No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Simultaneous isolation and identification of phytoconstituents from Terminalia chebula by preparative chromatography
... Tannin Terflavin A Lin et al. (1990) and Terchebulin Lin et al. (1990) Punicalagin Lin et al. (1990), Juang, Sheu, and Lin (2004), and Chebulagic acid Lin et al. (1990) and Juang et al. (2004) Chebulinic acid Lin et al. (1990) and Juang et al. (2004) Corilagin Lin et al. (1990) and Casuarinin Juang et al. (2004) Chebulanin Juang et al. (2004) Tercatain Gemin Tellimagrandin I Punicacortein C Punicacortein D 1 0 -O-Methyl neochebulanin 1 0 -O-Methyl neochebulinate Dimethyl neochebulinate Chebulic acid Juang et al. (2004) 6 0 -O-Methyl chebulate 7 0 -O-Methyl chebulate Methyl chebulagate Neochebulagic acid 6 0 -O-Methyl neochebulagate Dimethyl neochebulagate Dimethyl 4 0 -epi-neochebulagate Eschweilenol C Phyllanemblinin E Phyllanemblinin F 6-O-Galloyl-β-D-glucose 1,3-Di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose 1,6-Di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose Juang et al. (2004) and 1,3,4-Tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose 1,3,6-Tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose 3,4,6-Tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose Juang et al. (2004) 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose Mahajan and Pai (2010) 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose 1,2,4,6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose Juang et al. (2004) and 1,2,3,-Tri-O-galloyl-6-O-cinnamoyl-β-D-glucose 1,3,-Di-O-galloyl-2-O-cinnamoyl-β-D-glucose 1,2,-Di-O-galloyl-6-O-cinnamoyl-β-D-glucose 1,2,3,6-Tetra-O-galloyl-4-O-cinnamoyl-β-D-glucose 4-O-(2 00 ,4 00 -Di-O-galloyl-α-L-rhamnosyl)ellagic acid 4-O-(4 00 -O-Galloyl-α-L-rhamnosyl)ellagic acid 4-O-(3 00 ,4 00 -Di-O-galloyl-α-L-rhamnosyl)ellagic acid 4-O-Galloyl-(-)-shikimic acid 5-O-Galloyl-(-)-shikimic acid (Continues) antioxidant activity among the assessment with DPPH assay (IC 50 = 2.08 μg/mL). The prevailing antioxidant activity was attributed to the predominant antioxidant components from the methanolic extract of the fruits. ...
... Simple phenolic acid derivatives Gallic acid Juang et al. (2004) and Digallic acid Ellagic acid Ethyl gallate Mahajan and Pai (2010) Methyl gallate Juang et al. (2004) and 4-O-Methylgallic acid Mahajan and Pai (2010) Ferulic acid Tariq and Reyaz (2013) Vanillic acid Tariq and Reyaz (2013) p-Coumaric acid Tariq and Reyaz (2013) Eugenol Lee (2006) Caffeic acid Tariq and Reyaz (2013) Melilotic acid Hosamani (1994) Phloroglucinol Hosamani (1994) Pyragallol Hosamani (1994) Flavonoids Rutin Kumar, Lakshman, Jayaveera, Satish, and Tripathi (2012) Quercetin Kumar et al. (2012) Luteolin Prakash, Satya, and Vangalapati (2012) Isoquercetin Prakash et al. (2012) 3-Methoxy quercetin 3,4 0 -Dimethoxy quercetin and nullify the probable neoplastic transformation resulting in hepatocarcinoma by inhibiting the expression of multidrug resistance-1 via prevention of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and ROS generation through MAPK and Akt signalling (Nishanth, Prasad, Jyotsna, Reddy, & Reddanna, 2014). Furthermore, T. chebula averted the hepatotoxicity resulted by the application of isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin (in combination) in a sub-chronic mode possibly via its notable membrane stabilizing and anti-oxidative activities (Tasduq et al., 2006). ...
... Simple phenolic acid derivatives Gallic acid Juang et al. (2004) and Digallic acid Ellagic acid Ethyl gallate Mahajan and Pai (2010) Methyl gallate Juang et al. (2004) and 4-O-Methylgallic acid Mahajan and Pai (2010) Ferulic acid Tariq and Reyaz (2013) Vanillic acid Tariq and Reyaz (2013) p-Coumaric acid Tariq and Reyaz (2013) Eugenol Lee (2006) Caffeic acid Tariq and Reyaz (2013) Melilotic acid Hosamani (1994) Phloroglucinol Hosamani (1994) Pyragallol Hosamani (1994) Flavonoids Rutin Kumar, Lakshman, Jayaveera, Satish, and Tripathi (2012) Quercetin Kumar et al. (2012) Luteolin Prakash, Satya, and Vangalapati (2012) Isoquercetin Prakash et al. (2012) 3-Methoxy quercetin 3,4 0 -Dimethoxy quercetin and nullify the probable neoplastic transformation resulting in hepatocarcinoma by inhibiting the expression of multidrug resistance-1 via prevention of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and ROS generation through MAPK and Akt signalling (Nishanth, Prasad, Jyotsna, Reddy, & Reddanna, 2014). Furthermore, T. chebula averted the hepatotoxicity resulted by the application of isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin (in combination) in a sub-chronic mode possibly via its notable membrane stabilizing and anti-oxidative activities (Tasduq et al., 2006). ...
Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) are widely used as crude drugs in various traditional medicine systems. The aim of this article is to review the available scientific information regarding the traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and the pharmacological activities of T. chebula. Numerous researches conducted on T. chebula have confirmed the presence of wide range of the phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids and other bioactive compounds. T. chebula is also widely studied regarding its pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory activities among others. However, more in vivo and clinical studies for mechanism-based pharmacological evaluation should be conducted in future to provide stronger scientific evidences for their traditional uses.
... Further, several phenolic compounds typically hold important roles as antioxidants (Li, Wu, & Huang, 2009;Piluzza & Bullitta, 2011;Turumtay et al., 2014;Vamanu & Nita, 2013). The Terminalia plants contain several phenolic compounds (Charoenchai, Pathompak, Madaka, Settharaksa, & Saingam, 2016;Deshmukh, Pawar, Tapre, & Deshmukh, 2019;Mahajan & Pai, 2010;Sheng, Zhao, Muhammad, & Zhang, 2018), meaning that this recipe exhibits a high level of antioxidant activity. ...
... According to earlier research, the fruits of T. chebula contained gallic acid, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, chebulagic acid, tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid, and penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (Mahajan & Pai, 2010); the fruits of T. bellirica contained gallic acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid, rutin, and chebulinic acid (Charoenchai et al., 2016); and the fruits of T. chebula contained gallic acid, rutin, 5-O-galloylshikimic acid, corilagin, 3,4,8,9,10-pentahydroxydibenzo [b,d] pyran-6-one, and ellagic acid (Sheng et al., 2018). Elsewhere, another study found that the fruits of T. arjuna contained gallic acid; the fruits of T. bellirica contained gallic acid, ellagic acid, and chebulinic acid; and the fruits of T. chebula contained gallic acid, chebulagic acid, ellagic acid, and chebulinic acid (Deshmukh et al., 2019). ...
This work sought to apply the simplex lattice design to determine the interaction between Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula, Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn., and Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., which are found in the traditional Trisamo recipe. The phenolic compounds gallic acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid were analyzed using validated high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that a broader range of positive interaction was found in the decoction samples as opposed to the infusion samples. Moreover, it was determined that the original Trisamo recipe, which boasts an equal weight ratio of all three Terminalia plants, obtained from the decoction, exhibited a 250% increase in total content of the phenolic compounds as compared with the effects of any of the plants individually, while the original Trisamo recipe obtained from the infusion group revealed a 200% increase in total content of the phenolic compounds when compared with the results of an individual plant. Data from this work could be used to describe the synergism of plant compositions of Trisamo based on the chemical interactions, by enhancing extraction efficiency of total phenolic compounds. Moreover, they may support that the use of the Trisamo with an equal weight ratio distribution of the three Terminalia plants is in fact already appropriate.
... Investigation of ethyl acetate extract of Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. leaves led to isolation of nine compounds 1-9 for the first time except 6 and 7. Based on chemical , physicochemical analyses and spectral data[HMBC and HSQS confirm the structure in certain compounds] that in agreement with the previously published data [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] ; compounds 1-9 were identified as: Lupeol acetate (1) [14][15][16] , Abrisapogenol G(2) [17,18] , 3,4-seco-Friedelane-3-oic acid (3) [ 19,20 ] , 2α,3βdihydroxy- [21] , three steroids; β-Sitosterol-β-D-glucoside. (5) [22,23] , β-Sitosterol (6) [24,25] , Stigmasterol (7) [24][25][26] in addition to isoflavone; Genistein (8) [27][28][29] and phenolic; Ellagic acid (9) [30] . ...
... leaves led to isolation of nine compounds 1-9 for the first time except 6 and 7. Based on chemical , physicochemical analyses and spectral data[HMBC and HSQS confirm the structure in certain compounds] that in agreement with the previously published data [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] ; compounds 1-9 were identified as: Lupeol acetate (1) [14][15][16] , Abrisapogenol G(2) [17,18] , 3,4-seco-Friedelane-3-oic acid (3) [ 19,20 ] , 2α,3βdihydroxy- [21] , three steroids; β-Sitosterol-β-D-glucoside. (5) [22,23] , β-Sitosterol (6) [24,25] , Stigmasterol (7) [24][25][26] in addition to isoflavone; Genistein (8) [27][28][29] and phenolic; Ellagic acid (9) [30] . These compounds were isolated for the first time from Holoptelea integrifolia Planch leaves. ...
