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Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review

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Abstract

Abstract: A cough occurs suddenly and often repetitively which helps to clear the large breathing passages from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microorganisms. Coughing can be due to a respiratory tract infection such as the common cold, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, pertussis, flu and smoking or health problems such as asthma, tuberculosis and lung cancer. Substantial uses of folk remedies for different medical conditions have been documented. The remedies included cinnamon, ginger, clove, cardamom, honey, lemon, garlic, onion, turmeric and licorice.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 5 Issue 5 ‖ August 2016 ‖ PP. 15-28
www.ijpsi.org 15 | P a g e
Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review
Shahnaz Sultana*, Andleeb Khan, Mohammed M Safhi And Hassan A. Alhazmi
College Of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: A cough occurs suddenly and often repetitively which helps to clear the large breathing passages
from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microorganisms. Coughing can be due to a respiratory tract
infection such as the common cold, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, pertussis, flu and smoking or health problems
such as asthma, tuberculosis and lung cancer. Substantial uses of folk remedies for different medical conditions
have been documented. The remedies included cinnamon, ginger, clove, cardamom, honey, lemon, garlic, onion,
turmeric and licorice.
Keywords: Cough, Herbal drugs, Home remedies, Gastroesophageal reflux disease
. I. Introduction
A cough is a sudden and often repetitively occurring process which helps to clear the large breathing
passages from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microorganisms. . When there is a blockage or irritation
in the throat or upper air passage, the brain thinks a foreign element is present and tells the body to cough to
remove that element. Generally coughing is perfectly normal. A cough can help to keep your throat clear from
phlegm and other irritants. However, sustained coughing can also be symptomatic of a number of conditions.
The cough reflex consists of three phases: an inhalation, a forced exhalation against a closed glottis, and a
violent release of air from the lungs following opening of the glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive
sound. Coughing is either voluntary or involuntary [1].
It is one of the most common health problems. Coughing can also be due to a respiratory tract infection
such as the common cold, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, pertussis, flu and smoking or health problems such as
asthma, tuberculosis and lung cancer. In the vast majority of cases, acute coughs, i.e. coughs shorter than three
weeks, are due to the common cold. Pertussis is increasingly being recognized as a cause of troublesome
coughing in adults.
Some of the symptoms of a cough are itchy throat, chest pain and congestion. The repetition of
coughing produces inflammation and discomfort, which in turn result in more coughing [2, 3]. With allergies,
one can reduce flare-ups by identifying the allergens that affect them and avoiding exposure to them. Common
allergens include trees, pollen grains, dust mites, animal fur, mold and insects.
Many microorganisms, bacteria and viruses, are responsible for causing a person to cough, which helps
to spread the disease to new hosts. Most of the time, irregular coughing is caused by a respiratory tract
infection but can also be triggered by choking, smoking, air pollution, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disorder
(GERD), post-nasal drip, chronic bronchitis, lung tumors, heart failure and medications such as Angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors [4].
Gastro-oesophageal reflux is associated with a wide range of respiratory disorders, including asthma,
isolated chronic cough, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis
[5]. In adults with a chronic cough, i.e. a cough longer than 8 weeks, more than 90% of cases are due to post-
natal drip, asthma, eosinophilic bronchitis and gastroesophageal reflux diseases [6].
In people with unexplained cough, GERD should be considered. This occurs when acidic contents of
the stomach come back up into the esophagus. Symptoms usually associated with GERD include heartburn, sour
taste in the mouth, or a feeling of acid reflux in the chest, although, more than half of the people with cough
from GERD don’t have any other symptoms. An esophageal pH monitor can confirm the diagnosis of GERD.
Sometimes GERD can complicate respiratory ailments related to cough, such as asthma or bronchitis. The
treatment involves anti-acid medications and lifestyle changes with surgery indicated in cases not manageable
with conservative measures. Proton pump inhibitor also recommended to improve this type of cough [2, 7].
Coughing may be caused by air pollution including tobacco smoke, irritant gases and dampness in a home. The
human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and
the cardiovascular system. People, who exercise outdoors on hot, smoggy days, increase their exposure to
pollutants in the air.
A foreign body can sometimes be suspected if the cough started suddenly when the patient was eating.
Rarely, sutures left behind inside the airway branches can cause coughing. A cough can be triggered by dryness
from mouth breathing or recurrent aspiration of food into the windpipe in people with swallowing difficulties.
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ACE inhibitors are drugs used in diabetics, heart disease and high blood pressure. In 10-25% of the
people who take it, it can cause them to have a cough as a side effect. Cessation of ACE Inhibitor use is the only
way to stop the cough. Such medicines for hypertension are very common in use such as ramipril and quinapril.
There are cases of "cough of unknown origin" which have resolution with stopping the drug.
A psychogenic cough may be the cause in the absence of a physical problem. In these instances,
emotional and psychological problems are suspected. Psychogenic cough is thought to be more common in
children than in adults. A possible scenario, psychogenic cough develops in a child who has a chronically ill
brother or sister.
Some cases of chronic cough may be attributed to a sensory neuropathic disorder. Treatment for
neurogenic cough may include the use of certain neuralgia medications [8].
Cough may also be caused by conditions affecting the lung tissue such as bronchiectasis, cystic
fibrosis, intestinal lung disease and sarcoidosis. Coughing can also be triggered by benign or malignant lung
tumors or mediastinal masses. Through irritation of the nerve, diseases of the external auditory canal (wax, for
example) can also cause cough. Cardiovascular diseases associated with cough are heart failure, pulmonary
infarction and aortic aneurysm. Nocturnal cough is associated with heart failure, as the heart does not
compensate for the increased volume shift to the pulmonary circulation, in turn causing pulmonary edema and
resultant cough. Coughing may also be used for social reasons, such as the coughing before giving a speech or
entering into a house or to attract attention of other people. Cough may also be psychogenic, which is different
from habit coughing and tic coughing. Coughing may occur in tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome,
although it should be distinguished from throat-clearing in this disorder [2].
Given its irritant nature to mammal tissues, capsaicin is widely used to determine the cough threshold
and as a tussive stimulant in clinical research of cough suppressants. Capsaicin is what makes chili
peppers spicy, and might explain why workers in factories with these vegetables can develop a cough.
Treatment
The patients suffering from common cold and cough are the highest among 14 different respiratory
ailments, followed by whooping cough, asthma, nosebleed and bronchitis which can be treated by medicinal
plants.
The treatment of cough in children is based on an underlying cause. In children half of cases go away
without treatment in 10 days and 90% in 25 days. A trial of antibiotics or inhaled corticosteroids may be tried in
children with a chronic cough in an attempt to treat protracted bacterial bronchitis or asthma [9]. A cough is the
most common reason for visiting a primary care physician in the United States. The important herbal drugs used
as a cough remedy are discussed hereunder:
1. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. (Mimosaceae)
A. catechu is prescribed to relieve common colds, cough, diarrhoea, dysentery, bronchitis, menstrual
disorders, gonorrhea, pulmonary affections, migraines and leprosy. Because of its catechins content, it is used
as a mouthwash or gargle to combat pharyngitis, laryngitis, diarrhoea and throat infection.
2. Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae)
Traditionally A. calamus is used for its effects on the digestive system and the lungs. This herb
eliminates phlegm, clears congestion, and tranquilizes the mind. It is traditional used to comfort amnesia,
cardiovascular disorders, insomnia, tinnitus, chronic bronchitis and asthma. The herb extracts showed cytotoxic
effects [10, 11].
3. Adhatoda vasica Medic. (Acanthaceae)
Adhatoda vasica has various biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
immunomodulating, antispasmodic and antiallergic properties, and acts as a cough suppressant.
Arabinogalacatan samples extracted from the plant showed 67% cough suppression [12]. After oral
administration to the guinea-pig the antitussive activity of A. vasica was similar to codeine against coughing
induced by irritant aerosols [13].
4. Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae)
Garlic (A. sativum) is an all rounder treatment for preventing wound infections, common cold,
malaria, cough, lung tuberculosis, hypertension, sexually transmitted diseases, mental illness, kidney and liver
diseases, asthma and diabetes. It prevents common cold and flu symptoms through immune enhancement and
demonstrates anticancer and chemopreventive activities. In addition, aged garlic extract possesses
hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and antioxidative properties, whereas other preparations may stimulate
oxidation [14]. A garlic extract may enhance immune cell function which may be responsible for reducing
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severity of colds and flu [15]. Allicin, a chemical constituent of garlic, is an effective remedy for the common
colds [16].
5. Angelica archangelica L. (Apiaceae)
The herb, including the fruits and roots, is used in digestive complaints, flatulence and as a tonic for
colds and respiratory system disorders. It is used to a great extent against indigestion, general debility and
chronic bronchitis [17]. The imperatorin is the main active component of the herb extract which inhibited
acetylcholinesterase effects [18].
6. Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge (Fabaceae)
Astragalus membranaceus extracts decreased inflammatory infiltration, mucus secretion and collagen
deposition in the lung tissues. It has antiasthmatic effects [19] and suppressed the frequency of coughs [20]. It
has an anti-allergic effect by modulating mast cell-mediated allergic responses in allergic rhinitis [21]. Its use in
the attack or remission stage of asthma could restrain the development of inflammation by reducing the
production of TNF-alpha and inhibiting NF-kappa B activity.
7. Carum copticum L. (Apiaceae)
Ajwain (C. copticum) seeds contains about 50% thymol, a well known antibacterial monoterpenes and
thyme used to enhance the immune system to ward off colds and flu and other viral infections. An antitussive
effect of C. copticum was even greater than that of codeine and the effect was due to its main constituent
carvacrol. It had a bronchodilatory effect on the asthmatic airways which was comparable with the effect of
theophylline [22, 23].
8. Lavandula angustifolia L. (Lamiaceae)
Lavender oil from L. angustifolia has a soothing and calming effects on the nerves. It relieves
tension, depression, panic, hysteria and nervous exhaustion in general. It is effective to ameliorate headaches,
migraines and insomnia. Lavender oil is beneficial for problems such as bronchitis, asthma, colds, laryngitis,
halitosis, throat infections and whooping cough. The vapors of steamed flowers are inhaled as a cold remedy
[24].
9. Lobelia inflata L. (Campanulaceae)
Lobelia is commonly associated with the treatment of lung-related ailments such as asthma, bronchitis,
coughs, pneumonia, colds, flu and other upper-respiratory disorders [25, 26].
10. Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)
A S. officinalis (Echinacea or sage) preparation is as efficacious and well tolerated as a
chlorhexidine/lidocaine spray for the treatment of acute sore throats [27]. The efficacy and tolerability profile
of a 15% sage spray indicated that this preparation provides a convenient and safe treatment for patients with
acute pharyngitis [28].
11. Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae)
A liquid extract of S. nigra (elderberry ) plant displayed an inhibitory effect on the propagation of
human pathogenic influenza viruses [29]. It inhibited Human Influenza A (H1N1) infection in vitro. The Direct
Binding Assay established that flavonoids from the elderberry extract bound to H1N1 virions and blocked the
ability of the viruses to infect host cells [30]. Elderberry extract seems to offer an efficient, safe and cost-
effective treatment for influenza [31].
12. Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae)
The flower buds of T. farfara are widely used for the treatment of coughs, bronchitis and asthmatic
disorders in traditional Chinese medicine. In Europe, the plant has been used as a herbal remedy for virtually the
same purposes, but the leaves are preferred over flower buds [32, 33].
13. Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerianaceae)
Most herbal medicines were used for pregnancy-related health ailments such as colds and nausea.
Ginger, cranberry, valerian and raspberry are the most commonly used herbs in pregnancy [34].
14. Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae)
Verbascum thapsus, commonly known as mullein, is a medicinal plant readily found along roadsides,
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meadows and pasture lands and has been used to treat pulmonary problems, inflammatory diseases, asthma,
spasmodic coughs, diarrhoea and migraine headaches [35].
15. Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae)
Ginger (Z. officinale rhizome) is widely used in Ayurveda to alleviate many illnesses including
indigestion, nausea, vomiting, allergic reactions, cough, common colds, fever, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis,
bronchitis, respiratory troubles, pain, headache, backache, painful tooth and swelled gum [36]. In Siddha, ginger
is recommended to mitigate cough, nausea, pain and diarrhea. Trikatu is a very well known 'Rasayana' in
Ayurveda and taken as a polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation in India. It consists of three well known plants, viz.,
Piper longum, Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinale in equal ratio. Trikatu has been prescribed to subside
coughs, colds, fevers, asthma, respiratory problems and for improvement of the digestive disorders [37].
Substantial use of folk remedies for different medical conditions has been documented. The remedies
included cinnamon, ginger, cloves, cardamom, sesame oil, poppy seeds, honey, lemon, table salt, eggs and curd.
The medical conditions, in which folk remedies are used in patients' view, include conditions such as common
colds, cough and flu to more serious conditions such as asthma, jaundice and heat stroke.
The herbal drugs, their important chemical constituents and medicinal uses are tabulated in Table 1.
Home remedies for coughs due to colds, allergies and sinus infections are treated with a number of over-the
counter medicines. However, for those who prefer to avoid chemicals, the following herbal remedies are
recommended to suppress coughs:
Almonds (Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Rosaceae) have nutritional properties that play a proactive role
in subsiding cough symptoms. Soak five to six almonds in water for 8 to 10 hours. Make a smooth paste out of
the soaked almonds and add one teaspoon of butter. Eat it three to four times a day until your symptoms go
away. Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Bromeliaceae) contains bromelain which is a mixture of
protein-digesting (proteolytic) enzymes or proteases. It suppresses coughs, loosens the mucus in the throat and
relieves sinusitis and allergy-based sinus issues, which can contribute to coughs and mucus. Bromelain
supplements should not be taken by children or adults who take blood thinners. Along with honey drug showed
immediate improvement.
Bryonia alba L. (Cucurbitaceae) grows in Europe and northern Iran. It is an effective Homeopathic
remedy for bronchitis, coughs and pains, especially if the sputum is bloody or frothy. It should be given in small
doses and at short intervals. It will subdue the pain and the cough promptly and exercises a marked effect on the
fever as any special sedative known. It is also used to relieve abdonimal pain, acute back spasms, sciatica, colic,
fevers with chills, gas, heartburn, indigestion, headaches, flu with pains, sprains and pulled ligaments.
Cayenne or red pepper (Capsicum annuum L., Solanaceae) reduces chest pain due to continuous
coughing. It is also warming and stimulating. A cough syrup is prepared by mixing cayenne pepper, ground
ginger (one-fourth teaspoon each), honey, apple cider vinegar (one table spoon each) and two tablespoons of
water. Drink the syrup two to three times a day. Carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schubl et G.
Martens, Apiaceae) contains many vitamins and nutrients that can help to relieve various symptoms of a
cough. Fresh juice of four to five carrots is diluted by adding some water. For taste, one teaspoon of honey is
added. The juice is drunk three to four times a day until the symptoms improve.
Grapes (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae) are expectorant and release the mucus from the affected parts of the
respiratory system. The faster to get rid of the mucus, the faster coughing will end. The grapes are eaten simply
or some fresh grape juice is taken. Grape juice with a spoonful of honey will be soothing as well as effective.
