seen that levels of violence in the larger society are higher among African Americans than whites, the current research predicts that African Americans will commit more acts of violence in prison than their white counterparts. ...
The purpose of the current research is to examine infraction behavior in North Carolina Prisons by creating a typology of infraction of behavior and modeling the occurrence of the specific types of infractions, seeking evidence for and against possible infraction specialization. There are three specific phases of analysis. First, exploratory factor analysis is conducted to create a typology of infractions. Second, a Markov model is created to examine the extent of infraction specialization. Finally, hierarchical linear modeling logistic regression is used to both discover how three theories – prisonization, importation and social control – predict the occurrence of the different infractions types identified in the first phase of the analysis and as well as to help partially validate the infraction typology presented. Hierarchical linear modeling logistic regression results indicate that there are different predictors for the different infraction types, supporting the need to distinguish between them. Further, the Markov Model used to examine change of behavior over time supports limited specialization in infraction careers and shows that infraction behavior is not random. Overall, there is moderate support for the proposed typology and for the presence of specialization in infraction careers.
... Americans were generally less likely than Caucasian Americans to engage in various forms of family violence (Cazenave, 1979). Clearly, no ethnic group is immune to elder maltreatment. ...
... Race/Ethnic Group. Given research showing somewhat higher rates of corporal punishment and substantially higher rates of physical abuse by minority parents (Cazenave & Straus, 1979;Hampton, Gelles, & Harrop, 1989;Molnar, Buka, Brennan, Holton, & Earls, 2003;Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1980(2006), we hypothesized a weak correlation between minority status and corporal punishment and a stronger correlation with physical abuse. As hypothesized, the correlations in the Minority Parents row of Table 2 show a statistically significant tendency for minority parents to use corporal punishment slightly more, and a higher but still modest correlation between minority parent and the Physical Abuse scale. ...
This article describes a short form of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTSPC) to measure child maltreatment when testing time does not permit use of the full length instrument. The article also presents a method for classifying cases according to severity of maltreatment. This method avoids confounding of corporal punishment with physical abuse and reduces skewness and outlier problems in analyses of general population samples. The short form was created by selecting items with the highest correlation with each of the CTSPC scales. The results show that (1) the short form is highly correlated with the full length form, (2) elicits from 80 to 96% of the maltreatment disclosure elicited by the full instrument, (3) identifies similar patterns of severity, and (4) has almost the same pattern of correlations with demographic variables. However, the full instrument provides more complete data on frequency of occurrence. Nevertheless, the short form produces results that are sufficiently parallel to the results from the full CTSPC to make it appropriate to use when the full CTSPC cannot be used. Severity level scoring is recommended for most analyses of behavior in general population samples.
Objectives: Social embeddedness – or lack thereof – has been associated with a number of antisocial behaviours, including perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV). The prevalence of IPV in Tanzania remains high, yet the influence of perceived social connection on IPV and coercive control perpetration in young African men has remained mostly unexplored.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 1,002 young Tanzanian men aged 18 to 24 living in Mwanza, Tanzania. We assessed the association between feelings of being socially supported and embedded – measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey Instrument (MOS-SSSI) – and perpetration of physical, sexual and emotional IPV and coercive control. After conducting unadjusted logistic regressions to probe crude associations, we used a step-wise approach to build separate logistic regression models for every form of IPV perpetration accounting for individual-, interpersonal-, and community-level factors.
Results: In our sub-sample of young men who have ever been in a relationship (n = 828), 21% reported perpetrating physical IPV (n = 177), 27% sexual IPV (n = 222), 51% emotional IPV (n = 423), and 83% coercive control (n = 688). Overall scores and scores on every sub-scale of the MOS-SSSI measuring perceived support were high. In the crude analysis, only coercive control perpetration was significantly associated with social support overall (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.23–1.69) and in every sub-scale. These associations remained significant in adjusted models, showing that higher levels of social embeddedness are associated with significantly higher odds of reporting enacting coercive control (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.24–1.69).
Conclusions: Male socialisation plays a significant role in what young men perceive as acceptable and unacceptable behaviours within their communities. Young men who spend more time with their peers might be receiving messaging that reinforces masculine norms of control over their female partners, which translate in higher reported coercive control perpetration.
