Article

Tea tree oil: a promising essential oil

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  • Om Sterling Global University
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Abstract

The use of essential oils (EOs) in the perfumery, agriculture, food industry and cosmetics is quite common owing to their aromatic properties. Tea tree oil is an EO with immense potential for the treatment of dermatological disorders due to its antimicrobial properties against broad spectrum of micro-organisms. It has minimal tendency to develop resistance. It is obtained from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia, an Australian species, by steam distillation. It is a mixture of components like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their alcohols, contributing to various (analgesic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer) activities. Tea tree oil is reported to overcome resistance development by bacterial species towards conventional drugs. However, its hydrophobic nature, volatility and sensitivity to light, air and temperature, pose challenges to formulation scientists for its effective delivery. Tea Tree oil is reported as a safe, natural and effective agent. Since, specific knowledge on the chemical composition and properties of oil is fundamental for its adequate use, the present review compiles and discusses the hitherto scattered data on activities, tolerability, safety, toxicity and stability concern of tea tree oil. It also sheds light on various reported drug delivery systems and applications of this EO.

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... Terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpene, and α-terpene make out around 70% of the oil's total composition, and the main antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiproliferative action of TTO may be attributed to them [14,46]. The remaining listed compounds comprise around 20% of the total composition of the natural product, with the rest being composed of members with a lower percentage. ...
... Figure 11 shows the cell viability profile of the L929 lineage and HaCaT when exposed to the nanoparticles for 20 h. All nanoparticles presented a non-cytotoxic profile as according to the ISO10993-5:2009 [46] materials or systems can be considered cytocompatible when they allow viability greater than 75% in direct contact with a cell lineage. A blank particle presented higher compatibility with the cells than those containing tea tree oil. ...
... This behavior possibly stems from the specific composition of the TTO which has eucalyptol as one of the constituents. Eucalyptol is a component that can irritate the mucosa or epithelial tissue if in large quantities, due to its irritating and allergenic potential in contact with skin cells [46,75]. ...
Article
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Essential oils are a vast class of compounds that have many interesting therapeutical properties. In this sense, tea tree oil (TTO) stands out for its antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperproliferative potential. However, the low stability and solubility of these compounds can limit their therapeutical capacity, making it necessary to adopt a strategy to overcome this mishap. In that regard, nanoencapsulation can be highlighted as a promising maneuver capable of protecting the active and increasing its solubility in water, promoting greater compatibility and bioavailability. Based on the above, the main objective of this study was to evaluate polycaprolactone/Pluronic F-127 PCL/F-127 polymeric nanoparticles loaded with 10–30% w/w TTO obtained via nanoprecipitation. The obtained particles were evaluated by atomic force microscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy to determine retention efficiency and obtain the release profile (with the evaluation of release models), time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The obtained results show the formation of particles of spherical-type morphology particles with smooth surfaces and particle sizes around 400 nm, with retention efficiencies between 60 and 70% and sustained release profile for up to about 6 or 7 h and compatible with the Higuchi model. Regarding the antimicrobial activity of the systems, it was observed that TTO presents antimicrobial activity against the evaluated strains (S. aureus, C.albicans, and E.coli) and that the encapsulation process can increase the activity against the strain of E. coli. Finally, the cytocompatibility analyses showed that the NNPs obtained are not cytotoxic to the cell lines evaluated.
... Tea tree oil, derived from Melaleuca alternifolia, is a complex mixture of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their alcohols, with βterpinene, α-pinene, and p-cymene being the major components [35]. It exhibits a range of biological activities, including antiradical, antibacterial, and antifungal properties [35] [13]. However, its hydrophobic nature and sensitivity to environmental factors present challenges in its formulation and delivery [13]. ...
... It exhibits a range of biological activities, including antiradical, antibacterial, and antifungal properties [35] [13]. However, its hydrophobic nature and sensitivity to environmental factors present challenges in its formulation and delivery [13]. α-Pinene, 2,4(10)-Thujadien, β-Terpinene, β-Pinene, α-Thujene, 3-Carene, α-Terpinene, p-Cymene, Limonene, cis-Ocimene, Thujol, γ-Terpinene, α-Terpinolene, 2-β-pinene, Thujone, 4-Thujen-3-ol, trans-Sabinene hydrate, trans-Anethole, Germacrene-D, β-Bourbonene, Humulen-(v1), a-Amorphene, Aromadendrene, (+)-Sativen are the constituents of the tea tree oil. ...
... [15]. The main chemical constituents are shown in Figure 1 while the percentage of each chemical constituent is shown in Figure 2. Tea tree oil, derived from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia, is a complex mixture of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their alcohols, with β-terpinene, α-pinene, p-cymene, 3-carene, trans-anethole, and limonene being the major components [13,35]. It exhibits a range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiradical, and antifungal properties [13,35]. ...
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Melaleuca alternifolia, or tea tree, is a shrub native to Australia, particularly New South Wales' northeast coast. Due to its broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, Aborigines employ it in traditional medicine. Terpinen-4-ol in Melaleuca alternifolia has many antibacterial and antifungal properties. Non-toxic, biodegradable, and easily accessible, it is a useful therapeutic product. In traditional medicine, it treats skin infections, acne, vaginal fungus, throat infections, and cold sores. However, high tea tree oil popularity has raised worries about adulteration, driving the development of analytical tools to distinguish authentic from adulterated products. Skin mycoses are a growing danger, according to the WHO's Fungal Priority Pathogens List. Infections afflict 20-25% of the world's population. Antifungal drug resistance and immunocompromised patients are contributing to skin mycoses. Skin mycoses are a developing problem that requires increasing awareness, surveillance, and study. Several WHO and UN guidelines on health and the environment focus on environmental factors and illness burden. Fungal infections, which can harm humans and the environment, are rising due to climate change. Climate change increases endemic mycosis' global footprint, susceptibility to fungal infection, and selection for pathogenic characteristics. The risk of a fungus epidemic is rising. Also Compared to allopathic drugs, herbal treatments are safer, more effective, and cheaper. They're more accessible, culturally compatible, and synergistic. Additionally, herbal medications offer superior therapeutic outcomes and fewer side effects than allopathic treatments. Herbal skin treatments have several benefits. Their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing capabilities help treat complex skin and soft tissue infections. Modern pharmaceuticals are more expensive and have more negative effects than these natural cures for skin diseases. Due to its synergistic properties and long history of use, herbal remedies are a sensible and efficient treatment for different skin problems.
... Hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, ethers, oxides, and alcohols can also be found (2). The EO compounds lose their properties due to volatility and exposure to light and heat (3). The difference in the chemical composition of EO varies mainly by plant material, ecological and geographical conditions, plant age, harvest time, and harvest methods (4). ...
... In recent years, the interest in EO has increased significantly (5) thanks to their properties in the food, biomedical, agricultural, veterinary, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In addition, EO have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties (3). Approximately, 3,000 EO have been identified; only about 300 are commercially used (3). ...
... In addition, EO have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties (3). Approximately, 3,000 EO have been identified; only about 300 are commercially used (3). ...
Article
The citrus essential oil isolation has vast potential to valorize waste from the agro-industrial and food sectors. The objective of this work was to develop a review of patents on essential oil isolation systems from any plant and citrus essential oil isolation systems and/or methods. The technological search was carried out in the patent databases of Espacenet, Patentscope, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Patents, LENS ORG, and USPTO from 2000 to 2021. The results highlight that most of the inventions are from China and consist of isolation methods for citrus essential oil. The USA´s inventions stand out as systems that can be produced on a larger scale. The patent shares of the educational and private sectors are 26% and 74%, respectively. About 10.53% of patents protect commercially exploited products. Finally, an opportunity was detected to protect methods and/or systems that integrate renewable energy technologies.
... These components are responsible for several activities reported in the literature, as well as analgesic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, insecticide, acaricide, (Yadav et al., 2016;Assis et al., 2020;Santos et al, 2021). The multiple biological activities of MSP make it an immense potential for dermatological treatments, especially for facial treatments, highlighting for the treatment of acne due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties (Yadav et al., 2016;Santos et al, 2021). Yadav et al. (2016) report that OEM overcomes the development of resistance by bacterial species to conventional drugs. ...
... The multiple biological activities of MSP make it an immense potential for dermatological treatments, especially for facial treatments, highlighting for the treatment of acne due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties (Yadav et al., 2016;Santos et al, 2021). Yadav et al. (2016) report that OEM overcomes the development of resistance by bacterial species to conventional drugs. However, due to its hydrophobicity, volatility, and sensitivity to light, air, and temperature, it is challenging to incorporate the oil into the formulation effectively to maintain stability and active properties, with minimal adverse effects (Yadav et al., 2016;Battisti;Caon;Campos, 2021). ...
... Yadav et al. (2016) report that OEM overcomes the development of resistance by bacterial species to conventional drugs. However, due to its hydrophobicity, volatility, and sensitivity to light, air, and temperature, it is challenging to incorporate the oil into the formulation effectively to maintain stability and active properties, with minimal adverse effects (Yadav et al., 2016;Battisti;Caon;Campos, 2021). ...
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Pityriasis versicolor is caused by Malassezia spp. It's characterized by a superficial fungal infection that affects both sexes, mostly tennagers and young adults, accounting for 40% of the population in tropical regions. Malassezia proliferates in organisms with intense sweating with the use of oily and occlusive cosmetics, or with occlusive clothing, triggering an imbalance in the skin microbiota system. The clinical manifestations are discrete oval or confluent, scaly, dark or depigmented macules on seborrheic regions of the body. Essential oils (EOs), including Oregano (Origanum vulgare) and Melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia) contain compounds, such as carvacrol, thymol and terpenes, which demonstrate antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have an inhibitory and fungicidal effect, which can combat resistance biofilm forming species, such as Candida spp, Malassezia spp. Therefore, the association between EOs and AgNPs suggests great potential in the treatment of Pityriasis versicolor.