Ginger (Z. officinale, Zingiberaceae) is one of the most popular natural cures for a cough. Crushed
fresh ginger is boiled with water. This herbal solution is drunk three to four times a day for relief from sore
throat, non-stop coughing and even congestion. Some lemon juice and honey may be added to it. Another
option is to chew fresh raw ginger on and off throughout the day to reduce cough. Ginger in combination with
tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is also an effective remedy for cough. Crush about 10 leaves of tulsi, mix with
juice extracted from a small ginger piece, add in an equal quantity of honey and mix; swallow about a
single teaspoon of this mixture thrice a day to get relief from cough. For a dry cough, one of the easiest
ways of finding relief is to cut a piece of fresh ginger, sprinkle some salt on it and chew it for a few
minutes. However, not everyone likes the strongly aromatic taste of ginger and in such cases, a tea made
with ginger is equally good. The pounded ginger into fine pieces is boiled with one cup of water till the
volume reduces to half the original quantity. The liquid is strained, one teaspoon of honey added and
drunk when warm to give a soothing effect against cough.
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Honey is a time-honored remedy for a sore throat. It can alleviate coughs more effectively than over-
the-counter medicines that contain dextromethorphan, a cough suppressant. Drinking tea or warm lemon water
mixed with honey is beneficial to soothe the sore throat. But honey may be an effective cough remedy, too.
Since honey is low-cost and widely available, it might be worth a try. Hot milk with honey can relieve a dry
cough and reduce chest pain experienced from continuous coughing. For best results, it is drunk before going
to sleep. For added benefits from the analgesic properties of honey, a teaspoon of plain honey is swallowed on
empty stomach. This will help to clear the mucus and to soothe the throat. These home remedies can give relief
from the various symptoms of a cough without the side effects that come with pills and cough syrups. But if
anyone has continuous coughing for more than two weeks, a doctor should be consulted.
Jaggery remedies are useful to appease cough and congestion. Sputum buildup can lead to a
feeling of congestion in the chest and the entire respiratory tract; expelling this sputum, therefore,
provides relief from cough and congestion. A few corns of pepper are are boiled with water for about 20
minutes; a little cumin and jaggery (Canesugar of Saccharum officinarum L., family Poaceae) are mixed
and drunk. Cut a quarter part of an onion, keep a small bit of jaggery in the middle of it and chew on this
for expelling sputum.
Lemon (Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. F. , Rutaceae) fruits can be used for curing coughs. Lemons reduce
inflammation and provide a dose of infection-fighting vitamin C. A simple cough syrup can be made by
combining two tablespoons of lemon juice and one tablespoon of honey. Drink this healthy syrup several
times a day. Another way to use lemons is to blend lemon juice with a little honey and a pinch of cayenne
pepper and then drink it.
Licorice root is both an expectorant and demulcent, simultaneously soothing the airways while
loosening and thinning mucous, easing congestion. It can also ease any inflammation that may be irritating the
throat. Its main constituent, glycyrrhizin, is responsible for most of its effects. It is 30-50 times sweeter than
sucrose (table sugar) and it inhibits an enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. This enzyme regulates
access of glucocorticoid (a steroid hormone) to steroid receptors, ultimately slowing the conversion of cortisol
to cortisone. This increases the effect of cortisol and reduces inflammation.
Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L., family Malvaceae) is a perennial herb flowering in summer. The
leaves and roots of the herb have been used since ancient times to treat sore throats and coughs. The
marshmallow herb contains mucilage, which coats the throat and soothes irritation. Marshmallow root is taken
in tea or as in a capsule form, although it is not recommended for children.
Onion (Allium cepa L, Amaryllidaceae) is one of the simplest home remedies for a cough. Breathing in
the strong vapors can help stop coughing. A cough syrup is made from baked onion juice, comfrey tea and
honey. Drink it daily to get relief from a dry cough. Another option is to combine one-half teaspoon of onion
juice with one teaspoon of pure honey. Swallow this solution at least twice a day to alleviate a cough and soothe
your throat.
Probiotics are microorganisms that can provide a host of health benefits. While they don’t relieve a
cough directly, they help to balance gastrointestinal flora. This can support immune system function throughout
the body. Lactobacillus, a bacterium in dairy, can reduce the likelihood of a cold or flu, and sensitivity to certain
allergens like pollens. Fortified milk is a great source of Lactobacillus. It should be cautious, however, as dairy
may make phlegm thicker.
Peppermint (Mentha piperita L., Lamiaceae) leaves and the oil of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora
Hook., family Myrtaceae) are both well known for their healing properties. Menthol in peppermint soothes the
throat and acts as a decongestant, helping to break down mucus. One can benefit by drinking peppermint tea or
by inhaling peppermint vapors from a steam bath. An ointment prepared from the Eucalyptus oil, coconut oil
and beeswax is rubbed to get relief from coughs.
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae) is used to cure respiratory diseases. The essence extracted
from thyme leaves helps to relieve coughing and short-term bronchitis. The leaves contain flavonoids that relax
the throat muscles involved in coughing and also lessen inflammation. Thyme tea is prepared at home by taking
two teaspoons of crushed thyme leaves and one cup of boiling water. The cup is covered, steeped for 10 minutes
and strained. Thyme relaxes the muscles of the trachea and bronchi and also opens up airways. The result is
less coughing and increased comfort.
The herb turmeric (Curcuma longifolia L., Zingiberaceae) has a therapeutic effect on coughs,
particularly a dry cough. Turmeric powder mixed with black pepper (one tea spoon each) is boiled in half cup
water. Cinnamon sticks may be added. One table spoon of honey is mixed. It is drunk daily until the condition
improves. Alternatively, make an herbal tea by adding one teaspoon of turmeric powder and one teaspoon of
carom seeds to a cup of water, and boil it until water reduces to one-half cup. Add some honey and drink this
herbal solution two to three times a day. Another way to use turmeric is to roast turmeric root and grind it into a
smooth powder. Mix it with water and honey, and drink it twice a day. A glass of hot milk, mixed in half a
teaspoon of turmeric powder is drunk warm to find relief from cough. A turmeric gargle also gives good
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results. To one cup of hot water, half a teaspoon of turmeric powder and half a teaspoon table salt are
added. Use this liquid as a throat gargle to alleviate cough. For a dry cough, turmeric powder mixed with
a teaspoon of honey is taken three to four times a day. Turmeric tea is prepared by adding one
tablespoon of turmeric powder into 4 cups of boiling water. Keep for a few minutes, strain and mix in
some lemon and honey to the liquid and drink. Inhaling the smoke of burning turmeric called
the dhooma paan is also considered to be an effective remedy for cough and cold. Take a dried turmeric
root, burn it and inhale the smoke. Another way out is to place a few pieces of red hot charcoal in a
small mud pot that has been placed in a cup of water. Add a few dried leaves of turmeric over the
charcoal and a spoonful of turmeric powder over the leaves. Gently blow to ignite the turmeric powder
and inhale the smoke emitted.
Table 1.Herbal drugs as cough suppressant
S.No.
Botanical name
(Family)
Common name
Part used
Phytoconstituents
Medicinal uses
1.
Abrus precatorius
L. (Fabaceae)
Rosary pea
Seeds, leaves
Abrusoside A-D, abrus
agglutinin, abrussic acid,
abruquinone A-F, abrin A-
D, abrectorin, abridin,
abrine, abrasine
Antibacterial, analgesic,
antiviral, antimicrobial,
antitumour, antifungal,
antidiarrheal, cough,
tuberculosis
2.
Acacia catechu
(L.f.) Willd.
(Mimosaceae)
Catechu
Wood (stem)
Catechin, epicatechin,
epicatechin gallate,
procatechinic acid,
tannins, alkaloids
quercetin and
kaempferol, sterol
glucosides
Diarrhoea, swelling of the
nose and throat, cough,
dysentery, swelling of the
colon (colitis), bleeding,
indigestion, osteoarthritis,
and cancer.
3.
Acanthospermum
hispidum (Roxb.)
Willd.
(Asteraceae)
Kannada
Roots
Guaianolides,
melampolides,
terpenoids, carbohydrate,
alkaloids, glycosides,
flavonoids, tannins,
saponins
Diarrhoea, antimicrobial,
Cough.
4.
Acorus calamus L.