... The ML1 and TL2 fraction which showed high antidiabetic properties have λmax 320nm and 340nm respectively, suggesting that ML1 fraction may contain alkaloid such as Mahanimbine (λmax= 326nm), murrayanol (λmax= 330nm), Hydrolysable tannins such as chibulagic acid (λmax= 276nm), Altagic acid (λmax= 253nm), ethyl gallate (λmax= 271nm) and cardiac glycoside (λmax= 253nm); while TL2 fraction may contain Mahanine alkaloids (λmax= 340nm), berberine alkaloid (λmax = 342nm), Saponins (λmax= 350nm) (), and Hispidulin flavonoids (λmax= 338nm) ( (Pfoze et al., 2014;Anil et al., 2013;Hediat et al,. 2012;Mahajan andPai.,2010 andKnolker andPeddy, 2002). ...
... cid (λmax= 276nm), Altagic acid (λmax= 253nm), ethyl gallate (λmax= 271nm) and cardiac glycoside (λmax= 253nm); while TL2 fraction may contain Mahanine alkaloids (λmax= 340nm), berberine alkaloid (λmax = 342nm), Saponins (λmax= 350nm) (), and Hispidulin flavonoids (λmax= 338nm) ( (Pfoze et al., 2014;Anil et al., 2013;Hediat et al,. 2012;Mahajan andPai.,2010 andKnolker andPeddy, 2002). The λmax of ML1 TL2 fraction are great agreement with λmax of Murrayanol alkaloids and Mahanine alkaloids respectively. ...
The antidiabetic properties and phytochemical studies of fractions of ethanolic leaf extract (400mg/Kgb.w) of Murraya koenigii (M. koenigii) and Telfairia occidentalis (T. occidentalis) was carried out on alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. Four and three fractions were obtained from M. koenigii and T. occidentalis extract respectively using column chromatography. Phytochemical screening of each fraction, indicate the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and cardiac glycosides. The alloxan induced diabetic rats were treated with fractions of the extract, and fraction 1 and 2 of M. koenigii and T. occidentalis respectively which decreased blood glucose level significantly (p<0.05) by 72% and 78% respectively when compared within the group and showed no significant different when compared to normal control group. All treated groups showed no significant changes (p<0.05) in their body weight with the exception of groups treated with 3 rd fractions of M. koenigii and T. occidentalis. Spectroscopic studies indicated the presence of biological active compound in the 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd fractions of M. koenigii that absorbed maximally at 200-350nm and the 4 th fraction showed absorption maximally at 270nm and 290nm; while the 1 st fraction of T. occidentalis absorbed maximally at 320nm, 2 nd fraction at 290nm and 340nm and 3 rd fraction at 320nm and 350nm. The 1 st fraction of M. koenigii and 2 nd fraction of T. occidentalis showed high antidiabetic properties at λ max 320nm and 340nm respectively. Our findings certainly suggest among others the use of plants as a source of potentially useful antidiabetic therapy for diabetics.
... for C 8 H 8 O 5 , 183.0293). The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MS data were consistent with those of methyl gallate reported by Mahajan and Nandini (2010) and Hisham et al. (2011); compound 1 was identified as methyl gallate. ...
... for C 7 H 6 O 5 , 169.0137). The NMR and MS data were consistent with those of gallic acid reported by Mahajan and Nandini (2010) and Gangadhar et al. (2011); compound 4 was identified as gallic acid. ...
In this study, antioxidant and antileukemic activity of chemical components from bark of Mangifera casturi was investigated. Research findings have shown that several extracts of M. casturi have potent bioactivity. The methanol extract of M. casturi bark was partitioned successively to yield n-hexane fraction (6.7%), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction (24.1%), and n-butanol (n-BuOH) fraction (28.1%). Five compounds were isolated from EtOAc fraction and one compound was isolated from n-hexane fraction. These compounds were identified as methyl gallate (1), taxifolin (2), pyrocatechuic acid (3), gallic acid (4), glucogallin (5), and β-sitosterol (6), respectively; they were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All compounds were isolated from bark of M. casturi for the first time. The EtOAc fraction as well as the isolated gallic acid (4) showed potent antioxidative and antileukemic activity against human leukemia HL-60 cells.
... In recent years, an extract of TC has been reported for having anticancer and antioxidant properties [1][2][3]. TC belongs to Kingdom: Plantae, Division: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Order: Myrtales, Family: Combretaceae, Genus: Terminalia, Species: Chebula Rtz [4,5]. 22 ...
... The purities were checked by spectroscopic methods. UV absorption maxima of the hydrolysable tannins obtained from TC is shown in Table 2 [4]. Pfundstein et al., in 2010, determined polyphenolic and other active constituents of TC and Terminalia harridan. ...