... Tea tree oil is widely marketed over the counter as anti-acne treatment, being the most commonly used after benzoyl peroxide [9,10]. Its clinical anti-acne efficacy has been proved via anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory actions [9], overcoming resistance development by bacterial species towards conventional drugs owing to its variety of constituents [11]. ...
... In the current study, six commonly known anti-bacterial essential oils including sage, rosemary, myrrh, marjoram, geranium, and chrysanthemum were investigated against C. acnes as possible anti-acne agents. These essential oils are composed of a mixture of constituents such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their alcohols which could contribute to their antimicrobial activities [2,8,11,12]. To circumvent the skin irritation that usually accompanies the application of essential oils, a nano-sized hydrogel has been formulated for their delivery. ...
Article
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Acne is a highly prevalent skin disease with a great psychological impact on patients as self-perception, self-confidence, and depression. This work aimed to develop an anti-acne preparation from active anti-bacterial medicinal plants to circumvent the severe side effects and drug resistance commonly reported with topical erythromycin anti-acne preparations. Essential oils: Salvia officinalis L. (sage), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), Commiphora myrrha Nees Engl. (myrrh), Origanum majorana L. (marjoram), Pelargonium zonale L. L’Hér. ex Aiton (geranium) and Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (chrysanthemum) were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The anti-acne activities of the oils against Cutibacterium acnes ATCC 6919 were evaluated by microdilution methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The most active essential oils were loaded in a film-forming nanogel prepared with chitosan, pluronic F127 and glycerol in the ratio of 3:1:1, prior to investigation in a murine acne in vivo model. Marjoram and chrysanthemum oils showed the highest antimicrobial activity against C. acnes (MIC = 0.156% v/v and 0.125% v/v , respectively). GC/MS of the actives showed that gamma-terpinene (26.46%) and terpinen-4-ol (22.24%) were the predominant constituents in marjoram, whereas chrysanthenone (32.79%) was the main component in chrysanthemum. The formulated essential oil-loaded film-forming nanogels of both oils exhibited significant anti-acne activity in mice via reducing the bacterial loads, activating the antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and inhibiting the inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) pathway. Further studies should be designed to evaluate the clinical evidence for the use of marjoram and chrysanthemum oil products in acne treatment. Graphical Abstract
... The minimum concentration of terpinen-4-ol and γ-terpinene that should be found in TTO is 42 and 21%, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum amount of 1,8-cineol to be found in this oil is 15% since this compound exerts irritating effects [26]. In this study, γ-terpinene was selected as the chemical marker for the analytical validation step. ...
... On the other hand, BN showed probable fungal growth after 15 days, which may be attributed to the absence of TTO in these systems. In fact, various biological properties have already been reported for TTO, including an antimicrobial action [26]. ...
Article
Sepsis represents a complex clinical syndrome that results from a harmful host response to infection. The infections most associated with sepsis are pneumonia, intra-abdominal infection, and urinary tract infection. Tea tree oil (TTO) has shown high antibacterial activity; however, it exhibits low aqueous solubility and high volatility, which have motivated its nanoencapsulation. In this study, the performance of nanoemulsions (NE) and nanocapsules (NC) loaded with TTO was compared. These systems were prepared by spontaneous emulsification and nanoprecipitation methods, respectively. Poly-ε-caprolactone or Eudragit® RS100 were tested as polymers for NCs whereas Tween® 80 or Pluronic® F68 as surfactants in NE preparation. Pluronic® F68 and Eudragit® RS100 resulted in more homogeneous and stable nanoparticles. In accelerated stability studies at 4 and 25 °C, both colloidal suspensions (NC and NE) were kinetically stable. NCs showed to be more stable to photodegradation and less cytotoxic than NEs. After sepsis induction by the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, both NE and NC reduced neutrophil infiltration into peritoneal lavage (PL) and kidneys. Moreover, the systems increased group thiols in the kidney and lung tissue and reduced bacterial growth in PL. Taken together, both systems showed to be effective against injury induced by sepsis; however, NCs should be prioritized due to advantages in terms of cytotoxicity and physicochemical stability.
... TTO can be utilized in the treatment of acne vulgaris and seborrheic dermatitis and in the improvement of the process of wound healing (Pazyar et al., 2013). Also, documents implicated a special ability of this plant in the treatment of oral pathogens and diseases (Francisconi et al., 2020;Hammer et al., 2003;Yadav et al., 2017). In this respect, an in vitro investigation approved the role of TTO in the inhibition of adherence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis biofilms to enamel surfaces of premolar teeth (Soulissa et al., 2020). ...
... In comparison, green tea herbal mouth rinse showed higher efficacy in reducing S. mutans count than black tea mouth rinse Comparison of S. mutans bacterial count found in saliva before and after C. sinensis mouth rinses administration 60 Green and black tea mouth rinse (Salama and Alsughier, 2019( C. sinensis extract mouth rinse caused a significant decrease in S. mutans bacterial load in saliva Quantitative microbiological laboratory cultivation assay. Comparison of S. mutans bacterial count found in saliva before and after mouth rinse administration in pre-school children 40 Herbal mouthwash (Patri and Sahu, 2017( CHX as a control group exerted the strongest efficacy against cariogenic microorganisms followed by M. alternifolia Evaluating the anti-microbial efficacy after caries excavation and topical application of herbal medicaments on dentinal specimens by total viable count analysis 40 Tea tree oil/Aloe vera gel (Bhat et al., 2017( Using herbal mouthwash significantly reduced S. mutans count but not as well as CHX RCT/Comparison of S. mutans bacterial load detected in saliva before and after herbal mouth rinse and CHX administration by colony-forming units count 20 mango leaf mouthwash (Yadav et al., 2017( C. Arabica showed the same efficacy as CHX in decreasing S. mutans salivary load Parallel RCT/Comparison of S. mutans bacterial load detected in saliva before and after herbal mouth rinse and CHX administration by colony-forming units count 45 ...
Article
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Objective: Periodontitis is a type of prevalent chronic inflammatory disorder resulting in a failure in the function of tissues supporting the tooth, like gingiva, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligament. Although antibiotic therapy is a common therapy for periodontitis cases, this approach can cause some adverse effects in these patients. Thus, finding an effective curative option with low side effects is still a puzzle. Materials and Methods: This narrative review was conducted on the effects of herbal and nano-based herbal medicine against periodontitis by searching different databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scientific Information Databases. Results: According to published studies, some popular herbal formulations, such as Aloe vera, curcumin, Melaleuca alternifolia, and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, can be effective in periodontitis treatment. However, these herbal products may be accompanied by some pharmacological limitations, such as poor bioavailability, instability, and weak water solubility. On the other hand, harnessing nano-based herbal formulations can elevate the bioavailability, diminish toxicity, and omit repeated administration of drugs. Conclusion: Herbal and nano-based herbal products can create a good chance to treat periodontitis efficiently.
... Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil steam-distilled from Melaleuca alternifolia leaves and branches that contains nearly hundreds of compounds, mainly monoterpenes and alcohols. Some of its major components are 1,8-cineole, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol and terpinolene (Payzar et al., 2013;Yadav et al., 2017). Such a combination of terpenes makes this versatile oil has potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal therapies (Payzar et al., 2013;Satchell et al., 2002;Sharifi-Rad et al., 2017;Yadav et al., 2017). ...
... Some of its major components are 1,8-cineole, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol and terpinolene (Payzar et al., 2013;Yadav et al., 2017). Such a combination of terpenes makes this versatile oil has potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal therapies (Payzar et al., 2013;Satchell et al., 2002;Sharifi-Rad et al., 2017;Yadav et al., 2017). The antifungal activity of tea tree oil has been extensively studied, and it has been found to be effective against a wide range of fungal species (Carson et al., 2006). ...
Article
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Context: Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil derived from Melaleuca alternifolia, with high antimicrobial and antifungal potential. Unfortunately, its topical antifungal efficacy is limited because it is volatile, thermolabile and easily oxidized. A formulation has been developed to overcome this problem by encapsulating TTO in a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). Aims: To determine the effect of the liquid to solid lipid ratio on the physicochemical properties and the stability of TTO-loaded NLC. Methods: Five formula of TTO-loaded NLCs were produced by high shear homogenization method and characterized according to their particle size, size distribution, polydispersity, zeta potential, thermal characteristics, X-ray diffraction, and terpinen-4-ol concentration. In addition, a stability study was conducted by observing its physical and chemical characteristics during storage in the refrigerator (4 ± 2°C) and at room temperature (27 ± 2°C) for six months. Results: The resulting TTO-loaded NLC had an average droplet size under 400 nm. The particle size increases with increasing amount of liquid lipid in the formula. There were insignificant changes in organoleptic properties, polydispersity index, zeta potential and terpinene-4-ol concentration during stability study for six months. However, the particle size slightly increased during the six months of storage. Furthermore, the NLC 3, which formulated with a 25:95 ratio liquid to solid lipid, was be chosen as the best formula, since it demonstrated the best physicochemical characteristic and stability. Conclusions: TTO-loaded NLC with good physicochemical characteristics and stability has been successfully developed. In addition, NLC 3 is considered as the best NLC formula, which exhibits characteristics and stability that meet the requirements.
... Tea tree oil (TTO), an essential oil obtained from the native Australian tree Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, Myrtaceae [1], is widely used in skin and hair care products, in addition to aromatherapy and medicine, due to its antimicrobial properties [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Furthermore, TTO and its components have been studied for their biological activity towards mosquitoes [8] and other agricultural pests, such as fruit flies [9][10][11][12][13][14][15], that cause great damage to a wide variety of crops worldwide. ...