(Acoraceae)
Calamus root
Rhizome
Camphene, camphor,
choline, δ-cadinene,
Cineole, α-pinene, α-
terpineol, azulene, β-
asarone, elemicin,
ethanol, eugenol,
galangin, limonene,
magnesium, menthol,
terpenes, tannin, zinc
Amenorrhoea,
aphrodisiac, asthma,
colds, congestion, cough,
headache/migraine, sore
throat, for stoppage of
smoking
5.
Adhatoda vasica
Medic.
(Acanthaceae)
Vasaka
Leaf, flowers, bark
Pyrroquinazoline
alkaloids including
vasicine, vasicol and
vasinone
Asthma, bronchitis, anti-
ulcer, antitussive, cough,
expectorant
6.
Agrimonia
eupatoria L.
(Rosaceae)
Agrimony
Root
Catechin, palmitic acid,
quercitrin, silicic acid,
tannin, thiamin , ursolic
acid
Sore throat, bladder
infection, cuts, wounds,
liver diseases, longevity
tonics, diarrhoea, cough,
menorrhagia, parasitic
and worm infections
7.
Allium sativum L.
(Amaryllidaceae)
Garlic
Bulb cloves
Allicin, citral, geraniol,
linalool, phellandrene, s-
methyl-1-cysteine
sulfoxide
Allergies, asthma,
bronchitis, burns, cancer
Prevention,
candida/yeast infection,
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flu, cardiovascular,
cholesterol, cough,
colds, diabetes, sores,
sinus, sore throat
8.
Angelica
archangelica L.
(Apiaceae)
Choraka
roots, stems, seeds,
leaves
Essential oils, bitter
principles, coumarin
compounds
Amenorrhea, colds,
digestion, cough,
cramps/abdominal
disorders, depression,
dysmenorrhea,
hypertension,
pregnancy/childbirth
9.
Astragalus
membranaceus
(Fisch.) Bunge
(Fabaceae)
Astragalus root
Root
Astragalosides and other
immunostimulant
polysaccharides, β-
sitosterol, flavonoids, and
trace minerals, especially
selenium.
Cancer prevention,
cardiovascular, colds,
fatigue,
immunostimulant,
kidney diseases, cough,
longevity tonic, sinus
problems
10. 3
8
Carum copticum
L.
(Apiaceae)
Caraway Seed,
Ajwain
Seeds, Essential Oil
Essential oil containing
α-pinene , β-pinene,
calcium, camphene,
carvacrol, chromium,
fiber, limonene, thymol
Analgesic, anticancer,
antispasmodic, aromatic,
carminative, digestive,
emmenagogue, febrifuge,
galactagogue, cough.
11.
Cinnamomum
camphora (L.)
Presl.
(Lauraceae)
Camphor
Essential oil
1,8-Cineole, α-terpinene,
borneol, camphor,
carvacrol, caryophyllene,
citronellol, eugenol ,
geraniol, kaempferol,
limonene, p-cymene ,
safrole, vanillin
Aromatherapy, arthritis,
bronchitis, bruises,
sprains, cardiovascular,
colds, congestion, IBS,
lupus, sleep, insomnia,
cough.
12.
Cinnamomum
Zeylanicum Blume
(Lauraceae)
Cassia Bark
Bark
Volatile oil, eugenol,
tannins, resin, mucilage,
coumarins, complex
sugars
Aromatherapy, athletes,
diabetes, ringworm,
Candida/yeast infection,
colds, cough,
culinary/kitchen,
13. 3
7
Citrus limonum
Risso
(Rutaceae)
Lemon
Rind, juice,
essential oil
Fruit peel , limonene,
antioxidants, flavonoids,
pectin, vitamin C
Acne, air freshner
cellulite,
culinary/kitchen, facial
care, sore throat,
hypertension, varicose
veins, wrinkles, cough.
14. 6
3
Commiphora
myrrha (Nees) Engl.
(Burseraceae)
Myrrh
Resin
Volatile oil, gum
heerabolene, limonene,
resins, dipentene, pinene,
eugenol, cinamaldehyde,
cuminaldehyde,
commiphoric acids,
Aromatherapy, athletes
ingwrorm, Candida and
yeast infections, colds,
cuts, wounds, dental
/oral care, hemorrhoids,
sore throat, cough.
15. l
l
Echinacea
angustifolia de
Candolle
(Asteraceae)
Echinacea
Roots, stems and
flowers
Humulene, inulin,
caryophyllene, resin,
glycoside, betaine,
polysaccharide,
polyacetylenes,
isobutylalkyl amine,
sesquiterpene.
Candida/yeast infection,
colds, immunostimulant,
insect/flea bites, sinus,
sore throat, cough.
16. 2
Eucalyptus globules
Labill.
(Myrtaceae)
Eucalyptus
α-Pinene, β-pinene, α-
phellandrene, 1,8-cineole,
limonene, terpinen-4-ol,
aromadendrene,
Allergies, burns,
arthritis, bronchitis,
colds, congestion, flu,
Herpes/cold, cough,
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Leaves
epiglobulol, piperitone
and globulol
sores,insect, lice,
repellent, pain relief,
sinus, rheumatoid
arthritis, sore throat
17. 4
3
Eupatorium
perfoliatum L.
(Asteraceae)
Boneset
Aerial parts
Quercetin, kaempferol,
rutin, eupatorin,
terpenoids sesquiterpene
lactones, volatile oil, resin
Bronchitis, colds, cough,
flu, immunostimulant
18. 5
9
Filipendula
ulmaria (L.)
Maxim.
(Rosaceae)
Meadowsweet
Ariel parts
Salicylic acid, flavone
glycosides, essential oils,
tannins.
Arthritis, colds, cough,
congestion, diarrhea, flu,
gastritis ulcer, lupus,
rheumatoid arthritis
19. 1
6
Foeniculum vulgare
Mill.
(Apiaceae)
Fennel seed
Seed
Essential oil, anethole (50
to 80%), limonene,
fenchone, and estragole;
seeds fiber and complex
carbohydrates.
Aromatherapy,
congestion, cough,
culinary/kitchen, weight
loss, digestion, halitosis,
lupus, menopause
20. 4
9
Forsythia suspense
(Thunb.) Vahl.
(Oleaceae)
Forsythia Fruit
Fruit
Phenylethanoids,
forsythiaside,
suspensaside, lignans,
phillyrin , (+)-
pinoresinol O-β-D-
glucoside,
phenylethanoids
Antiscrofulous, diuretic,
emmenagogue,
febrifuge, skin tonic,
vermifuge, colds, cough.
21. 6
Glycyrrhiza glabra
L.
(Fabaceae)
Licorice.
Root
Liquiritigenin,
isoliquiritigenin, liquiritin,
chromenes, coumarins,
dihydrostilbenes,
dihydrophenanthrenes
Addiction, anxiety bron-
chitis, colds, Candida/
yeast infection, fatigue,
congestion, psoriasis,
sore throat, stoppage of
smoking, cough.
22. 1
2
Helianthus annuus
L.
(Asteraceae)
Sunflower
Flowers, seed
1,8-Cineole, amyrin,
pinenes, α-terpinene,
terpineol, tocopherol,
arginine, carotene,
sitostero, choline,
cinnamic acid, citric acid,
copper, magnesium
Culinary/kitchen. massage
oils, nutrition, cough.
23. 5
3
Hydrastis
Canadensis L.
(Ranunculaceae)
Goldenseal
root, leaves
Hydrastine, resin,
berberine, meconin,
berberastine, canadine,
candaline, hydrastinine,
fatty acids, polyphenolic
acids, chlorogenic acid,
phytosterins
Foot/ringworm,
bronchitis, colds, cuts,
wounds, diarrhoea,
eczema, eyes/vision,
gastritis/ulcer,
immunostimulant,
parasites/worms
infections, psoriasis,
sore throat, cough.
24. 2
3
Hyssopus officinalis
L.