Terminalia chebula (TC) is a unique herb having various therapeutic potentials as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and digestant. It belongs to family Combretaceae. In the present review, an attempt has been made to decipher classification, chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and patents that have been reported for TC. Various pharmacological activities of TC that make it as potential medicine and its Ayurvedic formulations are highlighted. © 2016, Innovare Academics Sciences Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
... Here, the reaction is directly made on the corresponding original carboxylic acid (gallic acid) without passing through the first step of ester synthesis, so it is just one fast greener step (unlike the previous conventional method which includes two slow hazardous separate steps, firstly, to form the ester 1nz from gallic acid, then to form the hydrazide 2nz from the ester 1nz) with very high excellent rates of saving time, energy, and money (in addition, it is environmentally safe) relative to the traditional method of conventional heating ( Table 2 below shows a detailed comparison between both the conventional and MW methods for 2nz synthesis beginning from gallic acid). HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) analysis is used for the separation of 2nz from other related gallic/gallate derivatives that might be present in the crude 2nz in extremely minute quantities (not exceeding 1% of the total weight) as minor impurities (i.e., HPLC analysis is used for further purification and determination of purity of the crude 2nz produced in this work) [51]. For detection, separation, and determination (of their percentage in the total weight) of these closely related impurities from the crude 2nz, preparative HPLC and RP (reversed-phase) technique of chromatography were used (see Figure 4 and the Experimental Work for the details of the conditions and results of this procedure) [51]. ...
... HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) analysis is used for the separation of 2nz from other related gallic/gallate derivatives that might be present in the crude 2nz in extremely minute quantities (not exceeding 1% of the total weight) as minor impurities (i.e., HPLC analysis is used for further purification and determination of purity of the crude 2nz produced in this work) [51]. For detection, separation, and determination (of their percentage in the total weight) of these closely related impurities from the crude 2nz, preparative HPLC and RP (reversed-phase) technique of chromatography were used (see Figure 4 and the Experimental Work for the details of the conditions and results of this procedure) [51]. Although 2nz is a previously synthesized and known compound, but the heating time for the hydrazinolysis reaction, solvent system of TLC (thin-layer chromatography) for monitoring the hydrazinolysis reaction (5% absolute MeOH (methanol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (dichloromethane or methylene chloride) was used in this work), recrystallization solvent system, yield, color, and melting point differ from some references to others in the previous literature [37,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]48,49], so further elucidation and confirmation of its chemical structure was accomplished in this present research using both the spectroscopical (IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and MS (mass spectroscopy)) and elemental analyses. ...
A novel series of 5-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzene-1,2,3-triols ( 3n-z ) was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for its potential antioxidant activities. Structural modifications at position 5 of the 1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold (linked to a fixed antioxidant 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl moiety at position 2 of the ring) was expected to give new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives with a wide spectrum of biological antioxidant activities. Undoubted elucidation and full confirmation of the chemical structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were accomplished using the spectroscopical and elemental analyses. The pharmacological screening for evaluation of the antioxidant activity of these new thirteen target 5-substituted-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles ( 3n-z ) was done by using two of the most common in vitro antioxidant assays. The results of both assays showed that compounds 3w,s,u (the fumaric, malonic, and citric acids-derived 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, respectively) surprisingly exhibited very high and significant antioxidant activities, and they could be very promising lead and parent compounds for the design and synthesis of new antioxidant agents by further in vivo biological evaluations, structural modifications, and computational studies.
... The assay was performed in 96-well ELISA plates. The fixed concentration of plant extract/active compounds was determined to be able to decrease the MIC of resistant antibiotics [26]. ...
... About 148.6 Tannic acid equivalent (mg/g dry mass) was measured in P. palustris tested samples as reported by Choi et al. [35]. Likewise, in T. chebula, (Family: Combretaceae) about 33% of the total phytoconstituents are hydrolysable tannins (20-50%) [36]. The toxicity of both P. palustris and T. chebula essential oils against A. fabae adults may be attributed to their phytochemicals. ...
... In the current study, to obtain the hexane fraction, chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and aqueous fraction, the methanol extract was further partitioned in water with hexane to defat the extract, then chloroform was used to remove highly nonpolar chemicals that might stick to the column, and finally the extract was extracted with ethyl acetate. (Mahajan & Pai, 2010). Ethyl acetate layer evaporated under reduced pressure on rotary evaporator to yield 1.826g of Ethyl acetate fraction. ...
Phyllanthus emblica fruit has a rich source of polyphenolic compounds and is widely used due to its medicinal properties. A portion of the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from 70% methanol extract (70% ME) showed greater 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activities. Moreover, EAF has more polyphenol content than 70% ME. The EAF was subjected to a dry silica gel column eluted successively with a mixture of chloroform: ethyl acetate: formic acid (2.8: 2.4: 0.4ml) as a mobile phase solvent system, and to afford various fractions. EAF and isolated fraction-1 of ethyl gallate (EG) showed a unique pattern of EG standard chromatogram in thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. EAF and isolated fraction-1 real time (R.T) of the peaks were unique compared with those of the standard chromatogram in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. This chromatogram fraction was collected from isolated fraction-1 at the same R.T time by multiple HPLC analysis. The collected fraction from HPLC was injected into Mass spectroscopy (MS) and it showed a molecular ion at m/z 197 corresponding to C9H10O5. The substance was identified as EG based on the results mentioned above.