Article
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Tea tree oil (TTO), acquired from Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, Myrtaceae, is a widely utilized essential oil (EO) due to its bioactive properties. The identification and quantification of TTO ingredients is generally performed by GC-MS, which provides the most accurate results. However, in some instances, the cost and time of the analysis may pose a challenge. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) offer a simpler, faster, cost-effective alternative capable of simultaneously analyzing and quantifying multiple samples. In addition, for more complex oils, two-dimensional (2D) or multigradient development (MGD) TLC provide better separation. Nevertheless, further development is sometimes necessary for the isolation of comigrating components. This study showcases a combined 2D-MGD TLC/HPTLC method for the successful separation of TTO components of interest. While human error, limited separation, and the partial evaporation of volatile components may still present a challenge during the process, considerable recovery of mono- and sesquiterpenes was achieved. This protocol also resulted in the successful isolation of target oxygenated monoterpenes (OMs) producing highly pure terpinen-4-ol (100%) and α-terpineol (≥94%), confirmed by GC-MS. The accurate enantiomeric distribution of these major OMs was verified by GC-FID through the use of a chiral cyclodextrin-based stationary phase. The observed positive enantiomer range (area percent) as well as (+)/(−) ratio for each terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol were within acceptable ISO criteria.
... Maintaining a pH within this range is crucial for skin applications, as it helps preserve the skin's natural barrier function, minimizing irritation and promoting better compatibility. In comparison to similar products that utilize different botanical extracts, such as aloe vera (Maan, 2018) and tea tree oil (Yadav, 2017), this pH balance may enhance user acceptance and reduce adverse reactions. Furthermore, formulations that stray too far from this optimal range can compromise skin integrity, reinforcing the significance of carefully selecting and adjusting the formulation's pH to ensure both efficacy and safety for the user. ...
Article
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Excessive exposure to UV-B rays can increase melanin production, potentially causing skin damage, making it necessary to prevent this through the use of natural-based sunscreens, such as nano gel from methanol extract of andaliman, to protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV-B radiation. This study aims to evaluate the sunscreen effect of andaliman methanol extract nanogel on the amount of melanin in Wistar rats exposed to UV-B light. The method used was a laboratory experimental study with a randomized posttest only with a control group design using mice as the research subjects. The results of the study showed that the SPF values of andaliman extract at concentrations of 2%, 3.5%, and 5% were 2.11, 2.49, and 2.45, respectively, which are considered low for sunscreen protection standards. Additionally, the amount of melanin obtained from each treatment group was also categorized as small, indicating that the andaliman extract in nano gel form did not significantly reduce melanin production in Wistar rats exposed to UV-B rays. In conclusion, there is no sunscreen effect of andaliman methanol extract nanogel on the amount of melanin in Wistar rats exposed to UV-B light. This could be due to factors such as the low SPF value, the lack of stability of the active ingredients in the nano gel, or the need for an increased dosage. The implications of these findings suggest the need for further research to optimize the formulation or explore other more effective ingredients in preventing melanin production caused by UV-B exposure.
... It is suggested that modifying the cell membrane structure is most important, reducing the membrane potential (Swamy et al., 2016). In addition, it has been reported that TTEO can affect potassium ion channel homeostasis and interfere with glucose-dependent respiration, affecting bacterial membrane integrity, e.g., E. 6 coli (Yadav et al., 2016). Also, TTEO can improve intestinal development, cytokine secretion, gene expression of tight junction proteins, and Notch2 signaling to some extent, surpassing the effect of some antibiotics. ...
Article
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Bacterial diarrhea is a global health concern, particularly in developing countries like Mexico, where high morbidity and mortality rates persist, especially in children under five years of age. While antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin are effective, increasing bacterial resistance has led to the search for alternatives. Tea tree essential oil (TTEO) has been proposed as a potential treatment, but research, especially in vivo, remains limited due to oil composition variability and a lack of standardized protocols. This review compiles current data (2000-2024) on the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and antibiotic resistance of critical dia- rrhea-causing bacteria (E. coli, Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Salmonella spp.) and evaluates TTEO’s antibacterial potential. In vitro studies show its bactericidal and bacte- riostatic effects, while in vivo studies assess its therapeutic impact on animal models. In conclusion, TTEO holds promise as an alternative or adjuvant to antibiotics for treating bacte- rial diarrhea. However, further in vivo studies are required to confirm its efficacy and optimize its clinical application.
... It is suggested that modifying the cell membrane structure is most important, reducing the membrane potential (Swamy et al., 2016). In addition, it has been reported that TTEO can affect potassium ion channel homeostasis and interfere with glucose-dependent respiration, affecting bacterial membrane integrity, e.g., E. 6 coli (Yadav et al., 2016). Also, TTEO can improve intestinal development, cytokine secretion, gene expression of tight junction proteins, and Notch2 signaling to some extent, surpassing the effect of some antibiotics. ...
Article
Full-text available
Bacterial diarrhea is a global health concern, particularly in developing countries like Mexico, where high morbidity and mortality rates persist, especially in children under five years of age. While antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin are effective, increasing bacterial resistance has led to the search for alternatives. Tea tree essential oil (TTEO) has been proposed as a potential treatment, but research, especially in vivo, remains limited due to oil composition variability and a lack of standardized protocols. This review compiles current data (2000-2024) on the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and antibiotic resistance of critical dia- rrhea-causing bacteria (E. coli, Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Salmonella spp.) and evaluates TTEO’s antibacterial potential. In vitro studies show its bactericidal and bacte- riostatic effects, while in vivo studies assess its therapeutic impact on animal models. In conclusion, TTEO holds promise as an alternative or adjuvant to antibiotics for treating bacte- rial diarrhea. However, further in vivo studies are required to confirm its efficacy and optimize its clinical application.
... They are extracted from various plant parts, including bark, seeds, and leaves [4,5]. Currently, nearly 3,000 essential oils have been cataloged, yet only around 300 are actively employed for commercial applications [6]. Research indicates that these plant-derived essential oils possess a wide array of health benefits, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer properties [7,8]. ...
Article
Turmeric is commonly acknowledged in traditional medical practices for its strong healing properties. In the present work, hydro-distillation was employed to extract essential oils from turmeric powder. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the effects of various parameters, including evaporation rate (0.23, 0.5, 0.8, 0.97, 1.36, 2 ml/min), solid/liquid ratio (4:100, 6:100, 8:100, 1:10, 11:100 g/ml), and extraction duration (13–250 min) on the yield of essential oils. The central composite design (CCD) proved to be an effective tool for evaluating the extraction yield of essential oils. A three-layer artificial neural network (ANN) was utilized to develop the extraction model, employing the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) optimization algorithm. The neural network’s input layer comprised the solid/liquid ratio, evaporation rate, and extraction time, while the output layer indicated the yield of essential oil extraction. The most appropriate model included a hidden layer with 16 neurons, achieving R ² and MSE values of 0.9989 and 0.0013, respectively. This investigation indicates that an artificial neural network prediction model serves as an effective method for estimating essential oil yield.
... [3], [22] reported that Many antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of TTO (Tea tree oil) can be attributed to its major active component, terpinen-4-ol. Terpenes, particularly terpinen-4-ol, act as skin penetration enhancers and agents involved in the prevention and therapy of several inflammatory diseases. ...
Research
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Cinnamon and Tea tree oil (TTO), an essential oils and plays an important role in antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory properties. Present study was designed for the in-vitro efficacy of essential oils, Cinnamon and Tea tree oil, against common mastitis causing organisms namely S. aureus E. coli. and Klebsiella sp. A total 360 buffaloes were screened and in-vitro efficacy of essential oils were studied by disc diffusion sensitivity test. It was observed that the antibiogram revealed that E.coli. were 100% sensitive to Cinnamon and TTO. The average zone of inhibition for cinnamon and tea tree oil was 20.50 mm±0.83, and 13.25 mm± 1.10. The zone of inhibition obtained by enrofloxacin was 22.00 mm ± 1.60. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were sensitive to Cinnamon and Tea tree oil showing zone of inhibition to the extent of 16.50 mm ± 0.56, 12.50 mm ± 0.86 respectively in comparison to 21.50 mm± 0.56 for enrofloxacin zone. The zone of inhibition against Klebsiella sp. were maximum for Enrofloxacin 20.00 mm ± 1.72 followed by Cinnamon oil 17.83mm ± 0.48 and Tea tree oil 14.17 mm ± 0.73. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License.
... The literature is replete with studies demonstrating the remarkable performance of TTO as an antimicrobial, mainly antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral, but also a pesticidal agent [8][9][10]13]. According to document No. SANTE/11312/2021 V2, tea tree extract represents difficult or unique commodities, which means that difficult commodities should only be fully validated if they are frequently analysed. ...
Article
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The use of chemical pesticides in agriculture contributes to soil, water and air pollution, biodiversity loss, and injury to non-target species. The European Commission has already established a Harmonized Risk Indicator to quantify the progress in reducing the risks linked to pesticides. Therefore, there is an increasing need to promote biopesticides, or so-called low-risk pesticides (LRP). Tea tree oil (TTO) is known for its antiseptic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. TTO has been extensively studied in pest management as well as in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry; there are already products based on its active substances on the market. This review focuses on the overall evaluation of TTO in terms of effectiveness and safety as a biopesticide for the first time. The collected data can be an added value for further evaluation of TTO in terms of the authorization extension as a fungicide in 2026.
... The literature is replete with studies demonstrating the remarkable performance of TTO as an antimicrobial, mainly antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral, but also a pests agent [13]. According to document No. SANTE/11312/2021 V2, tea tree extract represents "difficult or unique commodities" which means that difficult commodities should only be fully validated if they are frequently analysed. ...
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The use of chemical pesticides in agriculture contributes to soil, water and air pollution, biodiversity loss and can harm non-target species. The European Commission has already established a Harmonized Risk Indicator to quantify the progress in reducing the risks linked to pesticides. Therefore, there is an increasing need to promote biopesticides or so-called low-risk pesticides (LRP). Extract from Melaleuca alternifolia—tea tree oil (TTO) is known for its antiseptic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. Tea tree oil has been extensively studied in pest management as well as in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry and there are already products based on its active substances on the market. This review focuses on the overall evaluation of tea tree oil in terms of effectiveness and safety as a biopesticide for the first time. The collected data can be an added value for further evaluation of tea tree oil in terms of the authorization extension as a fungicide in 2026.