Intimate partner homicide (IPH) continues to be a form of violence disproportionately affecting women in the United States, and access to firearms can greatly increase the likelihood that intimate partner violence becomes lethal. In response to concerns about firearms violence and their prevalence in IPH incidents specifically, states have passed restrictive firearms laws and policies. In this study, we provide an analysis of female IPH victimization disaggregated by race/ethnicity that incorporates state‐level firearms legislation. Our analytical approach is informed by intersectionality and accounts for other key intimate partner violence policies and structural predictors. We find that the relationship between firearms legislation and IPH varies in magnitude and direction across specific race/ethnicity female victimization groups. As such, our findings provide support for an intersectional framework in that restrictive firearms laws are not consistently associated with lower levels of IPH when incidents are disaggregated by gender and race/ethnicity.
Single parenting is indeed a topic of significant relevance in India, as the country has witnessed a rise in the number of single-parent households over the years. Single parenting refers to a family structure in which one parent assumes the responsibility for raising a child or children, usually due to divorce, separation, death, or choice. While there is limited recent research specifically focused on single parenting in India, several studies have explored various aspects of this phenomenon. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects of single parenting on children's educational outcomes, well-being, and development within the Indian context.
Single parenting is indeed a topic of significant relevance in India, as the country has witnessed a rise in the number of single-parent households over the years. Single parenting refers to a family structure in which one parent assumes the responsibility for raising a child or children, usually due to divorce, separation, death, or choice. While there is limited recent research specifically focused on single parenting in India, several studies have explored various aspects of this phenomenon. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects of single parenting on children's educational outcomes, well-being, and development within the Indian context.
Objective: This study had three goals: (a) to examine the association between racial discrimination and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration; (b) to determine whether this relationship is explained by mental health (MH) symptoms; and (c) to determine whether these associations vary by poverty status or gender. Methods: During the Wave 4 (2013–2017) visit of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Longitudinal Study (HANDLS), Black adults who were in a relationship (N = 433; mean age = 55.26, SD = 9.30; 51% men) provided self-report data on IPV perpetration; frequency of racial discrimination; and levels of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Multigroup mediation models used these cross-sectional data to test whether racial discrimination was associated with MH symptoms, which in turn were associated with IPV perpetration, determining the significance of direct and indirect pathways and whether any pathways varied by poverty status or gender. Results: Racial discrimination was associated with more MH symptoms, which in turn was associated with IPV perpetration. The negative effect of discrimination on MH was stronger for Black women than Black men and for Black adults with household incomes below 125% of the Federal poverty line than those with incomes above this cutoff. Discussion: Efforts to prevent and treat IPV in the Black community should address the negative effects of racial discrimination experiences on MH and partner aggression, especially among those with multiple marginalized identities. IPV prevention efforts may be enhanced through an overarching commitment to dismantle structural racism and intersectional forms of oppression.
Pakistan is a developing country with a large population as mortality has fallen. Life expectancy has increased significantly. This has had a huge impact on the aging population of Pakistani society. This pattern prompts changes in confidence, worth, and mentalities toward the senior. The old have been viewed as less significant in the family, prompting family struggle, which is unavoidable given the helpless connections of relatives. A few older folks have been manhandled in different structures, for example, physical, mental, or mental, monetary or material maltreatment, sexual maltreatment, and disregard. This brutality is brought about by many danger factors, contingent upon various social settings. This investigation zeroed in on the danger factor related with senior maltreatment. The examination was led in the area of Faisalabad. 400 respondents were randomly selected and data were collected through an interview program. ANOVA and linear regression were used to check the association between the different variables.
This paper analyzes the exclusion of responsibility in cases of battered women who kill their abusive partners in self-defence, emphasizing the theoretical and practical difficulties from a gender lens. I investigate self-defence simultaneously from a double perspective: the perspective of intimate partner violence, and the perspective of Canadian law. I reflect on alternative solu-tions in cases where there was a deferred self-defence, seeking a more equitative response from institutions. Self-defence protects whoever kills another person to defend herself or a third party. Even though this legal figure seems unquestionable, it is actually an ambiguous area in criminal law. Women who are abused for extended periods of time, who one day kill their abu-sers, generally do not do so during a context of physical confrontation. In this paper, instead of merely restricting my analysis to the events that occurred on the day of the abuser’s death, I will go back in time to scrutinize in detail the cycle of systematic violence and the “battered woman syndrome”, as well as the theory of “coercive control” in the Canadian context. I draw from the famous Canadian case Rust v. Lavallee (1990). I problematize some of the requirements for self-defence, emphasizing their inability to respond to the realities of battered women. This research shows a problematic disconnect between the current legal framework and the realities of violence against women.