... GC-MS analysis identified sixty-four constituents in the ethyl acetate extract of T. chebula fruits . Eight hydrolyzable tannins were successfully isolated with high purities (>98%) using preparative HPLC along with UV detection (Mahajan and Pai 2010). Gallic acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid, ellagic acid and chebulinic acid in the extracts of bark and fruits of four Terminalia species T. arjuna, T. chebula, T. bellirica and T. catappa were quantified by a validated HPLC-PDA method (Dhanani et al. 2015). ...
... T. chebula leaf extracts possessed antibacterial activities against four Gram positive bacterial strains such as Enterococcus faedalis, Bacillus subtillis, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus aureus and three Gram-negative bacterial strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella boydii and Salmonella typhi [17]. The aqueous extract of T. chebula showed antifungal activity against various dermatophytes and yeast (Floccosum, Tricophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, Epidermophyton and C. albicans) [18,19,20]. In the present investigation, the methanol extract of T. chebula fruit possessed antifungal activity against few Aspergillus species, Candida species and Dermatophytic strains than other solvent extracts like hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate which was similar to the previous report [23]. ...
The present study was aimed to investigate the anticandidal and antifungal potential of dried fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against Candida albicans, C. tropicalis C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum gypseum. Phytochemical analysis of methanol extracts of T. chebula dried fruits showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and steroids. Among the tested four extracts, the methanol extracts of T. chebula dried fruits exhibited the highest antifungal activity and their inhibition zone was ranged between 7.5 to 19.5mm. MIC and MFC values were between 62.5-250μg/ml and 250-500μg/ml respectively. Zone of inhibition (19.5 mm), MIC (62.5µg/ml) and MFC (125µg/ml) values observed in methanolic extracts of T. chebula dried fruits against A. fumigates and T. mentagrophytes. Our findings proved that methanolic extracts of T. chebula dried fruits were possessed substantial anticandidal and antifungal properties.
... In Tibet medicine, T.chebula exist in lots of Tibetan medicine compounds to cure various diseases, which makes the T. chebula known as the "King of Tibetan Medicine" (Rathinamoorthy and Thilagavathi, 2014). Analyzed data indicated that tannins are main composition of T.chebula, which about 33% of the total composition (Anil and Nandini, 2010;Juang et al., 2004). These tannins contain polyhydroxy and phenolic compounds like chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, 2,3,4,6 tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,6 di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Terminalia chebula Retz. (T.chebula) is an important medicinal plant in Tibetan medicine and Ayurveda. T.chebula is known as the “King of Tibetan Medicine”, due to its widespread clinical pharmacological activity such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antidiabetic as well as anticancer in lots of in vivo and in vitro models. In this study, we use transgenic and/or RNAi Caenorhabditis elegans (C.elegans) model to simulation the AD pathological features induced by Aβ, to detect the effect of TWE on improving Aβ-induced toxicity and the corresponding molecular mechanism.
Aim of study
The study aimed to tested the activities and its possible mechanism of T.chebula to against Aβ1-42 induced toxicity and Aβ1-42 aggregation.
Materials and methods
Using transgenic C.elegans strain CL2006 and CL4176 as models respond to paralytic induced by Aβ toxicity. The transcription factors DAF-16 and SKN-1 were analyzed used a fluorescence microscope in transgenic strains (DAF-16:GFP, SKN-1:GFP). The function of DAF-16 and SKN-1 was further investigated using loss-of-function strains by feeding RNA interference (RNAi) bacteria. To evaluate the aggregation level of Aβ in the transgenic C.elegans, Thioflavin S (ThS) staining and WB visualized the levels of Aβ monomers and oligomers.
Results
TWE treatment can significantly improve the paralysis of transgenic C.elegans caused by Aβ aggregation (up to 14%). The Aβ aggregates in transgenic C.elegans are significantly inhibited under TWE exposure (up to 70%). TWE increases the nuclear localization of the key transcription factor DAF-16 and HSF-1, which in turn leads to the expression of downstream Hsp-16.2 protein and exerts its inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation. Meanwhile, paralysis improved has not observed in SKN-1 mutation and/or RNAi C.elegans.
Conclusion
Our results indicate that TWE can protect C.elegans against the Aβ1-42-induced toxicity, inhibition Aβ1-42 aggregation and delaying Aβ-induced paralysis. The neuroprotective effect of TWE involves the activation of DAF-16/HSF-1/Hsp-16.2 pathway.
... Physiochemical and Phytochemical studies have been reported on Terminalia chebula fruit [14,15,16] . HPLC method was reported for the isolation of chemical constituents from dried fruits of Terminalia chebula [17,18,19] . Isolation of tannins from Terminalia chebula by high speed counter current chromatography [20] . ...