... Owing to its special 16-membered macrolide structure, AVM is extremely sensitive to ultraviolet light and it readily loses its activity due to photodegradation and has a short half-life in practical applications (Liu et al., 2017). Moreover, TTO that acts as a solvent for AVM and is a component of the oil phase, is volatile and this active component is susceptible to degradation by light and temperature (Yadav et al., 2017). This makes it necessary to investigate the UV resistance of AVM@PK and evaluate its ability to protect the delivered active component. ...
Article
Inefficient use of pesticides and the consequent environmental problems have led to the development of low-cost, environment-friendly and efficient pesticide delivery systems. Pickering emulsions (PK) stabilized by zein are considered to have many application prospects in the delivery of pesticides. Herein, the function of zein was improved by non-covalent binding with sodium abietate (RA-Na). Tea tree oil (TTO) was used as the solvent for hydrophobic photosensitive pesticide, avermectin (AVM), and also as a component of the oil phase of emulsion. The emulsion AVM@PK was oil in water (O/W) type that had certain foliar affinity. Under the same conditions of UV irradiation, the AVM residual rate of AVM@PK system was 2.4 times that of commercial emulsion (EC), showing superior UV resistance. AVM@PK released AVM at a faster rate under acidic/ basic conditions in vitro than under neutral conditions, with a certain pH response. In vitro bioactivity tests showed that AVM@PK had good antibacterial activity and insecticidal activity equivalent to EC. This system is expected to be used to prevent some plant pests while also preventing or treating some bacterial diseases. It is a simple, environment-friendly, low-cost, effective, and practical strategy for pesticide delivery.
... It contains over 100 components, mostly monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their alcohols. This oil is an effective antiseptic, fungicide, and bactericide [6]. Tea tree oil and its terpenoids showed potential to control of insect pests such as R. ...
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Introduction: Resistance to pesticides has been a major obstacle limiting the effective control of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier). Plant essential oils have been used for the effective management of R. ferrugineus. Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was done to evaluate the active compounds present in the tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia, essential oil). Using food-dipping method adult R. ferrugineus were exposed to LC50 values concentrations of tea tree oil, terpinen-4-ol, and γ-terpinene (1132, 1214, and 1286 μg/mL, respectively) and were separately homogenized. Their extracted supernatants were used as enzyme source. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), lipase, α-amylase, and protease were observed with photospectrometer. Results: The major components of tea tree oil were terpinen-4-ol (40.1%), and γ-terpinene (21.9%). Tea tree oil (LC50 = 1132 μg/mL), terpinen-4-ol (LC50 = 1214 μg/mL), and γ-terpinene (LC50 = 1286 μg/mL) caused high toxicity in R. ferrugineus adults. The findings revealed that the tea tree and its terpenoid constituents induced a clear inhibition of AchE, CarE, and GST, but that AchE was more sensitive (92.67%), suggesting that AchE may be the main target. Significant changes in SOD, CAT, and GSH were noticed. A significant impairment in the digestive enzyme; lipase and α-amylase, while an increase in protease activity was observed. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that tea tree oil and its terpenoids exhibit insecticidal activity against red palm weevil, suggesting their potential to control this pest for sustainable date palm trees protection.
... It was found that clove essential oil (CEO) in chitosan (CS) film showed the greatest inhibition against microorganisms, compared to melaleuca essential oil [107]. Chitosan film supplemented with tea tree oil presented better antibacterial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans [108]. The data regarding EO comparisons are limited. ...
Article
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Essential oils, consisting of volatile compounds, are derived from various plant parts and possess antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Certain essential oils are utilized for medicinal purposes and can serve as natural preservatives in food products, replacing synthetic ones. This review describes how essential oils can promote the performance of bioactive films and preserve food through their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Further, this article emphasizes the antibacterial efficacy of essential oil composite films for food preservation and analyzes their manufacturing processes. These films could be an attractive delivery strategy for improving phenolic stability in foods and the shelf-life of consumable food items. Moreover, this article presents an overview of current knowledge of the extraction of essential oils, their effects on bioactive films and food preservation, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of using them to preserve food products.
... 4-Carvomenthenol is the primary active component of the oil intricate chemical mixture. Attention has been given to its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal properties 52 . Candida albicans may assume on a variety of morphological forms, such as yeast cells that divide by budding, germination tubes, real hyphae, and pseudohyphae. ...
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Onychomycosis, a fungus that causes nail colouring, nail separation, and nail plate growth, has infected the nail unit. There is a chance that the nail structure, nail bed, or nail layer could be infected. The term “onychomycosis” derives from the Greek words “onyx” (nail) and “mykes” (fungus). Around 50% of all consultations for nail diseases are for onychomycosis, the most common nail infection disorder. About 90% of toenail onychomycosis and 75% of fingernail onychomycosis are caused by dermophytes like Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. About 70% of yeast-borne onychomycosis cases are caused by Candida albicans. Epidemiological studies that have just been released estimate that onychomycosis affects every community worldwide at a rate of about 5.5 per cent. Onychomycosis is managed in different ways based on clinical categorization, the number of damaged nails, and the severity of the condition. The disadvantages of treatment are that oral therapies are frequently limited by drug interactions and probable hepatotoxicity, and topical antifungals have low efficacy if administered without nail plate biosurgery. The use of plants in medical treatments and herbal therapies is one of the less harmful, cheaper, and widely available alternatives to synthetic pharmaceuticals for treating fungal infections. Undoubtedly, dermatophytes can be inhibited by plant-based extracts as well as essential oils’ antifungal activities.
... Tea Tree Oil (TTO) presents a promising profile for antimicrobial therapy. This oil is obtained mainly by steam distillation of the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia (Cheel) Myrtaceae, a tree native to Australia [11,12]. ISO 4730:2017 standards establish that the main component of TTO is terpinen-4-ol, in a proportion not less than 40% [13]. ...
Article
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In the context of addressing antimicrobial drug resistance in periocular infections, Tea Tree Oil (TTO) has emerged as a promising therapeutic option. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of TTO against bacterial strains isolated from ocular infections, with a particular focus on its ability to inhibit biofilm formation. Additionally, we designed and analyzed microcapsules containing TTO to overcome certain unfavorable physicochemical properties and enhance its inherent biological attributes. The quality of TTO was confirmed through rigorous analysis using GC-MS and UV-Vis techniques. Our agar diffusion assay demonstrated the effectiveness of Tea Tree Oil (TTO) against ocular bacterial strains, including Corynebacterium spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as a reference strain of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Notably, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for all tested microorganisms were found to be 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively, with the exception of Corynebacterium spp., which exhibited resistance to TTO. Furthermore, TTO exhibited a substantial reduction in biofilm biomass, ranging from 30% to 70%, as determined by the MTT method. Through the spray-drying technique, we successfully prepared two TTO-containing formulations with high encapsulation yields (80–85%), microencapsulation efficiency (90–95%), and embedding rates (approximately 40%). These formulations yielded microcapsules with diameters of 6–12 μm, as determined by laser scattering particle size distribution analysis, and exhibited regular, spherical morphologies under scanning electron microscopy. Importantly, UV-Vis analysis post-encapsulation confirmed the presence of TTO within the capsules, with preserved antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In summary, our findings underscore the substantial therapeutic potential of TTO and its microcapsules for treating ocular infections.
... Its chemical constituents include alpha-terpineol, terpinene-four-ol, linalool, pcymene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, alpha-terpinene, alpha-phellandrene, myrcene, sabinene, betapinene, and alpha-pinene. Tea tree oil has been widely used in the oral cavity as a natural antiinflammatory and anti-bacterial agent (48). ...
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ABSTARCT Background: Cosmeceuticals are defined as products that bridge the gap between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. They are intended to affect the biology of the skin, and as such, their effects often go beyond the simple improvement of the appearance of the skin. The bioactive elements in cosmeceuticals may include traditional pharmaceutical ingredients, herbal extracts, or other biologically active agents. The end user's needs drive the choice of bioactive elements in a cosmeceutical product. Objectives: In this review, we discuss the various bioactive elements used in cosmeceuticals and their potential disadvantages or benefits for skin health. Methodology: The most relevant literature was retrieved by using different electronic databases. Results: Safety is a feature that is frequently valued when categorizing these cosmeceuticals, and the prevalence of cosmeceuticals exhibited a rising trend due to the expanding beauty business. As the market expands and therapeutic possibilities continue to become realistic options for component selection, the desire for cosmeceuticals is clear. Conclusion: These cosmeceuticals may reduce the effects of aging or even out skin color, but their protective qualities will always make them the preferred choice.
... Ezgi Ersoy, PhD Biruni University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacognosy, Istanbul, Turkey ezgie@biruni.edu.tr Katiyar et al., 2007Sharangi, 2009Mahmood et al., 2010Namita et al., 2012Asadi et al., 2013Hajiaghaalipour et al., 2013Al-Talib et al., 2016Koach et al., 2019Kouhihabibidehkordi et al., 2021 Ezgi Ersoy, Riley, 1993Koh et al., 2002Pazyar et al., 2013Yadav et al., 2017Malhi et al., 2017 Nayak et al., 2010Rao et al., 2013Fiume et al., 2014Insanu et al., 2021Nadhila and Widyawati, 2021 ...
Chapter
The history of phytotherapy begins with dermatological applications primarily. Archeological findings suggest that healers of their eras were mostly using plants to treat skin diseases, especially wounds at all types and stages. In today’s world, the popularity of phytotherapy for skin-related problems is still huge and increasing. Extensive research has been conducted to provide scientific evidence for traditional knowledge, and several medicinal plants have been found to be effective for different dermatological disorders. Among them, acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, hyperpigmentation, Alopecia areata, and skin wounds are the most common complaints. The focus of the present chapter is on the most commonly used medicinal plants in the treatment of these problems, with safety concerns related to phytotherapy applications in dermatology.