(Lamiaceae)
Hyssop
Flower leaves,
essential oil
Volatile oil, hyssopin
pinocamphone, gum
isopinocamphone,
pinenes, camphene,
terpinene, tannin,
flavonoids, insolic acid,
oleanolic acid, resin,
marrubiin,
Bronchitis, burns,
bruises/sprains, flu,
cardiovascular, IBS,
congestion, facial care,
dental/oral care, cough,
Herpes/cold, sores,
hypertension, insect
repellent
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25. 5
6
Juniperus
communis L.
(Cupressaceae)
Juniper Berries
berries
α-Pinene, myrcene,
sabinene, limonene,
terpinene, camphene,
thujone, sugars, vitamin
C, flavonoids, resin,
gallotannins
Acne, bladder infection,
cellulite, colds, cough,
gout, congestion,
eczema, detoxification,
facial care,
hemorrhoids,
nerve/back pain,
rheumatoid arthritis
26. 5
7
Lavandula
angustifolia L.
(Lamiaceae)
Lavender
Flowers, leaves and
stems
Linalool, linalyl acetate,
lavendulyl acetate,
hemiarin, terpinenol,
pinene, cineole, camphor,
borneol, limonene,
tannins, coumarin,
umbelliferone, hemiarin,
flavonoids, triterpenoids,
rosmarinic acid
Acne, anxiety, burns,
colds, lice
infection, lupus, cuts,
wounds, skin care,
depression, facial care,
nausea, headache,
fibromyalgia, migraine,
insect repellent
27. 5
Lobelia inflata L.
(Campanulaceae)
Lobelia
Aerial parts, dried
flower, seed
Lobeline, isolobinine,
lobelanidine, resin, fats,
lobinaline, lobelacrin,
labelianin, gum,
chelidonic acid.
Addiction, asthma,
bronchitis, cough, sore
throat, stoppage of
smoking
28. 2
2
Marrubium vulgare
L.
(Lamiaceae)
Horn
Aerial part
Marrubiin (a bitter
principle), diterpene
alcohols (marrbiol,
murrubenol), alkaloids,
sesquiterpene, tannin,
saponins, resin
Bronchitis, colds,
cardiovascular, cough,
sore throat.
29. 6
0
Melaleuca
alternifolia (Maiden
et Betche) Cheel
(Myrtaceae)
Tea Tree oil
essential oil distilled
from leaves
α-Pinene, cymene,
cineole, terpenes,
terpinene, alcohols
Acne, athletes
foot/ringworm,
Candida/yeast infection,
cuts, wounds, scabies,
dental/oral care,
Herpes/cold, cough,
sores, insect repellent,
insect/flea bites, sore
throat
30. 3
5
Melaleuca
leucadendron L.
(Myrtaceae)
Cajeput Oil
Essential Oil
Essential oil, α-terpineol,
azulene, benzaldehyde,
cajeputol, nerolidol,
limonene
Aromatherapy,
arthritis, colds, bronchitis,
cough, congestion, gout,
eczema, insect repellent,
lice infection, pain
reliever, rheumatoid
arthritis, sinusis, sore
throat
31. 3
4
Melissa officinalis
L.
(Lamiaceae)
Lemon balm
Whole herb
Citral, citronellal, eugenol
acetate, geraniol, tannin,
polyphenols, flavonoids,
rosmarinic acid,
triterpenoids
Aromatherapy,
cardiovascular, colds,
depression, cough,
dysmenorrhea, Herpes,
sores, hypertension,
insect/flea bites, nausea,
pregnancy/childbirth, sore
throat, sun burns
32. 7
Mentha piperita L.
(Lamiaceae)
Pippermint
Whole herb
Menthol, menthone, 1,8-
cineole, methyl acetate,
methofuran, isomenthone,
limonene, β-pinene, α-
pinene, germacrene-D,
Aromatherapy,
bronchitis, halitosis,
cardiovascular, cold,
congestion, fatigue, flu,
gastritis/ulcer, cough,
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trans-sabinene hydrate,
pulegone
headache/migraine, lice
infection, nausea, sinus
nerve/back pain,
33. 4
7
Nepeta cataria L.
(Lamiaceae)
Catnip
leaves and
flowering tops
Volatile oil, carvacrol,
nepetol, thymol,
nepetalactone, citronellol,
geraniol); tannins,
rosmarinic acid
Anxiety, children
diseases, colds, cough,
cramps/abdominal,
dysmenorrhea,
34. 5
4
Ocimum sanctum L.
(Lamiaceae)
Tulsi
Leaves, essential oil
Ascorbic acid, β-
carotene, β-sitosterol,
carvacrol, tannin,
eugenol, linoleic acid,
methyl chavicol, oleic
acid, palmitic acid,
saponins, stearic acid,
Colds, cough,
congestion, flu, IBS,
Memory/Focus, nausea,
stress
35. 6
7
Paeonia albiflora
Pall.
(Paeoniaceae)
White Peony
Root
Astragalin, tannin,
gallic, benzoic and
linoleic acids, paeonol,
paeoniflorin,
Colds, cough, cuts,
wounds, headache,
migraine.
36. 2
0
Papaver rhoeas L.
(Papaveraceae)
Corn poppy
Flower, seeds
Red coloring matter,
rhoeadic and paaveric
acids, alkaloid
rhoeadine
Cough, sleep/insomnia
37. 2
9
Pelargonium
sidoides. DC.
( Geraniaceae)
Umckaloaba
Aerial part
Coumarin, 5,6-
dimethoxy-7-hydroxy-
coumarin,
Acute bronchitis,
tonsillopharyngitis (sore
throat), common cold,
sinusitis, cough.
38. 4
4
Petasites vulgaris
Desf.
(Asteraceae)
Butterbur
Root
Pyrrolizidine, senecionine,
integerrimine, quercetin,
astragalan, petasin,
tannins, volatile oil;
sesquiterpene
Asthma, cardiovascular,
colds, headache/migraine,
cough.
39. 6
2
Phytolacca
Americana L.
(Phytolaccaceae)
Poke Root
Tincture of the root
Jaligonic acid, oleanolic
acid , tannin, starch,
xylose
Cancer prevention,
colds, cough, flu,
psoriasis, scabies, sore
throat
40. 4
1
Pimenta racemosa
(Mill,) J.W. Moore
(Myrtaceae)
Bay Rum Tree
essential oil
Terpinen-4-ol, eugenol,
myrcene, 1,8-cineole,
chavicol, limonene
Alopecia/baldness,
aromatherapy, colds,
cough, flu, insect
repellent
41. 1
7
Pimpinella anisum
L.
(Apiceae)
Anise seed
Seed
Choline, sugar,
mucilage, essential oil
containing anethole
(90%).
Aromatherapy, colds,
congestion, cough,
cramps/abdominal,
ulinary herb, digestion,
IBS, lice infection,
scabies.
42. 5
1
Pinus sylvestris L.
(Pinaceae)
Scot's pine
Needles
Pine oil, borneol, bornyl
acetate, α- and β-
phallandrenes, α- and β-
pinenes, 3-carene, ,
sylvestrene
Antimicrobial, analgesic,
antineuralgic,
antirheumatic, antiseptic,
antiviral, diuretic,
expectorant, hypertensive,
insecticidal, restorative,
aromatherapy, arthritis,
circulation, colds, cough,
congestion, gout,
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rheumatoid_arthritis
43. 4
2
Piper nigrum L.
(Piperaceae)
Black Pepper
dried peppercorns
Volatile oil, alkaloids
piperine,
Aromatherapy, colds,
digestion, cough,
flu, lupus, nausea,
rheumatoid arthritis.
44. 9
Prunus serotina
Ehrn.
(Rosaceae)
Whild Black cherry
Fruit, Bark
Acetylcholine,
kaempferol, p-coumaric
acid, prunasin, quercetin,
scopoletin, tannins.
Bronchitis, colds,
congestion, cough,
sleep/insomnia.