Terminalia chebula, belongs to Combretaceae family is called the “King of Medicine” in Tibet
because of it wide spectrum of Pharmacological activities majorly anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory
agent etc. It is used in many Ayurvedic preparations to cure different diseases. Twenty seven fruit
rind samples of Terminalia chebula was collected from forests areas of different geographical sources. The
present study was conducted for the quantitative evaluation of major phytochemical constituents present in
fruit, fruit rind and nut part of Terminalia chebula. Study of various factors like Geographical locations,
different supplier samples, different grades of sample, washed and unwashed sample, ripe and unripe fruit,
different species which impacting the quality of Terminalia chebula fruit rind. The Percentage results of
physical parameters like Loss on Drying, Ash value, Extractive value and TLC identification were carried out
and calculated. The mean value of the results were calculated and compared with each other to know the impact
of variants on the quality of the sample. Percentage content of Total tannins, polyphenols and flavonoids were
quantitatively estimated by UV Visible spectrophotometry and it was found to be present more in fruit rind
part than nut and as a whole fruit. This study helps for further investigation of various parts of Terminalia
chebula.
... The UV spectral data exhibited two absorption bands at (λmax 247, 375) characteristic for ellagic acid derivatives 13 . The molecular formula C 16 The gallic acid 13 and methyl gallate 14 were identified from chromatographic properties, by comparing UV spectra with reported data and by co-chromatography on TLC with authentic sample 15,16 . ...
... Terminalia chebula, (T.chebula) King of medicine, has high potent to cure various diseases like diabetes, indigestion etc 11 . Diabetic wounds have low levels of free radical scavengers, i.e. both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. ...
... Several earlier studies conducted on the fruit part of T. chebula demonstrated potent maltase inhibitory activity due to the presence of three active ellagitannin (chebulanin, chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid [19]. Plant-derived hydrolyzable tannin is known to be responsible for varied pharmacological activity including antidiabetic [20][21][22][23][24]. Gallic acid being one of the widely spread hydrolyzable tannins of T. chebula possess very high antioxidant and hypoglycemic property [25,26]. ...
Objective: The antihyperglycaemic potentiality of Terminalia chebula leaves has not yet been investigated thoroughly compared to its fruit counterpart. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the hypoglycaemic potentiality of Terminalia chebula Retz leaves both in vitro and in vivo.Methods: Fresh leaves of T. chebula were collected, authenticated and grounded to a fine powder. The powdered material was extracted in methanol. The hypoglycaemic potentiality of the extract was accessed in vitro using enzyme alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. The antihyperglycaemic activity of the methanol extract active fraction was accessed in vitro and in vivo. The active fraction thus obtained was partially characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.Results: The crude leave methanol extract of Terminalia chebula demonstrated 100% α glucosidase inhibition with IC50–0.956±0.342 mg/ml compared to standard drug acarbose. Oral administration of the active fraction to diabetic rats loaded with maltose significantly (P<0.05) retarded the postprandial spike of blood glucose level compared to standard drug acarbose. Partial characterization of the fraction reveals the presence of hydrosoluble tannin gallic acid.Conclusion: The study provides an in vitro and in vivo rationale evidence of Terminalia chebula leaves to retard postprandial hyperglycemia.
... From the above-mentioned data and by comparison with previously reported ones 17,18 and co-chromatography with authentic sample, the isolated compound could be identified as 3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoic acid (GA). 1 H NMR at δ9.17 (brs, three OH at positions 3, 4, and 5) and 6.92 (2H, s, H-2, and H-6) and 13 ...
The global burden of hepatocellular carcinoma is increasing; actually, it is estimated as 750,000 new cases annually. This study was initiated to emphasize the possibility that gallic acid could alleviate hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. In this study, 40 rats were enrolled and distributed as follows; group 1 was set as negative control, while all of groups 2, 3, and 4 were orally received N-nitrosodiethylamine for hepatocellular carcinoma induction. Group 2 was left untreated, whereas groups 3 and 4 were orally treated with gallic acid and doxorubicin, respectively. The current data indicated that gallic acid administration in hepatocellular carcinoma bearing rats yielded significant decline in serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein, glypican-3, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 along with significant enhancement in serum suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 level. Also, gallic acid–treated group displayed significant downregulation in the gene expression levels of hepatic gamma glutamyl transferase and heat shock protein gp96. Intriguingly, treatment with gallic acid remarkably ameliorated the destabilization of liver tissue architecture caused by N-nitrosodiethylamine intoxication as evidenced by histopathological investigation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the hepatocarcinogenic effect of N-nitrosodiethylamine can be abrogated by gallic acid supplementation owing to its affinity to regulate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway through its outstanding bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, and antitumor effects.
... It gives blush green color with ferric chloride. According to mixed m.p. and color reaction on PC comparable with authentic sample; compound 5 identified as ellagic acid [34]. Table 1) which suggested that compound 6 was EGCG [33]. ...