... In spite of the utilization of TTO in the treatment of foot problems, particularly in tinea pedis and toenail onychomycosis, or the treatment of acne, dandruff, head lice, and recurrent herpes labialis, this EO is not free of adverse effects. The volatiles that constitute TTO are able to penetrate skin or increase penetration of other compounds and trigger toxicity [143,144]. Severe reactions can be considered extremely rare in the absence of ingestion, [145] although some components of TTO are responsible for some allergic reactions (1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, limonene, among other ones), nevertheless, some authors believe that most responsible is the oxidized TTO and not fresh TTO, whereby it will be necessary to guarantee adequate storage conditions for preventing allergic reactions [146,147]. Recently, Avonto et al. [134] annotated that terpinolene, α-terpinene, and terpinen-4-ol of TTO were unstable originating the formation of electrophilic and reactive species in accelerated aging conditions, evaluated through high throughput screening method dansylcysteamine adducts (HTS-DCYA). ...
Article
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Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory dermatological pathology that affects mostly young people. However, it can also appear in adulthood, mainly in women. It has a high psychosocial impact, not only at the time of active lesions but also due to the consequences of lesions such as scarring and hyperpigmentation. Several factors are involved in the physiopathology of acne and the constant search for active ingredients is a reality, namely phytotherapeutic ingredients. Tea tree oil is an essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betch) Cheel with known antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it a candidate for the treatment of acne. This review aims to describe the various properties of tea tree oil that make it a possible ingredient to use in the treatment of acne and to present several human studies that have evaluated the efficacy and safety of using tea tree oil in the treatment of acne. It can be concluded that tea tree oil has good antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties that result in a decrease in the number of inflammatory lesions, mainly papules, and pustules. However, given the diversity of study designs, it is not possible to draw concrete conclusions on the efficacy and safety of this oil in the treatment of acne.
... Terpinene-4-ol is the main active compound among the complex mixture of compounds in tea tree essential oil. This compound is the main one because of its antifungal, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral effects [33]. In a study conducted by Alfred Ngenge [34], regarding tea tree essential oil, it was found that the composition of the main compounds in the oil consisted of terpinene-4-ol (45.6%), γ-terpinene (19.4%), α-terpinene (9.3%), 1,8-cineole (5.2%), terpinolene (3.2%), p-cymene (7.6%), dan α-terpineol (3.5%). ...
Article
Melasma, known as a hyperpigmentation disorder, is more common in women of childbearing age with Fitzpatrick IV-VI skin types. Various factors of this disease, namely genetic factors, UV exposure, hormonal, thyroid disease, pregnancy, and drugs. The best treatment for melasma is with 2 – 4% hydroquinone, but because of the side effects, alternative treatments are mostly used for melasma. One of them is with essential oils. Essential oils have been investigated as depigmenting agents because of their anti-tyrosinase potential. In this literature, it is proven that the essential oils of sage (Salvia), hedgenettle / woundwort (Stachys), lavender (Lavandula), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), cinnamon (Cinnamomum), mountain tea (Sideritis), pomelo (Citrus grandis ( L) Osbeck), and kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) are effective against melasma. The purpose of this literature is to discuss the various effects of essential oils that can be used as depigmentation agents in the alternative treatment of melasma.
... Due to their unique aroma and flavor, EOs have been widely applied in biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, agriculture, and other fields [14]. To date, more than 3000 EOs have been identified by researchers, but only about 300 of them have been put to practical use [15]. ...
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Carum carvi L. belongs to the Apiaceae family and is widely used as a vegetable, food spice, preservative, and herbal medicine. This study investigated the impact of essential oil extracted from Carum carvi L. seeds (CEO) on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its possible action mechanism. The dominant chemical components of CEO determined by GC-MS were carvone and limonene. It was observed that CEO had a considerable inhibitory effect against the growth of planktonic bacteria and biofilm in MRSA cells. Untargeted metabolomics based on GC-Q-TOF-MS was used to analyze the possible mechanism of the interaction of MRSA with CEO. It was determined that there were 63 different metabolites based on fold change values greater than 1.5 or less than 1.5, p < 0.05, VIP > 1, which demonstrated amino acid metabolism in MRSA was significantly affected by CEO. In conclusion, CEO has a potent antimicrobial property and has promising potential for use in food and drugs.
... Thus, scientific research nowadays is mainly focused on the acquisition of bioactives [1]. Numerous bioactives such as astilbin, curcumin, caffeine, silymarin, quercetin, resveratrol, citronella oil, babchi oil, eugenol, bergenin, sesamol, and carvacrol have been studied in relation to various life-threatening diseases [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Recently, among the various groups of natural products and plant metabolites that are available, there has been much attention given to some medicinal herbs such as sesame for their pharmaceutical applications [11]. ...
Article
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Natural plants and their products continue to be the major source of phytoconstituents in food and therapeutics. Scientific studies have evidenced the benefits of sesame oil and its bioactives in various health conditions. Various bioactives present in it include sesamin, sasamolin, sesaminol, and sesamol; among these, sesamol represents a major constituent. This bioactive is responsible for preventing various diseases including cancer, hepatic disorders, cardiac ailments, and neurological diseases. In the last decade, the application of sesamol in the management of various disorders has attracted the increasing interest of the research community. Owing to its prominent pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antineoplastic, and antimicrobial, sesamol has been explored for the above-mentioned disorders. However, despite the above-mentioned therapeutic potential, its clinical utility is mainly hindered owing to low solubility, stability, bioavailability, and rapid clearance issues. In this regard, numerous strategies have been explored to surpass these restrictions with the formulation of novel carrier platforms. This review aims to describe the various reports and summarize the different pharmacological activities of sesamol. Furthermore, one part of this review is devoted to formulating strategies to improve sesamol’s challenges. To resolve the issues such as the stability, low bioavailability, and high systemic clearance of sesamol, novel carrier systems have been developed to open a new avenue to utilize this bioactive as an efficient first-line treatment for various diseases.
... TTO merupakan minyak esensial yang berasal dari Melaleuca alternifolia mengandung terpinen-4-ol dan 1, 8-cineole. Terpinen-4-ol [4]. TTO memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang kuat terhadap infeksi bakteri, virus, jamur, dan protozoa yang mempengaruhi kulit dan mukosa. ...
Article
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Tea tree oil (TTO) merupakan minyak esensial yang berasal dari Melaleuca alternifolia mengandung terpinen-4-ol. TTO memiliki aktivitas sebagai antimikroba. TTO gel bersifat hidrofobik sehingga membutuhkan sistem penghantaran untuk bisa berpenetrasi melewati stratum korneum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat nanoemulgel TTO, menggunakan Carbopol 940 dan Tween 80 digunakan sebagai surfaktan. Optimasi dan formulasi pada rancangan full factorial design adalah konsentrasi gelling agent Carbopol 940 (X1) dan konsentrasi emulgator tween 80 (X2). Optimasi formula ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan hasil optimal pada variabel tergantung (Y) yaitu ukuran partikel (Y1), daya sebar (Y2), dan zeta potensial (Y3). Ukuran partikel dari nanoemulgel TTO memiliki rentang 363,5± 0.13 sampai 813,5 ± 0,5 nm, daya sebar memiliki rentang 5,8 ± 0,4 sampai 7,2 ± 0,2 cm, dan zeta potensial memiliki rentang nilai 20,9 ± 0,8 sampai 57,5 ± 0,6 mV. Variabel bebas memiliki nilai signifikan terhadap ukuran partikel dengan nilai p < 0,05, namun memiliki efek tidak signifikan terhadap daya sebar dan Zeta potensial, dengan nilai p > 0,05
... As the best-known member of the Melaleuca genus planted in China, Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel is native to Australia and thought to be a diploid species with a chromosome number of 2n = 22 [2]. The leaves and branches of M. alternifolia are rich in tea tree oil (TTO), which has remarkable bioactivities including broad-spectrum germicidal, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticancer activities [3,4], and is highly valued in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries [5,6]. Moreover, terpenoid compounds contained in TTO also have important adaptive roles in plant defense against pests and abiotic stress. ...
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Background Melaleuca alternifolia is a commercially important medicinal tea tree native to Australia. Tea tree oil, the essential oil distilled from its branches and leaves, has broad-spectrum germicidal activity and is highly valued in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Thus, the study of genome, which can provide reference for the investigation of genes involved in terpinen-4-ol biosynthesis, is quite crucial for improving the productivity of Tea tree oil.Methods and resultsIn our study, the next-generation sequencing was used to investigate the whole genome of Melaleuca alternifolia. About 114 Gb high quality sequence data were obtained and assembled into 1,838,159 scafolds with an N50 length of 1021 bp. The assembled genome size is about 595 Mb, twice of that predicted by flow cytometer (300 Mb) and k-mer analysis (345 Mb). Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs analyses indicated that only 11.3% of the conserved single-copy genes were miss. Repetitive regions cover over 40.43% of the genome. A total of 44,369 protein-coding genes were predicted and annotated against Nr, Swissprot, Refseq, COG, KOG, and KEGG database. Among these genes, 32,909 and 16,241 genes were functionally annotated in Nr and KEGG, respectively. Moreover, 29,411 and 14,435 genes were functionally annotated in COG and KOG. Additionally, 457,661 simple sequence repeats and 1109 transcription factors (TFs) form 67 TF families were identified in the assembled genome.Conclusion Our findings provide a draft genome sequencing of M. alternifolia which can act as a reference for the deep sequencing strategies, and are useful for future functional and comparative genomics analyses.
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Like pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals are cosmetic skin care products. Overall, ensuring consumer well-being requires that consumers be kept safe. This chapter is a concise critical review of the different types applied in cosmeceutical safety evaluations, particularly focused on in silico, in vitro and in vivo methods. In silico approaches such as computational modeling and predictive toxicology provide a rapid, cost-effective way to conduct an initial safety screening. Cell culture assays and skin substitutes are more stable in vitro techniques that allow a more detailed look at the effects of cosmeceuticals at the cellular level. Investigating the long-term systemic effects via in vivo studies using animal models with human volunteers is crucial. The use of these approaches can assist researchers and regulatory authorities in comprehensive safety evaluations of cosmeceuticals, which can improve consumers' confidence in these products.