Background
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a major public health concern, often initially experienced in young adulthood; IPV has been associated with adverse sexual health and sexual risk outcomes.
Objective
This study examined 1) correlates of experiencing Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and 2) IPV in relation to sexual risk-related behaviors among college students.
Methods
We analyzed 2016 cross-sectional survey data regarding sociodemographics, past IPV experiences, and sexual risk-related behaviors (sex after drug/alcohol use, condomless sex) among male and female students aged 18-25 from seven Georgia colleges/universities, respectively.
Results
IPV victimization was associated with being Black, greater depressive symptoms, and substance use. Multivariable regression, including sociodemographic covariates, indicated that alcohol/drug use before the last sex was associated with sexual and physical aggression victimization among men (Nagelkerke R-squared=.155), but with fewer negotiation experiences and more injury experiences among women (Nagelkerke R-squared=.107). Condom less sex at last intercourse was associated with psychological aggression experiences among women (Nagelkerke R-squared=.125), but with no IPV factor among men (Nagelkerke R-squared=.188).
Conclusion
The distinct relationships between IPV and sexual risk among men and women underscore the need for targeted prevention interventions.
Despite social and economic advances, African Americans are disproportionately overrepresented among victims and perpetrators of interpersonal violence. The first section defines historical trauma and discuss gender differences in prevalence rates of fatal and nonfatal violent criminal victimization (rape/sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault), and prevalence rates of physical, sexual, and psychological intimate partner violence. The second section describes the ecological model and discuss risk factors for interpersonal violence at the individual level (age, gender, income, alcohol use/abuse, childhood victimization, normative approval of violence, and impulsivity); relationship level (relationship conflict, quality of peer and social networks); community level (neighborhood poverty and violence); and societal level (discrimination). The conclusion offers suggestions for intervention and prevention strategies to address risk factors at every level of the ecological model.
Child-centered recruitment via Family Finding has gained national attention as an approach to search, discover, and engage kin and fictive kin to support the attachment and permanency needs of children in foster care. However, despite its promise it has received scant attention in the empirical literature. The current study compared the outcomes of a front-end Family Finding intervention (n = 196) and a comparison group (n = 262) among children in foster care in Cook County Illinois between the ages of 6 and 13. Results showed that there were no differences between the intervention and comparison group on reunification rates, placement stability, or on longitudinal externalizing behavior and internalizing symptoms. However, the intervention found close to 75% more relatives than the control group, and many of these relatives were significant figures in the children's lives. The intervention was also associated with a higher proportion of relative placements to total placements for a subgroup of children with five or more placements. Further, the effect of the intervention on this proportion (relative placements to total placements) was mediated by the greater number of relatives found in the intervention. Finally, the intervention was associated with relatively better Concurrent Planning. These results suggest that Family Finding has the potential to impact proximal outcomes related to discovery, engagement and planning but is currently not impacting more distal outcomes such as permanency and well-being. Family Finding approaches should continue to innovate, possibly through integration with psychosocial interventions, to affect more distal variables such as well-being outcomes.
wheaton (ap) A 22-year-old woman who feared a former boyfriend might kill her was shot to death early Friday at her father’s home in the town of Wheaton.... The shooting came just three days after a temporary restraining order was issued against the suspect.... “Last Friday he told me that he was going to kill me if I didn’t find a house and let him move in with me,” the victim wrote in the court document. (Capital Times, 1988)
Despite her pregnancy, LaQuana decided that she must leave her boyfriend, Blakely. He had been physically assaulting her for over a year, and she believed she had to leave him for the safety of herself and her child. One night, Blakely found her at her family’s home with her mother and brother. He insisted that she come back to him. When he tried to force her to go with him, LaQuana threatened to call the police. Blakely then announced his intention to kill everyone in the house. He shot and killed LaQuana, and also shot and wounded her mother as she tried to shield LaQuana. In court, Blakely claimed that he accidentally shot LaQuana while struggling with her brother, who had reached for the gun. (adapted from Michigan Domestic Homicides, 1995-1996)
Although Aristotle viewed husbands and wives as equals, the husband’s right to dominate and control his wife and to use physical force to do so is still deeply embedded in American culture.