Objectives: The present study on the methanol extract of Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) [Malvaceae] afforded ten compounds. Findings from this assessment indicated that A. hirtum leaves possessed vast potential as medicinal product especially in liver cancer treatment. Methods: Dried-powdered leaves were boiled under reflux in 10 L of petroleum ether for 8 hrs. After filtration, the solvent was evaporated; afforded 15 g of petroleum ether extract followed by boiling with reflux for 8 hrs with chloroform, then filtration and the residue was evaporated to give 34 g chloroform extract. Ethyl acetate was added and refluxed for 8 hrs, then filtration and evaporation to give 31 g ethyl acetate extract. Finally the leaves were refluxed with 10 L of 85 % aqueous MeOH, after cooling, the solution was filtered and evaporated and the residue was 210 g methanol extract then the residue was dissolved in de-ionized water (250 ml), then the salt was removed by adding excess methanol solution (2.5 L), and finally filtered. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was evaluated towards HepG2 liver-carcinoma cell line using MTT assay, the antimicrobial activity was tested using the Disc agar plate method and the total antioxidant capacity was determined according to phosphomolybdenum method. Results: The isolated compounds identified as methyl gallate, cuneataside E, bergapten, gallic acid, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, benzyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and β-sitosterol. All the isolated compounds are known; but they were isolated from Abutilon hirtum for the first time. Conclusion: This report may serve as a footprint concerning the biological and pharmacological activities of A. hirtum leaves.
... Signals attributed to carbohydrates (δ 3-4.5 ppm) and their anomeric protons (δ 5.41 ppm, d, J¼ 3.8 Hz; δ 5.13 ppm d, J¼ 3.7 Hz; δ 4.49 ppm, d, J ¼7.7 Hz) could also be observed, as well as minor signals from aliphatic C-H (δ 1-2 ppm) (Fig. 2). From the methanol crude extract of S. guineense leaves were isolated and identified by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, corroborated by comparison with published values, the flavan-3-ol gallocatechin (1) (Davis et al., 1996), the flavonol aglycone myricetin (2) (Korul'kina et al., 2004), the flavonol glycosides myricetin-3-O-glucoside (3) (Hilbert et al., 2015;Scharbert et al., 2004), myricetin-3-Orhamnoside (4) (Hilbert et al., 2015;Korul'kina et al., 2004), myricetin-3-O-glucuronide (5) (Hilbert et al., 2015;Rashed et al., 2014) and myricetin-3-O-β-D-(6″-galloyl)galactoside (6) (Korul'kina et al., 2004), the gallotannins 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (7) (Fouad and Abdel-Hafeez, 2009;Mahajan and Pai, 2010) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (8) (Cho et al., 2010), as well as the ellagitannins casuarictin (9) (Park et al., 2011) and casuarinin (10) (Park et al., 2011). All structures are shown in Fig. 3. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Syzygium guineense has been traditionally used in Mali in West Africa for the treatment of different diseases such as stomach problems, wounds, inflammations and various female disorders.
Aims of the study:
(1) To perform an ethnopharmacological survey on the traditional use of S. guineense among Malian healers. (2) To isolate and identify chemical constituents from S. guineense leaves and to study their radical scavenging and enzyme inhibitory effects.
Materials and methods:
In four different districts in Mali, 44 healers were interviewed about their medicinal use of S. guineense. A methanol extract of the leaves of this tree was prepared and further fractionated using different chromatographic methods. Isolated compounds were identified by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Extracts and isolated compounds were investigated as DPPH radical scavengers and as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and 15-lipoxygenase, and the methanol extract was tested for toxicity towards Artemia salina nauplii.
Results:
Major uses by Malian healers were against dermatosis, pain, malaria/fever and for wound healing. There was little consensus about the use in the different districts. Leaves were most commonly used. From the methanol leaf extract, the flavonoids gallocatechin (1), myricetin (2), myricetin-3-O-glucoside (3), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (4), myricetin-3-O-glucuronide (5) and myricetin-3-O-β-D-(6″-galloyl)galactoside (6), the gallotannins 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (7) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (8), and the ellagitannins casuarictin (9) and casuarinin (10) were isolated. These ten polyphenols are all new for the species. The crude methanol extract was active as a radical scavenger and as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase and 15-lipoxygenase. Among the isolated compounds, pentagalloylglucose was the best enzyme inhibitor (IC50 25±4μM for 15-lipoxygenase, 8±1μM for xanthine oxidase), while casuarictin (IC50 3.9±0.1μM), casuarinin (IC50 4.5±0.3μM) and pentagalloylglucose (IC50 5±1μM) showed the highest radical scavenging activity. The methanol extract was non-toxic to Artemia salina nauplii.
Conclusion:
S. guineense leaves are commonly used among Malian healers, however the traditional practice varies a lot between different regions. The leaves of S. guineense are rich in polyphenols; several are galloylated, either as galloylated flavonoids, gallotannins or ellagitannins. The high content of biologically active polyphenols might be important for medicinal effects of this plant and might give a rationale for the widespread usage of S. guineense in Mali.
... It was identified as methyl gallate. Identification was confirmed by comparing with published data (Gudej, 2003;Mahjan and Pai, 2010) Compound E 2 : The UV spectral data of compound E 2 showed one two bands at 215, (Wang et al., 2007) at δ 7.005 ppm with two protons integration assigned to H-2 and H-6. It was identified as gallic acid. ...