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The antifungal activity and mechanism of rosemary essential oil against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the walnut anthracnose pathogen, were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), index determination and transcriptome technique. The results showed that rosemary essential oil could inhibit the growth of C. gloeosporioides with minimum inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) concentrations of 15.625 μL/mL and 31.25 μL/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the mycelium morphology became shriveled, twisted, and severely deformed after being treated with rosemary essential oil. The activity of chitinase, which decomposes fungal cell wall components in C. gloeosporioides, increased. The ergosterol content in the plasma membrane decreased, while the cell contents including nucleic acids, soluble protein and soluble reducing sugar were released resulting in the extracellular electrical conductivity being changed. For metabolic activity, the enzymes succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), ATPase and ATP decreased, whereas phosphofructokinase (PFK) increased. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the antifungal mechanism of rosemary essential oil involves the destruction of the cell wall and membrane, inhibition of genetic material synthesis, and cell division and differentiation. The results are helpful to understand the efficacy and antifungal mechanism of rosemary essential oil against C. gloeosporioides and provide a theoretical basis for the development of rosemary essential oil as a biological control agent.
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The biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) by reducing metal ions with secondary metabolites of plant essential oils (EOs) is a one-step process that is also environmentally beneficial. This biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a relatively quick and simple procedure that may be carried out at low temperatures and pressures. Essential oils (EOs) are complex fats with a variety of constituents, some of which are volatile, organic, and physiologically active. They are widely used in a variety of industries, including the food, cosmetics, and medical sectors. Moreover, biosafety or ecologically friendly methods are used in the manufacturing of metal nanoparticles with EOs. Due to the overuse or underuse of antibiotics, a multidrug resistance problem has emerged all over the world. Antibiotic resistance has emerged in the majority of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and others, and this problem is now recognized as a global concern. (EOs) and metallic nanoparticles have antiseptic activity, making them a viable remedy for microbial resistance. Furthermore, essential oils have become a promising, effective and essential alternative in various areas of life.
Article
The success of a dental restoration can be altered by the amount of residual bacteria present under the cavity which over time cause deterioration of adhesive cement by microleakage or secondary caries. Cavity disinfectant application on the cavity walls performs a cleansing action to decrease the bacterial load and improve the longevity of restorations. Although a wide variety of such chemical disinfectants have been in use, their cytotoxic effects have led to the increasing popularity of natural agents. These materials possess antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which effectively disinfect cavity walls while, at the same time, being cheaper, less toxic, and more patient-friendly. Some of these agents have also been proven to improve the bond strength of resin to dentin by preventing collagen degradation and MMP inhibition. Propolis, aloe vera, chitosan, green tea, liquorice etc., are derived from parts of plants or animals and have been tested to be efficacious and, in some cases, superior to chemical alternatives without any erosive effect on dentin. Although there is a lack of enough In vivo evidence to advocate the use of these products as an adjunct in dental therapy, recent studies have yielded promising results, which increases the scope for future clinical research. This review aims to highlight the properties and effectiveness of a few of such natural agents as potential cavity disinfectants.
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In this work, non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) films are synthesized from sunflower oil (SFO) with the object of using a renewable resource and establishing a nonpolluting process. SFO also has the advantage of having a higher level of unsaturation than other commercial oils, which provides more reactive sites to be chemically modified. This feature enables a higher degree of conversion to the two monomers, cyclocarbonate, and polyamine‐polyol. NIPU is obtained from their mixture and further crosslinking at 90°C allows the films with suitable mechanical properties to be used in biomedical applications. However, NIPU does not show antibacterial activity, so the surface must be modified. Two methods are used: layer‐by‐layer coating of alginate‐chitosan, and immersion in tea tree oil (TTO), previously activating the surface with acrylic acid (AANIPU). Surface modifications are confirmed by increased hydrophilicity, thermochemical changes, and a drop in mechanical performance. TTO on NIPU films inhibits bacterial growth against S. aureus and E. Coli. NIPU and AANIPU can be accepted as noncytotoxic, while incorporation of the two agents can produce cytotoxicity. No previous reports of such modifications have been found on NIPU films, which appear as promising alternatives for biomedical applications.
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Mupirocin is an antibacterial agent that has been documented to be effective in treating superficial skin infections. However, the main limitation of its application is bacterial resistance. Therefore, there is a need to determine a way to potentiate its efficiency. Accordingly, this obstacle led to this current investigation, which aims to find a way to improve the therapeutic action of mupirocin. This study focuses on the integration of tea tree oil with mupirocin to improve its antibacterial and wound healing capacities. Distinct nanoemulsions (NEs) were developed and the best of them were optimized using a central composite design (CCD) approach. The optimized NEs were mixed with a gel base to form a mupirocin-loaded nanoemulgel (NEG). The formulation was evaluated for characteristics including pH, viscosity, spreadability, and in vitro release over 6 h. The NEG was examined for its stability in two different conditions, namely at room temperature and refrigerated, for 3 months. Eventually, the NEG was inspected to determine its antibacterial and wound healing efficiencies. The developed mupirocin-loaded NEG exhibited good physical properties in terms of pH (6.13), viscosity (19,990 cP), spreadability (48.8 mm), and in vitro release over 6 h (51.4%). Moreover, it showed good stability with no significant difference in the evaluated parameters when stored for 3 months in the two conditions. Ultimately, mupirocin-loaded NEG prepared with tea tree oil exhibited a significant antibacterial influence in addition to good healing efficiency.
Article
Tea tree ( Melaleuca alternifolia) oil is a plant-derived essential oil with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this study, tea tree oil, a volatile essential oil, was encapsulated into a polymeric matrix by emulsion electrospinning to prepare core–shell nanofibers and investigate composite nanofibrous membranes as potential delivery vehicles of the antimicrobial agent. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), which is a biodegradable polymer used as a medical material, was combined with tea tree oil for pharmaceutical and medical applications. Composite PVA nanofibers with a well-aligned core–shell structure containing tea tree oil were obtained via electrospinning from an emulsion comprising the oil and an aqueous PVA solution. Thermal treatment was used to make the PVA-based nanofibrous membranes stable in moist environments. The effects of drying and thermal treatment on the release behavior of tea tree oil from the composite membranes were thoroughly investigated. The antimicrobial effects of tea tree oil embedded in nanofibrous membranes were assessed against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Although the thermal treatment of the PVA nanofibers loaded with tea tree oil reduced the emission of volatile organic compounds, terpinen-4-ol, an active antibacterial component of the oil, was released continuously over 14 days. The composite membranes containing tea tree oil presented strong antibacterial effects against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, these bioactive nanofibrous membranes show promise as potential carrier systems for tea tree oil, which represses microbial growth, and may be used for topical skin infection treatment.
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The leaves of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) plant are the major source of tea tree essential oil extracted via steam distillation. The use of this oil is quite common in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, agrofood, and nonfood industries. The use of essential oils has upshot due to increased demand of natural alternatives to chemically synthesized pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The aromatic oil of tea tree contains more than 100 different phytochemicals majorly the monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their related alcohols. Terpinen-4-ol has been recognized as a major compound responsible for broad antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities. Apart from its beneficial effects and natural origin, tea tree oil is subjected to safety concerns like allergic reactions upon topical applications and toxic effects when ingested. In this context, this chapter discusses various aspects of tea tree oil including its phytochemistry, extraction methods, applications, and safety concerns.
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Abstract Acne is a common disease of the pilosebaceous units of the skin and topical therapy is recommended for the management of acne with comedolytic, anti-inflammatory agents, along with antimicrobials. However, topical application of these drugs leads to frequent adverse effects and also, there is an emergence of antibiotic resistance by Propionibacterium acnes. Furthermore, systemic antimicrobial usage has been causally associated with various adverse events. No simple recipe for the treatment can be provided. Treatment options vary with the stage and severity of the disease. So now a day’s physicians prefer the herboformulations containing Melaleuca alternifoli, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Piper nigrum, Aloe vera, Citrus bergamia, Santalum album, Rosa centifolia, Carica papaya etc. than the allopathic drugs due to less or no side effects. Perfact gel is herbal formulation contains 5% of Melaleuca alternifoli (Tea tree oil) and Perfact tablet is polyherbal formulations and contains extracts of Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, and Piper nigrum, and the study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of perfect face, Perfect face tablets and both in the management of acne. In this contest, the present work is carried out which includes Uncontrolled randomized, open labelled, multicentric Phase III clinical trial using oral Ayurvedic multicomponent preparations with or without use of Ayurvedic dermatological formulation in three different hospitals from 15 July 2009 to 15 Oct 2009. One hundred fifty three patients (n=153) including 63 males and 90 females in the age group of 35-50 years were enrolled. Children below 18 years of age, patients with preexisting systemic disease necessitating long-term medications, genetic and endocrinal disorders and those who refused to give informed consent were excluded from the study. Pregnant and lactating women were also excluded from the study. A baseline history was obtained in order to determine the patient’s eligibility for enrolment in the trial. Thereafter all patients underwent a clinical examination and thorough skin examination was done the subjects are divided in to three groups. Group I received Perfect oral Tablet, Group II received dermatological gel (Perfact Face gel) and Group III received oral tablet and dermatological gel formula. Efficacy was assessed by the ability of perfact face gel and perfact face tablets to reduce the number of inflamed and non-inflamed lesions by using Leed’s counting method and Cardiff index method. The group III shows more 12% as compared to group II. It was concluded that group III having more significant effect on the inflamed lesion as compared to group I and II treatment.