45. 7
0
Rosmarinus
officinalis L.
(lamiaceae)
Rosemary
Leaves, stems and
flowers
Essential oil, borneol,
camphene, camphor,
cineole, limonene,
linalool, flavonoids,
rosmarinic and other
phenolic acids; diterpenes,
triterpenes
Aromatherapy, arthritis,
bronchitis,
cardiovascular pain,
colds, cough,
circulation, hair tonic ,
fatigue, lice infection,
hypertension, scabies,
rheumatoid arthritis,
46. o
n
i
c
6
8
Salix alba L.
(Salicaceae)
White Willow
Bark
Tannin, salicin, fragilin,
salidroside, salicortin,
populin, tremulacin
saligenin, flavonoids,
syringin, caffeic and
ferulic acids
Arthritis, colds, cuts,
wounds, weight Loss,
fibromyalgia, cough,
headache/migraine,
lupus, pain relief,
osteoporosis, rheumatoid
arthritis
47. 6
4
Salvia officinalis L.
(Lamiaceae)
Sage
Leaves, small stems
and flowers
Volatile oils, thujone,
cineole, borneol, linalool,
camphor, pinene, tannin
oestrogenic s ubstances,
salvin, carnosic acid,
flavonoids, phenolic acids,
rosmarinic acid,
Cellulite, colds, cough,
dental/oral care,
deodorants, perfumes,
digestion, facial care,
hair tonic, insect
repellent , lice infection,
menopause,
menorrhagia, sore throat
48. 2
6
Sambucus nigra L.
(Caprifoliaceae)
Elder berry
Flower, berries
Eessential oil, palmitic,
linoleic and linolenic
acids, triterpenes,
flavonoids (flowers);
pectin, sugar, vitamin C,
flavonoids (berries);
cyanogenic glycosides
(leaves).
Bronchitis, colds,
congestion, cough, eyes
vision, flu, sinus, sore
throat
49. 6
5
Saponaria
officinalis L.
(Caryophyllalaceae)
Soapwort
Rhizome
Saponins
Colds, cough, eczema,
gout, psoriasis.
50. 4
8
Taraxacum
officinale F.H.
Wigg.
(Asteraceae)
Dandelion root
roots, flowers,
leaves
taraxacin, taraxol,
taraxasterol, sterols,
inulin, sugars, pectin,
vitamins, choline,
phenolic acids,
asparagine, lutein,
violaxanthin, carotenoids
Acne, warts, cough,
alcoholism, bruises,
sprains, cholesterol,
colds, diabetes, digestion,
hypertension, liver
disorders, longevity
tonics, osteoporosis,
51. 3
Thymus vulgaris L.
(Lamiaceae)
Thyme
Leaves
Tymol, carvacrol,
cymene, β-pinene,
menthone, borneol,
linalool
Aromatherapy,
congestion, cough, cuts,
wounds, dental/oral care,
facial care, insect
repellent.
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52. 5
8
Tilia cordata Mill
(Tiliaceae)
Linden
Flowers
α-Pinene, astragalin,
amyrin, hesperidin, β-
sitosterol, caffeic acid,
geraniol, isoquercitrin,
limonene, linalyl acetate,
nerolidol, p-coumaric
acid, phenylalanine
Anxiety, colds, cough,
cardiovascular, sore
throat.
53. 1
5
Trachyspermum
ammi Sprague
(Apiaceae)
Ajwain
Seed
α-Pinene, β-pinene,
camphene, carvacrol,
thymol, limonene
Culinary , digestion,
cough.
54. 1
8
Tussilago farfara L.
(Asteraceae)
Coughworth
Seeds, stem
Mucilage, alkaloid,
saponins, tannin
(especially in the leaf).
Asthma, bronchitis,
colds, congestion,
cough, smoking inhibitor
55. 1
9
Valeriana officinalis
L.
(Valerianaceae)
Velerien root
Root
Acetic acid, ascorbic acid,
β-ionone, caffeic acid,
quercitin, valeric acid
Addiction,
cardiovascular, cough,
insomnia, stoppage of
smoking
56. 4
Verbascum Thapsus
L.
(Scrophulariaceae)
Mullein
Flower,
Leaves,Root
Verbathasin A, crocetin,
hesperidin, ascorbic acid,
coumarin, verbascoside
Congestion, cough, ear,
sore throat, stoppage of
smoking
57. 6
6
Verbena hastata L.,
V. officinalis L.
(Verbenaceae)
Vervain
Leaves, flowering
heads
tannins
Anxiety, colds, cough,
depression, lupus, back
pain
58. 1
3
Veronica officinalis
L.
(Plantagenaceae)
Sleepwel
Flower part
Organic acids, sugars,
flavonoids, resin and
tannins.
Cough, cuts, wounds
59. 8
Viburnum opulus
L.
(Caprifoliaceae)
Cramp Bark
Bark
Scopoletin, viburnin,
triterpenoid saponins,
salicosides, resin, valeric
acid, tannin, arbutin.
Dysmenorrhea,
menopause, cough,
menorrhagia,
pregnancy/childbirth
60.
Zingiber officinale
Roscoe
(Zingiberaceae)
Ginger
Rhizome
Zingiberone, bisabolene,
Gingerols, shogaol,
paradols, fats, protein,
starch, vitamins, amino
acids.
Amenorrhea, colds,
lupus, nausea, cough,
aromatherapy, arthritis,
digestion, bruises/sprains,
cardiovascular, flu,
dysmenorrhea,
fibromyalgia,
rheumatoid arthritis
II. Conclusion
Among respiratory track disorders cold and cough are common symptoms having variety of reasons behind
them. It can lead to the serious disease if not treated in time. Proper diagnoses can cure this problem by different
types of medicinal drugs commonly found around us alone or in combination.
Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review
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Acknowledgement
My sincere thanks to Authors and Editors of various scientific research articles for assisting me to compile this
review.
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... Since marshmallow root coats and protects mucous membranes, lowers inflammation, and speeds up healing, it has been used for generations to treat a variety of respiratory conditions. Marshmallow root is a mucilaginous herb that helps soothe and coat the respiratory tract, making it useful for dry coughs and sore throats [28]. ...
... Compounds found in its leaves, blossoms, and roots promote lung function, ease congestion, and open up airways. Mullein is used to soothe respiratory conditions, such as coughs and bronchitis, due to its expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties [28]. ...
... Because of its bronchodilator and expectorant properties, it is very useful in the treatment of respiratory ailments like as bronchitis, asthma, and even nicotine withdrawal. Lobelia is a powerful herb that can act as a bronchial stimulant and expectorant, helping to clear mucus and ease breathing [28]. ...
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This chapter examines the therapeutic powers of herbal medicinal plants in treating long-term respiratory diseases like bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Millions worldwide suffer from chronic respiratory disorders, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Medicinal interventions are often used in conventional therapies to reduce symptoms and manage the condition. However, herbal medicinal plants offer an alternative method by utilizing their bioactive ingredients and traditional knowledge. The chapter reviews the literature and research on the effectiveness and mechanisms of the action of several herbal medicinal plants in treating respiratory diseases, including their effects on the immune system, mucolytic activity, bronchodilation, antioxidants, and inflammation. Several herbal plants show promise in treatment, such as ginseng, astragalus, marshmallow root, mullein, turmeric, ginger, liqorice, eucalyptus, peppermint, thyme, green tea, oregano, rosemary, and marshmallow root. They aid in symptom alleviation, immune response modulation, mucus clearance, oxidative stress reduction, inflammation reduction, and airway enlargement. In conclusion, herbal medicinal plants are essential for comprehensive care of long-term respiratory conditions, providing a multitude of therapeutic choices with varying mechanisms of action and potential advantages.
... filtered rapidly and evaporated 25 ml filterate in petridish,dried at 105 O C and weighed. [73,74] Antimicrobial Activity: -Agar cup plate method was used for screening of antimicrobial activity of herbal syrup. The formulations were placed aseptically in cups of agar plate which was previously inoculated with culture. ...