This chapter will describe how domestic violence is distributed in various populations, identify its demographic features, and distinguish its etiology, insofar as this is possible, by comparing violent with nonviolent groups. Within certain limits, we identify the clinical components and sequelae of the problem, set them in a social context that makes them intelligible, and ask if there are antecedent problems or risk factors that community interventions should target.
Intimate partner violence is now recognised as a serious human rights abuse and increasingly as an important public health problem with severe consequences for women’s physical, mental and sexual health. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of intimate partner violence is an essential aspect of good-quality social work practice. This is an accessible introduction to the complexities of social work practice with abused women, as well as men.
Assessing Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in Health. Sana Loue, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. Where there are patients, clients, or study participants, there are data. And when data involve personal variables of race, ethnicity, gender, and/or sexual orientation, questions of relevance and marginalization often arise. Assessing Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in Health brings needed clarity to the debate by identifying the ethical issues as well as the technical challenges inherent in measuring these elusive concepts. Sana Loue expands on her work begun in Gender, Ethnicity, and Health Research by paralleling the evolution of racial and sexual categories with the development of health research. Her review of the literature clearly explains when and why the use of classification systems may be both clinically and morally appropriate. In addition, Loue provides a salient guide to assessment tools currently used in measuring racial and sexual constructs, identity, and experience. · Overview of categories in their sociopolitical context. · Self-definition vs. definition by others: methodological considerations. · Review of the overlapping roles of race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation in health, health care, and health care disparities. · Selected measures for assessing ethnicity, ethnic identification, and levels of acculturation. · Suggested dimensions for assessing sexual orientation. · Current diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder. Given the prevalence of ethnic- and gender-based data collection throughout the health and mental health fields, this book's usefulness is not limited to the research community. Physicians, therapists, social workers, and sociologists will find this clear-minded volume an important source of instruments and insights.
Contrary to the stereotype of the "strong Black woman," African American women are more plagued by domestic violence than any other racial group in the United States. In fact, African American women experience intimate partner violence at a rate 35% higher than white women and about two and a half times more than women of other races and ethnicities. This common portrayal can hinder black women seeking help and support simply because those on the outside don't think help is needed. Yet, as Hillary Potter argues in Battle Cries: Black Women and Intimate Partner Abuse, this stereotype often helps these African American women to resist and to verbally and physically retaliate against their abusers. Thanks to this generalization, Potter observes, black women are less inclined to label themselves as "victims" and more inclined to fight back. Battle Cries is an eye-opening examination of African American women's experiences with intimate partner abuse, the methods used to contend with abusive mates, and the immediate and enduring consequences resulting from the maltreatment. Based on intensive interviews with 40 African American women abused by their male partners, Potter's analysis takes into account variations in their experiences based on socioeconomic class, education level, and age, and discusses the common abuses and perceptions they share. Combining her remarkable findings with black feminist thought and critical race theory, Potter offers a unique and significant window through which we can better understand this understudied though rampant social problem.
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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is known to be linked to significant negative physical and mental health outcomes. This study addresses a gap in the Australian IPV literature by investigating lifetime IPV prevalence by rurality of residence, using data from a population-based sample of young women. The overall lifetime IPV prevalence rate in the sample was 21.6%, but there were significant differences in IPV rates from major cities (19.6%), inner regional areas (24.4%) and other rural areas (26.1%). After adjusting for demographic variables, multivariable analysis revealed that there were still significantly raised odds of women from inner regional (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01–1.33) and other rural areas (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11–1.56) reporting lifetime IPV compared to women from major cities. Multivariable analysis also showed that a history of IPV was significantly associated with women being separated/divorced/widowed, having lower levels of education, income hardship and limited available social support.
Legal control of aggressive acts within the family must be assessed against a background of other familial controls. This study identifies factors that control male aggression against female partners in intimate relationships. Hirschi's (1969) theory of the social bond, applied almost exclusively to delinquency, is used to test the importance of attachments, commitments, involvement, and beliefs in controlling husband-to-wife assault. By looking at males who do not assault their partners, we gain some insight into the ways in which legal policies might be structured to reduce domestic violence against women.