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Abstract Numerous studies have shown the promising antibacterial effects of Melaleuca alternifolia, or tea tree essential oil. The study detailed here replicates in humans a 2004 in vitro study that used a dressing model over Petri dishes to determine the antimicrobial effects of the fumes of tea tree essential oil. The current study used the same dressing model with patients who had wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Ten participants volunteered for the quasi-experimental study, and four of the 10 were used as matched participants to compare wound healing times between conventional treatment alone and conventional treatment plus fumes of tea tree essential oil. The results demonstrated decreased healing time in all but one of the participants treated with tea tree oil. The differences between the matched participants were striking. The results of this small investigational study indicate that additional study is warranted.
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FULL TEXT available free from http://aac.asm.org/content/56/2/909.full.pdf+html?sid=0ae9b35e-045e-4400-bab9-1143f24802a5 This study examined the effect of subinhibitory Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil on the development of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Frequencies of single-step antibiotic-resistant mutants were determined by inoculating bacteria cultured with or without subinhibitory tea tree oil onto agar containing 2 to 8 times the MIC of each antibiotic and with or without tea tree oil. Whereas most differences in resistance frequencies were relatively minor, the combination of kanamycin and tea tree oil yielded approximately 10-fold fewer resistant E. coli mutants than kanamycin alone. The development of multistep antibiotic resistance in the presence of tea tree oil or terpinen-4-ol was examined by culturing S. aureus and E. coli isolates daily with antibiotic alone, antibiotic with tea tree oil, and antibiotic with terpinen-4-ol for 6 days. Median MICs for each antibiotic alone increased 4- to 16-fold by day 6. Subinhibitory tea tree oil or terpinen-4-ol did not greatly alter results, with day 6 median MICs being either the same as or one concentration different from those for antibiotic alone. For tea tree oil and terpinen-4-ol alone, day 6 median MICs had increased 4-fold for S. aureus (n = 18) and 2-fold for E. coli (n = 18) from baseline values. Lastly, few significant changes in antimicrobial susceptibility were seen for S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolates that had been serially subcultured 14 to 22 times with subinhibitory terpinen-4-ol. Overall, these data indicate that tea tree oil and terpinen-4-ol have little impact on the development of antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility.
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In this study we present new data from experiments focused on the antitumor activity of tea tree oil (TTO), an essential oil distilled from Melaleuca alternifolia. TTO proved to be capable of inhibiting the growth of melanoma cells and of overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR), as we reported in our previous study. Moreover, the survival role of the MDR-marker P-glycoprotein appears to be involved in the mechanism of invasion of melanoma cells. The results reported herein indicate that TTO and its main active component, terpinen-4-ol, can also interfere with the migration and invasion processes of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant melanoma cells.
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This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of lauric acid (LA) and its liposomal derivatives against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), the bacterium that promotes inflammatory acne. First, the antimicrobial study of three free fatty acids (lauric acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid) demonstrated that LA gives the strongest bactericidal activity against P. acnes. However, a setback of using LA as a potential treatment for inflammatory acne is its poor water solubility. Then the LA was incorporated into a liposome formulation to aid its delivery to P. acnes. It was demonstrated that the antimicrobial activity of LA was not only well maintained in its liposomal derivatives but also enhanced at low LA concentration. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of LA-loaded liposomes (LipoLA) mainly depended on the LA loading concentration per single liposomes. Further study found that the LipoLA could fuse with the membranes of P. acnes and release the carried LA directly into the bacterial membranes, thereby killing the bacteria effectively. Since LA is a natural compound that is the main acid in coconut oil and also resides in human breast milk and liposomes have been successfully and widely applied as a drug delivery vehicle in the clinic, the LipoLA developed in this work holds great potential of becoming an innate, safe and effective therapeutic medication for acne vulgaris and other P. acnes associated diseases.
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Embodiments of the presently-disclosed subject matter include compositions that include iodine or salts thereof as well as methods administering the same to subjects in need thereof. In some embodiments the compositions comprise an aqueous solution, a surfactant, a cosurfactant, an oil, and iodine or salts thereof. The composition can be an emulsion. Methods for administration include topical administration, and in some embodiments the compositions can be administered transdermally by applying the composition directly to the skin of a subject. In some embodiments the compositions are topically administered with a spray applicator that dispenses a predetermined amount of the composition upon being actuated.
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Purpose: To develop and optimize nanoemulsion (NE) based emulgel formulation as a potential vehicle for topical delivery of Tea tree oil (TTO). Methodology: Central composite design was adopted for optimizing the processing conditions for NE preparation by high energy emulsification method viz., surfactant concentration, co-surfactant concentration and stirring speed. The optimized NE was developed into emulgel (EG) using pH sensitive polymer Carbopol 940 and triethanolamine as alkalizer. The prepared EG was evaluated for its pH, viscosity and texture parameters, ex vivo permeation at 37°C and stability. Antimicrobial evaluation of EG in comparison to conventional gel and pure TTO was also carried out against selected microbial strains. Results and discussion: Optimized NE had particle size and zeta potential of 16.23 nm and 36.11 mV respectively. TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of droplets. The pH of EG (5.57) was found to be in accordance with the range of human skin pH. EG also illustrated efficient permeation (79.58 µL/cm(2)) and flux value (JSS) of 7.96 μLcm(2)/h through skin in 10 h. Viscosity and texture parameters, firmness (9.3±0.08g), spreadability (2.26±0.06mJ), extrudability (61.6±0.05mJ) and adhesiveness (8.66±0.08g) depict its suitability for topical application. Antimicrobial evaluation of EG with same amount of TTO as conventional gel revealed broader zones of growth inhibitions against all the selected microbial strains. Moreover, EG was also found to be non-irritant (PII 0.0833). These parameters were consistent over 90 days. Conclusion: TTO emulgel turned out to be a promising vehicle for the topical delivery of TTO with enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
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In this study, flavour tea tree oil (TTO)-loaded antibacterial microcapsules were developed basing on complex coacervation of sodium alginate (SA) and quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan (HACC). The optimum preparation condition of the TTO-loaded microcapsules determined by response surface methodology (RSM) was as follows: the weight ratio of core to wall material (core-wall ratio) of 1:1, the pH value of 6.0 and the mass concentration of CaCl2 solution of 0.6 w/v%, at which the resultant microcapsules showed the greatest actual encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 66.06%±2.53%. Thereafter, the resultant microcapsules were characterized in terms of morphology, size, component and thermal stability by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), laser particle diameter analyzer (LPDA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravity-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), respectively. Furthermore, both in vitro drug release and antimicrobial properties of the microcapsules were also assessed. The results displayed that the TTO-loaded microcapsules had a spherical shape with the particle sizes in the range from 1.91 μm to 13.18 μm. The microcapsules possessed outstanding performances in the thermal stability, sustained release activity, antimicrobial effect and long-term inhibition activity. The release profiles of TTO from the microcapsules could be well described by the Rigter-Peppas model. Based on the above research results, the simple and environmentally-friendly microencapsulation formulation could effectively improve the stability performance and prolong the antimicrobial efficacy of TTO. The microcapsules may find applications in food, cosmetics and medicine fields.
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We propose the development of hydrogel-thickned nanoemulsions (HTNs) with tea tree essential oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) and vitamin A palmitate (retinyl palmitate). Nanoemulsions and HTNs were produced by the use of phase inversion method, employing non-ionic surfactants. As surfactant phase were used sorbitan esters and hydrogenated/ethoxylated castor oil. HTNs with drops size ranging between 86 to 96 nm were obtained, depending on the polymer used, with increased viscosity. Rheological profile of developed HTNs was determined, showing the influence of the kind of polymer used, here all presented pseudo-plastic behaviour, with different viscosity measurement.
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Tea tree oil (TTO) exhibits excellent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In order to preserve it from the degradation in the presence of oxygen, light and temperature, TTO was encapsulated in liposomes (LTTOs) using the thin-membrane hydration and sonication method, and characterised by Zetasizer for size and size distribution, transmission electron microscope for morphology, zeta-potential for surface charge, entrapment efficiency and TTO release from the nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activities of phosphate-buffered saline solution containing TTO, unloaded liposomes and LTTOs suspension were determined by twofold serial broth dilution technique. The size of LTTOs was 75 nm and the encapsulation efficiency of 96.08% was obtained. LTTOs exhibited slow release of TTO and superior broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects compared with free TTO. Liposomes not only effectively encapsulated TTO to form a stable liposome suspension, but also enhanced inhibition and bactericidal effect on the TTO-tolerant strain. The liposomal systems carrying TTO may be a potential alternative for effective antimicrobial agents.
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Tea tree oil (TTO), the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia L., is one of the most popular agents used in cosmetics. This study aimed to explore the correlations of components in TTO with its anti-acne activities and skin irritation. TTOs were isolated from the leaves (TTO-L), twigs, and branches of M. alternifolia by steam distillation, and the components analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results showed that components of TTO-L satisfied the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4730 guidelines. TTO-L and its components, terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, a-terpinene, and a-terpineol, had strong inhibitory activities against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, six TTO formulas (DF-TTO) were designed according to ISO 4730 guidelines by adjusting the proportions of these four active components. All DF-TTO formulas showed a positive correlation between terpinen-4-ol concentration and anti-P. acnes activity. In the skin irritation assay, TTO-L, terpinen-4-ol, and 1,8-cineole did not cause significant skin irritation at 2% per site. In conclusion, terpinen-4-ol is the major active component responsible for TTO's antibacterial efficacy, while minor components in TTO also contributed to its efficacy. Moreover, we suggest that a concentration less than 5% is more suitable and safer for treating acne than higher concentrations. Copyright
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For ideal wound-healing dressings, the chitosan-based films loaded with tea tree oil droplets were successfully fabricated by solution casting method. Tea tree oil emulsion droplets of about 200-300 nm in size were dispersed and immersed in chitosan films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry measurement illustrated that the hydrogen-bonding interaction was formed between the amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the hydroxyl groups of tea tree oil components to destroy the original hydrogen bond between chitosan molecules and change the physico-chemical properties of the films. With the increasing ratio of chitosan to tea tree oil, fluid absorption gradually decreased and water vapor permeability increased. The film with chitosan/tea tree oil ratio of 20:4 had identical hemostatic effect and non-cytotoxicity, and showed sustained growth inhibitory effect against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. These results suggested that tea tree oil droplets played an important role in antimicrobial films and had a good potential to be incorporated into chitosan-based films which can be used in wound healing applications.