... The samples were tested for all the physicochemical parameters, turbidity and homogeneity at the interval of 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr to observe any change. [71,72,73,74] RESULT: -The herbal syrup was successfully formulated using a combination of natural extracts, including Terminalia chebula, licorice, fennel, and other medicinal plants known for their digestive benefits. The syrup underwent physicochemical evaluations, such as tests for pH, viscosity, density, specific gravity, and total phenolic content, all of which met the quality parameters outlined in the British Pharmacopoeia. ...
... Yoga practitioners recommended home remedies or adjuvant Ayurvedic supplements. Patients also seek other alternative approaches such as homeopathy, acupuncture, and ayurveda, which are quite common in the treatment of CC in India (42)(43)(44)(45)(46) . Participants' opinions were in sync with the wellbeing of their patients, as they understood that asking patients to discontinue their alternative practices would hinder the belief system. ...
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Purpose Chronic Cough (CC) is an emerging area of practice in speech language pathology. Behavioral treatment for managing CC has gained attention in the recent past. This study aimed to devise a comprehensive behavioural therapy program for CC by involving allied health professionals (AHPs), who are typically involved in management of CC. Methods A qualitative methodology was used to devise a behavioral treatment module for CC. Practice patterns of medical professionals, AHPs and yoga practitioners for CC were gathered through semi-structured interviews. A constant comparative framework was used to recruit participants until data saturation was achieved. The interview transcripts were analyzed to identify relevant components for the module. A post-interview survey was conducted to finalize the module through a consensus-based approach. Results Three themes and respective sub-themes were identified from analysis. The module was developed based on the treatment strategies followed by professionals and was labeled ‘Comprehensive Cough Therapy Program (CCTP)’. This comprised four components – similar to what is available in literature – patient education, breathing exercises, laryngeal hydration, and cough control strategies. This was devised using inputs from the interviews and evidence in the literature. Conclusion In line with global guidelines, this behavioral treatment module can serve as a possible management option for CC. Keywords: Chronic Cough; Behavioral Treatment; Interprofessional Collaboration; Refractory; Qualitative Research
... Pharmacological studies have highlighted its antinociceptive properties, demonstrating effectiveness against pain as evidenced by the writhing test (Adesina, et al., 2017). Additionally, M. vulgare extracts containing marrubin have been associated with antispasmodic effects (Sultana et al., 2016). This compound contributes to the plant's therapeutic effects, including its use as an expectorant and antispasmodic agent in treating respiratory conditions like bronchitis and whooping cough (Adesina et al., 2017;Alamgeer et al., 2018). ...
... As a topical cream, 23 mg/d of sage extract and rhubarb extract can be applied every 2-4 hr for 10 to 14 days. [39,40] ...
Article
This study's primary goal was to remove dangerous synthetic ingredients from herbal cough medication. Formulation and use a natural, safe component in their place. In India, the number of people with asthma is growing daily for a variety of environmental factors. It helps those who have congestion in their chest. The study's objectives are to create a pure herbal syrup and assess and contrast its physicochemical characteristics with those of commercially available synthetic and herbal syrups. The market is filled with a variety of synthetic cough syrups that serve a variety of purposes, but some of them have negative health effects. such as disorientation, delusions, and difficulties urinating. Because of the safe and conventionally used ingredients, cough syrup has developed as a substitute for synthetic cough syrup. Adhatoda vasica nees extracts were added to create the natural herbal syrup. The constituents of orang peel, sugar, alcohol, vasicine, vasicol, and vasinone are Syzygium aromaticum. It may also have expectorant and bronchodilator effects. An extract from the leaves of Adhatoda Vasica Nees is used as a traditional remedy for coughing. Antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, anticancer, antitubercular, and antioxidant qualities are possible for the vasaca plant. Vasaka leaves may yield substances with substantial antitussive properties and few adverse effects. enabling the administration of expectorants, namely dosage and the tracking of adverse effects. Thus, the current study's findings demonstrated vasaca leaves' cooperative effect in treating cough aversions.
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Cough refers to a powerful explosive expiration that clears the tracheobronchial tract of fluids and foreign materials. Given the high frequency of cough in both children and adults, the goal of this review paper was to document the plants used to cure and relieve cough in traditional culture and ethnobotany. The issues arising from the use of traditional opioid antitussive medications, such as codeine and codeine-like compounds, to treat cough in a variety of respiratory disorders. Medicinal plants have the potential to provide compounds with strong antitussive efficacy and little side effects. Specification of active compounds responsible for therapeutic action, as well as their measurement in healing medications, are recent advancements in modern phytotherapy, allowing for treatment rationalisation, particularly dose and monitoring of unwanted effects. The purpose of this formulation is to discuss the current state of the plant that is utilised as a source of food, cough-suppressing antitussives and expectorants, as well as their active components.
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1. Cough is a common problem faced by individuals worldwide, acting as the body’s protective mechanism, classified based on various factors like signs, duration, and type of cough. 2. Syrup is a widely used form of medication to treat cough and cold, with herbal syrup being the preferred choice due to its benefits over synthetic alternatives. 3. Medicinal plants, especially in Asian countries, are utilized as primary healthcare agents, with ingredients showing expectorant and antitussive properties being commonly used in herbal treatments for cough. 4. Herbal cough syrup, a liquid dosage form, is considered easier to administer than solid forms and is noted for its quicker and more effective action in curing coughs. 5. The preparation of cough syrups involves specific methods and quantities of ingredients, with honey-based syrups evaluated for their quality based on different concentrations like 35%, 40%, and 45% w/v..
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Agriculture and Food Science Book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to publish their experiences and research results on all aspects of Agriculture and Food Science. It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Agriculture and Food Science. High quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Agriculture and Food Science are cordially invited for publication.
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Cough is one of the most common symptom of many respiratory diseases. The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases organized cough guideline committee and cough guideline was developed by this committee. The purpose of this guideline is to help clinicians to diagnose correctly and treat efficiently patients with cough. In this article, we have stated recommendation and summary of Korean cough guideline. We also provided algorithm for acute, subacute, and chronic cough. For chronic cough, upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), cough variant asthma (CVA), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) should be considered. If UACS is suspicious, first generation anti-histamine and nasal decongestant can be used empirically. In CVA, inhaled corticosteroid is recommended in order to improve cough. In GERD, proton pump inhibitor is recommended in order to improve cough. Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, lung cancer, aspiration, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, habit, psychogenic cough, interstitial lung disease, environmental and occupational factor, tuberculosis, obstructive sleep apnea, peritoneal dialysis, and idiopathic cough can be also considered as cause of chronic cough. Level of evidence for treatment is mostly low. Thus, in this guideline, many recommendations are based on expert opinion. Further study regarding treatment for cough is mandatory.
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Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is a shrub of the family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region. The material used for herbal purposes includes lavender flowers (Lavandula flores) containing essential oil (3%), anthocyanins, phytosterols, sugars, minerals, and tannins. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil of lavender is variable and depends on genotype, growing location, climatic conditions, propagation, and morphological features. The essential oil contains over 300 chemical compounds. The dominant components are linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, acetate lavandulol, oci-mene, and cineole. Lavender essential oil has good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and a significant positive effect on the digestive and nervous systems. Lavender extract prevents dementia and may inhibit the growth of cancer cells, while lavender hydrolate is recommended for the treatment of skin problems and burns.