Using lifetime data from two waves of the National Epidemiologic Surveys on Alcohol and Related Conditions, this study sought to examine sex- and race-specific risks in the temporal relationship between adult onset severe physical intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and alcohol misuse (binge drinking) and alcohol use disorders (abuse and dependence) and whether or not childhood trauma moderated these relationships among U.S. non-Hispanic White and Black women and men. IPV predicted most alcohol outcomes among White and Black women and White men. Conversely, binge drinking among White and Black women and alcohol abuse among Black women and men predicted IPV. Childhood trauma moderated the relationship between IPV and alcohol misuse mainly among Black respondents, with an increased risk of either outcome among those without childhood trauma. These findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between IPV victimization and alcohol misuse, with implications for sex- and race-specific prevention and intervention efforts.
The present study develops arguments linking Conservative Protestant affiliation and conservative beliefs about the Bible
with the frequency with which physical punishment is used to discipline toddlers and preschoolers (ages 1–4) and older children
(ages 5–11) and explores these ideas using data from the 1987–88 National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH). Multivariate
results generally confirm that parents with conservative scriptural beliefs use corporal punishment more frequently than parents
with less conservative theological views. Some modest net effects of Conservative Protestant affiliation are also observed.
The study identifies several promising directions for future research on religious variations in child discipline.
Passionate love is a turbulent emotion, with close links to joy, sadness, fear, anger, and jealousy. Of course, people differ markedly in how pleasurable or stressful their passionate experiences prove to be. Social psychologists have found that secure persons have the most positive experiences in love. For the clingy, skittish, and fickle, passionate love can be stressful and lead to problematic relationships. The consequences of passion also depend, in part, on whether or not lovers' passionate feelings are reciprocated. When reciprocated, passionate love has been found to be associated with satisfaction and happiness, and to have a beneficial effect on the immune system. Stress resulting from unrequited love seems to be hazardous to mental and physical health. When passionate relationships end, people may experience joy and relief . . . or guilt, sadness and depression, jealousy, anger and bitterness, and loneliness. As a consequence of this complex of emotions, couples who have broken up are unusually vulnerable to a host of mental and physical illnesses.
Women who experience intimate partner violence often rely on informal support to mitigate intimate partner violence's health effects. Yet there is little known about who gives the support and how it is provided. This paper explores from whom and how low-income women experiencing domestic violence in urban India seek informal support. In South Asia, women's reliance on kin for support is culturally valued, yet the urban social context makes it more likely that they will access such support from non-kin when they experience intimate partner violence. The paper draws on observations and interviews with 10 families collected over 14 months of in-depth ethnographic research in one Delhi slum community. Using a case study approach to explore women's responses to violence longitudinally, it was possible to track how women drew on support. Results show that even as women sought emotional support and direct intervention from their neighbours to deal with their domestic violence, they restricted these relationships, faced stigma, and emphasised the need to protect their families. Understanding the informal, but deeply ambivalent, systems of social support that women engage to deal with intimate partner violence is a first step toward strengthening such networks, a key recommendation to stem the health impacts of domestic violence.
This study examined college students' attitudes toward spanking as a function of the situational context and age of the child. As expected, respondents were more likely to find spanking appropriate for preschool (ages 3–4) and early school age children (ages 7–8) than for older children (ages 11–12). Physical punishment was also viewed as more suitable when the child's misbehavior was disrespectful (talking back to a parent), or violated strongly held norms (hitting a playmate, stealing), and less appropriate for age-related or less serious misbehavior. Gender and race differences emerged, with males and blacks showing more support for corporal punishment than females and whites. In general, findings revealed strong support for spanking, although there was evidence of some ambivalence, especially among white and female respondents. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Black soldiers are overrepresented in the U.S. Army Central Registry of spouse abuse cases. For each year between 1989 and 1997, the number of black offenders outnumbers white offenders, while the white population outnumbers the black population. When age-specific rates per 1000 were computed, the rates for blacks were greater than those for whites in every age group. The highest rates for both races were in the 18- to 21-year age group. Age-specific rate ratios between blacks and whites for 1997 ranged from 3.4 for the 18- to 21-year-old group to 1.9 for the 42- to 46-year age group. All of the rate ratios except the one for the 42 to 46-year age group were statistically significant. Socioeconomic status (SES) is an unlikely explanation for these findings as SES was reasonably controlled. Culturally specific longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the reasons for differences in black and white spouse abuse incidents.
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