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The aim of this study is to prepare tea tree oil liposome (TTOL) and optimize the preparation condition by single factor experiment and statistical design. TTOL was prepared using a thin-film hydration with the combination of sonication method and the preparation conditions of TTOL were optimized with response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal preparation conditions for TTOL by response surface methodology were as follows: the mass ratio of PC and Cho 5.51, TTO concentration 1.21% (v/v) and Tween 80 concentration 0.79% (v/v). The response surface analysis showed that the significant (p < 0.05) second-order polynomial regression equations successfully fitted for all dependent variables with no significant (p > 0.05) lack of fit for the reduced models. Furthermore, the interaction of the mass ratio of PC/Cho and TTO concentration had a significant effect. The amounts of Tween 80 required were also reduced with RSM. Under these conditions, the experimental encapsulation efficiency of TTOL was 97.81 ± 0.33%, which was close with the predicted value. Therefore, the optimized preparation condition was very reliable. The increased entrapment efficiency would significantly improve the TTO stability and bioavailability.
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Terpinen-4-ol has several biological properties, but its low stability and water-solubility limit its use. This study reports the formation of a solid terpinen-4-ol/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complex via lyophilization. Release experiments were performed at various temperatures (40, 60, 80, and 100°C) with humidity of 70%. The release of terpinen-4-ol was significantly increased with rising temperature. Avrami's equation was used to analyse release kinetics and a good fit was observed for terpinen-4-ol release. In addition, the complex enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aurueus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, with concentration ranging from 1.25 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml. To explain the experimental data, physico-chemical techniques have been utilized to investigate the inclusion complex of terpinen-4-ol with β-CD. Finally, the possible structure of the complex was proposed by quantum chemical calculations. The results indicated that enhanced thermal stability and antibacterial activity of terpinen-4-ol could be attributed to the weak interactions of hydrogen bonds between terpinen-4-ol and β-CD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Over-the-counter acne treatments containing tea tree oil from the plant Melaleuca alternifolia are widely available, and evidence indicates that they are a common choice amongst those self-treating their acne. The aims of this review were to collate and evaluate the clinical evidence on the use of tea tree oil products for treating acne, to review safety and tolerability and to discuss the underlying modes of therapeutic action. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.
Article
In this paper we propose an in situ forming ionically cross-linked alginate (Alg) hydrogel delivering a Tea tree oil microemulsion (MeTTO) and potentially useful as an advanced dressing for infected wounds. Alg hydrogels were prepared by a spray-by-spray deposition method with the aim to minimize the discomforts during application. From pseudoternary phase diagrams, it was found that proper combination of TTO, water, polysorbate 80 and ethanol gave stable spherical MeTTO with good antimicrobial activity. On this basis, MeTTO at 20% TTO was selected for further inclusion in an Alg hydrogel prepared by alternating sprays of Alg/MeTTO and calcium chloride solutions. Homogeneous dispersion of MeTTO inside cross-linked Alg was assessed by different macroscopic and microscopic methods demonstrating the superior propensity of MeTTO to be integrated in the water-based hydrogel as compared to TTO. Antimicrobial effect of Alg/MeTTO hydrogels on Escherichia Coli strains was remarkable, highlighting the potential of the system as bioactive wound dressing.
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Objective: Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil with anti-inflammatory properties, steam distilled from the plant Melaleuca alternifolia. We investigated the immunomodulatory properties of TTO and its components (terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Methods: The ability of TTO, terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol to modulate the macrophage response to bacterial LPS stimulation was assessed by ELISA for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 cytokine production and by western blotting for the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which are associated with the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We used a human monocytic cell line (U937) differentiated into macrophages. Results: LPS induced the production of all cytokines, and TTO and its components significantly reduced the production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10. The production of TNF-α was not affected by either TTO or its major components. The modulation of cytokine production was not mediated by changes in NF-κB or p38 MAPK activation. Conclusion: TTO, terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol can suppress the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated human macrophages; this inhibition was mediated by interfering with the NF-kB, p38 or ERK MAPK pathways.
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In recent years, consumers have developed an ever-increasing interest in natural products as alternatives for artificial additives or pharmacologically relevant agents. Among them, essential oils have gained great popularity in the food, cosmetic, as well as the pharmaceutical industries. Constituting an array of many lipophilic and highly volatile components derived from a great range of different chemical classes, essential oils are known to be susceptible to conversion and degradation reactions. Oxidative and polymerization processes may result in a loss of quality and pharmacological properties. Despite their relevance for consumers, there is a paucity of information available addressing this issue. Therefore, the present review provides a comprehensive summary on possible changes in essential oils and factors affecting their stability. Focusing on individual essential oils, the various paths of degradation upon exposure to extrinsic parameters are outlined. Especially temperature, light, and oxygen availability are recognized to have a crucial impact on essential oil integrity. Finally, analytical methods to assess both genuine as well as altered essential oil profiles are evaluated with respect to their suitability to track chemical alterations. It is believed that only a careful inspection of essential oils by a set of convenient methods allows profound quality assessment that is relevant to producers and consumers alike.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to develop footwear materials with antimicrobial properties using microencapsulated Tea Tree oil (TTO) as a natural biocide. For that purpose, gelatine-carboxymethylcellulose based microcapsules containing TTO were synthesised by a complex coacervation process. Furthermore, the influence of the gelatine (G)/sodium carboxymethylmethyl cellulose (CMC) ratio (G/C) on the microcapsule properties, as well as in the microencapsulation oil efficiency, was evaluated. The microcapsules were characterised by different experimental techniques and applied to footwear materials (leather and textile) to evaluate their performance. The microcapsule durability under different conditions, such as rubbing and ironing, was analysed in order to simulate shoe manufacturing and shoe wearing. The properties of the microcapsules obtained by complex coacervation, using gelatine and sodium carboxymethylcellulose as shell-forming polymers, are determined by the ratio between those two polymers (G/C). The results obtained showed a notable effect of G/C ratio on the formation of the coacervate during the synthesis process and also on the encapsulation efficiency of the antimicrobial oil, with the optimal value for the G/C ratio being around 10.
Article
The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the antifungal efficacy of nanocapsules and nanoemulsions containing Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tea tree oil) in an onychomycosis model. The antifungal activity of nanostructured formulations was evaluated against Trichophyton rubrum in two different in vitro models of dermatophyte nail infection. First, nail powder was infected with T. rubrum in a 96-well plate and then treated with the formulations. After 7 and 14 days, cell viability was verified. The plate counts for the samples were 2.37, 1.45 and 1.0 log CFU mL(-1) (emulsion, nanoemulsion containing tea tree oil and nanocapsules containing tea tree oil, respectively). A second model employed nails fragments which were infected with the microorganism and treated with the formulations. The diameter of fungal colony was measured. The areas obtained were 2.88 ± 2.08 mm(2), 14.59 ± 2.01 mm(2), 40.98 ± 2.76 mm(2) and 38.72 ± 1.22 mm(2) for the nanocapsules containing tea tree oil, nanoemulsion containing tea tree oil, emulsion and untreated nail, respectively. Nail infection models demonstrated the ability of the formulations to reduce T. rubrum growth, with the inclusion of oil in nanocapsules being most efficient.
Article
Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil, steam-distilled from the Australian native plant, Melaleuca alternifolia. It has a minimum content of terpinen-4-ol and a maximum content of 1, 8-cineole. Terpinen-4-ol is a major TTO component which exhibits strong antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Tea tree oil exerts antioxidant activity and has been reported to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections affecting skin and mucosa. Several studies have suggested the uses of TTO for the treatment of acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and chronic gingivitis. It also accelerates the wound healing process and exhibits anti-skin cancer activity. This review opens up new horizons for dermatologists in the use of this herbal agent.
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Essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia was tested for antiviral activity against Tobacco Mosaic Virus. When applied to plants of Nicotiana glutinosa as a pre-inoculation spray at 100, 250 and 500 ppm, the oil was effective in significantly decreasing lesion numbers for at least 10 days post inoculation.
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This work focuses on the encapsulation of essential oils into nanometric delivery systems for incorporation into fruit juices, in order to enhance their antimicrobial activity while minimizing the impact on the quality attributes of the final product. A terpenes mixture and d-limonene were encapsulated into nanoemulsions based on food-grade ingredients, prepared by high pressure homogenization at 300 MPa.The effect of the delivery systems on the antimicrobial activity of terpenes was investigated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for three different classes of microorganisms (Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli). The increase of the antimicrobial activity resulted to depend on the formulation and mean diameter of the delivery systems as well as on the microorganisms class. Additionally, GC–MS analysis revealed that high intensity processing for nanoemulsion production may affect the chemical stability of several active compounds.The application of the most efficient antimicrobial nanocapsules was tested in pear and orange juices inoculated with L. delbrueckii. Due to the higher antimicrobial activity of the nanoencapsulated compounds, lower antimicrobial concentrations are required for a bactericidal action under accelerated aging at 32 °C, with a minimal alteration of the organoleptic properties of the juice.
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A connection between acne vulgaris and Propionibacterium acnes has long been suggested. Over the years, several human skin microbiota sampling methods have been evolved and applied, e.g. swab, scrape, extraction techniques including cyanoacrylate gel sampling as well as punch biopsy. Collected samples have been processed following various methodologies ranging from culture studies to probe labelling and molecular analysis. Direct visualization techniques have recently shown the existence of anatomically distinct skin P. acnes populations: epidermal and follicular. P. acnes biofilms appear to be a common phenomenon. Current sampling approaches target different skin populations of P. acnes and the presence of microbial biofilms can influence the retrieval of P. acnes. The anatomical considerations must be taken into account while interpreting microbiological data.