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To determine the expected duration of symptoms of common respiratory tract infections in children in primary and emergency care. Systematic review of existing literature to determine durations of symptoms of earache, sore throat, cough (including acute cough, bronchiolitis, and croup), and common cold in children. PubMed, DARE, and CINAHL (all to July 2012). Randomised controlled trials or observational studies of children with acute respiratory tract infections in primary care or emergency settings in high income countries who received either a control treatment or a placebo or over-the-counter treatment. Study quality was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias framework for randomised controlled trials, and the critical appraisal skills programme framework for observational studies. Individual study data and, when possible, pooled daily mean proportions and 95% confidence intervals for symptom duration. Symptom duration (in days) at which each symptom had resolved in 50% and 90% of children. Of 22,182 identified references, 23 trials and 25 observational studies met inclusion criteria. Study populations varied in age and duration of symptoms before study onset. In 90% of children, earache was resolved by seven to eight days, sore throat between two and seven days, croup by two days, bronchiolitis by 21 days, acute cough by 25 days, common cold by 15 days, and non-specific respiratory tract infections symptoms by 16 days. The durations of earache and common colds are considerably longer than current guidance given to parents in the United Kingdom and the United States; for other symptoms such as sore throat, acute cough, bronchiolitis, and croup the current guidance is consistent with our findings. Updating current guidelines with new evidence will help support parents and clinicians in evidence based decision making for children with respiratory tract infections.
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The use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) is growing in the general population. Herbal medicines are used in all countries of the world and are included in the top CAM therapies used. A multinational study on how women treat disease and pregnancy-related health ailments was conducted between October 2011 and February 2012 in Europe, North and South America and Australia. In this study, the primary aim was to determine the prevalence of herbal medicine use in pregnancy and factors related to such use across participating countries and regions. The secondary aim was to investigate who recommended the use of herbal medication in pregnancy. There were 9,459 women from 23 countries participating in the study. Of these, 28.9% reported the use of herbal medicines in pregnancy. Most herbal medicines were used for pregnancy-related health ailments such as cold and nausea. Ginger, cranberry, valerian and raspberry were the most commonly used herbs in pregnancy. The highest reported rate of herbal use medicines was in Russia (69%). Women from Eastern Europe (51.8%) and Australia (43.8%) were twice as likely to use an herbal medicine versus other regions. Women using herbal medicines were characteristically having their first child, non-smokers, using folic acid and consuming some alcohol in pregnancy. Also, women who were currently students and women with an education other than a high school degree were more likely to use herbal medicines than other women. Although 1 out of 5 women stated that a physician had recommended the herbal use, most women used herbal medicine in pregnancy on their own initiative. In this multinational study herbal medicine use in pregnancy was high although there were distinct differences in the herbs and users of herbal medicines across regions. Most commonly the women self-medicated with herbal medicine to treat pregnancy-related health ailments. More knowledge regarding the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines in pregnancy is warranted.
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Acorus calamus Linn. (Araceae) is a traditional herbal plant used for centuries to treat various allergic symptoms including asthma and bronchitis. The present study was focused to provide a pharmacological basis for the traditional use of Acorus calamus in allergic symptoms using the mast cell-dependent anaphylactic reactions in in vitro and in vivo models. Cell viabilities were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) induced β-hexosaminidase and interleukin (IL)-4 productions in IgE-sensitized rat basophilic leukaemia (RBL-2H3) cells were measured by enzymatic assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction mouse model was implemented for in vivo studies. Hot water (HW), butylene glycol (BG), hexane (HE) and steam distilled (SD) extracts of Acorus calamus showed different cytoxicity levels evaluated in RBL-2H3 cells. Sub-toxic doses of HW extract suppressed the β-hexosaminidase secretion and IL-4 production significantly and dose dependently in DNP-HSA induced IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells compared to other extracts of Acorus calamus. Further, in vivo studies also revealed that the HW extract significantly inhibited the PCA reaction in mouse compared to the normal control group. HW extract of Acorus calamus most effectively inhibited degranulation and IL-4 secretion in DNP-HSA-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells and also reduced the mast cell-mediated PCA reaction in mouse, providing a therapeutic evidence for its traditional use in ameliorating allergic reactions.
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Gastro-oesophageal reflux is associated with a wide range of respiratory disorders, including asthma, isolated chronic cough, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Reflux can be substantial and reach the proximal margins of the oesophagus in some individuals with specific pulmonary diseases, suggesting that this association is more than a coincidence. Proximal oesophageal reflux in particular has led to concern that microaspiration might have an important, possibly even causal, role in respiratory disease. Interestingly, reflux is not always accompanied by typical reflux symptoms, such as heartburn and/or regurgitation, leading many clinicians to empirically treat for possible gastro-oesophageal reflux. Indeed, costs associated with use of acid suppressants in pulmonary disease far outweigh those in typical GERD, despite little evidence of therapeutic benefit in clinical trials. This Review comprehensively examines the possible mechanisms that might link pulmonary disease and oesophageal reflux, highlighting the gaps in current knowledge and limitations of previous research, and helping to shed light on the frequent failure of antireflux treatments in pulmonary disease.
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In the last decades plant substances have become a leading form of treatment of many respiratory symptoms, including cough. It has been shown that compounds purified form polysaccharides from Adhatoda vasica, Withania somnifera, and Glycyrrhiza glabra have various biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, antispasmodic action, or antiallergic properties, and they often act as cough suppressants. This work demonstrates new natural substitutes for synthetic antitussives whose application is associated with numerous adverse effects. We investigated pharmacodynamic characteristics of arabinogalacatan samples extracted from Adhatoda vasica, Withania somnifera, and Glycyrrhiza glabra. These extracts showed the ability to reduce citric acid-induced cough in awake guinea pigs after oral administration in a dose of 50mg/kg. The strongest antitussive effect (81%) was found after application of the extract from Glycyrrhiza glabra. There was a 67% cough suppression with Adhatoda vasica and 61% with Withania somnifera, which was comparable with the antitussive activity of codeine (62%).
Article
Astragalus membranaceus (AM), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for centuries to treat asthma in China. Previous studies demonstrated that AM had inhibitory effects on airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and airway remodeling in murine models of asthma. However, it remained unclear whether the beneficial effects of AM on asthma were associated with CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells; this issue is the focus of the present work. An asthma model was established in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats that were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was assessed for inflammatory cell counts and cytokine levels. Airway hyperresponsiveness was detected by direct airway resistance analysis. Lung tissues were examined for cell infiltration, mucus hypersecretion and airway remodeling. CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells in the BALF and Foxp3 mRNA expression in lung tissues were examined. The oral administration of AM significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness to aerosolized methacholine and inhibited eosinophil counts and reduced IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 levels and increased INF-γ levels in the BALF. Histological studies showed that AM markedly decreased inflammatory infiltration, mucus secretion and collagen deposition in the lung tissues. Notably, AM significantly increased population of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells and promoted Foxp3(+) mRNA expression in a rat model of asthma. Together, these results suggest that the antiasthmatic effects of AM are at least partially associated with CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs.
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Earlier studies show that dietary bioactive compounds can modify proliferation of γδ-T cells. Garlic contains numerous compounds that have this potential and, in addition, has been shown to influence NK cell function. Our primary aim was to demonstrate that aged garlic extract could modify these immune cells. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel intervention study recruited 120 healthy subjects (60 per group) to determine the effect of aged garlic extract supplementation (2.56 g/d) on immune cell proliferation and cold and flu symptoms. After 45 d of consuming an encapsulated aged garlic extract, γδ-T cells (p = 0.039, n = 56) and NK cells (p = 0.043, n = 56) were shown to proliferate better compared to placebo. After 90 d of supplementation, illness diary entries showed that the incidence of colds and flu, a secondary outcome, were not statistically different; however, the group consuming the aged garlic extract appeared to have reduced severity as noted by a reduction in the number of symptoms reported (21% fewer, p < 0.001, z-test of proportions), a reduction in the number of days (61% fewer, p < 0.001, z-test) and incidences (58% fewer p < 0.001, z-test) where the subjects functioned sub-optimally and the number of work/school days missed due to illness (58% fewer, p = 0.035, z-test). These results suggest that supplementation of the diet with aged garlic extract may enhance immune cell function and that this may be responsible, in part, for reduced severity of colds and flu.