... One chemical constituent namely ethyl gallate (1) had been isolated from Rambutan and two compounds from Durian, namely 4,4-dimethyl-poriferasta-18(19)-en-3-ol (2) and 3α-E-ferulyloxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (3). These compounds (Fig. 1) were elucidated based on their proton and carbon NMR spectra, and the structure of the ethyl gallate (1) was conf irmed with reference spectral data (Mahajan and Pai, 2010), 4,4-dimethylporiferasta-18(19)-en-3-ol (2) with the Ersoz's NMR spectral data (Ersoz et al., 2002) and 3α-E-ferulyloxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (3) with Khumar and Sharma's spectral data (Khumar and Sharma, 2006). The ethyl gallate (1) has been reported to exhibit good antioxidant properties (Romero et al., 2010;Kubo et al., 2010;Bonacorsi et al., 2011), antiviral (Juliana, 2006, and induces apoptosis of HL-60 Cells (Kim et 3-E-ferulyloxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (3) Fig. 1. ...
The ethanolic extracts and their fractions of some Indonesian fruit peels were screened for their free radical scavenging properties using vitamin-E as standard antioxidant. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The strongest antioxidant activity was shown by the Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.), followed by Kelengkeng (Euphoria longan Lour. Steud) and Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) with IC 50 values of 7.74, 11.85, and 28.83 µg/mL, respectively comparable to vitaminE (IC 50 = 8.48 ± 0.1 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction of these fruit peels extracts demonstrated the most active antioxidant activity compared with hexane, chloroform and methanol fractions. The chemical constituents of Rambutan and Durian were successfully isolated using vacuum liquid chromatography and radial chromatography technique, and these structures were characterizated based on the proton (1H) and carbon (13C) NMR spectra. The isolated compounds were ethyl gallate (1) from Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) rind, 4,4-dimethylporiferasta-18(19)-en-3-ol (2) and 3α-E-ferulyloxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (3) from Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) peels. The results showed that prospective antioxidant contents in Rambutan’s fruit peel extract was higher than Kelengkeng and Durian fruit peel extracts.
... The phytochemical analysis showed that T. chebula is a rich source of various phenolic and flavonoid compounds [112] (Table 4) which is well known for their free radical scavenging and iron chelating properties [113]. Seventy percent methanolic extract of T. chebula has been reported to contain some notable antioxidants [114] (Table 4) and many bioactive constituents [115]. T. chebula possesses a wide variety of scientifically tested biological activities like cytoprotective [116], spasmogenic [117], NF-κB inhibition in human lymphoblastic T cells [118], antioxidant, neuroprotective [119], antinociceptive [120], and antiulcerogenic [121] activities. ...
Liver is a vital organ which plays major role in metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics from the body. Liver injury or its dysfunction is a major health problem that challenges not only health care professionals but also the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. Liver cell injury caused by various toxic chemicals, certain chemotherapeutic agents, carbon tetrachloride, excessive alcohol, overloaded iron is well-studied. Some synthetic compounds such as antimicrobials, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, NSAIDs and analgesic etc. are currently available as hepatoprotective agents. However, such compounds are not totally safe and exert several side effect and disadvantages. In view of severe adverse side effects of synthetic agents, there is growing need to develop more valuable and protected drugs which may be of therapeutic benefits to patients. Hence herbal drugs have become increasingly popular and their use is increasing day by day. A number of herbal preparations are available in the market. Triphala is one of the age old most commonly used polyherbal formulations with known hepatoprotective activities in Indian system of medicine mainly in Ayurveda. This is well known phytomedicine, a combination of three medicinal plants with Phyllanthus emblica (Amlaki, Phyllanthaceae), Terminalia chebula (Haritaki, Combretaceae) & Terminalia bellirica (Baheda, Combretaceae). Present review focuses on mechanism of hepaotoxicity and various scientifically tested hepatoperotective properties of formulation Triphala and its constituents. INTRODUCTION Liver is the key organ for detoxification of toxic substances and disposition of endogenous substances. It is continuously and widely exposed to toxins and chemotherapeutic agents that lead to impairment of its function. Chronic Liver diseases stand as one of the foremost health troubles worldwide. Liver disease is one of the major causes of death [1]. According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is the 12th leading cause of death, claiming 30,000 lives annually in the United States [2]. Liver undergoes progressive changes during injury (Figure 1). Liver is involved in wide range of body functions including protein synthesis, production of biochemicals necessary for digestion and synthesis as well as metabolism of complex molecules. Additionally, the toxins absorbed from the intestinal tract go first to the liver resulting in a variety of liver complaints. Many factors are responsible for liver injuries (Figure 2). Oxidative stress, which results due to imbalance between the antioxidant defense system and the formation of
... and Perr., Terminalia myriocapa Van Heurck and Müll. Arg., and Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolf (Mohamed et al., 2002;Chen et al., 2009;Mahajan and Pai, 2010;Pham et al., 2011). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The emergence of drug resistant-tuberculosis and other pathogenic diseases over the past decades, constitutes a serious threat to human health worldwide. According to a 2012 report by the World Health Organization (WHO), South Africa, China, India and Russia are the countries with the highest prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistant tuberculosis (MDR-tuberculosis) as they represented 60% of the total. Several reports have documented antimycobacterial properties of Terminalia species but only a few species from this genus have been explored for their antimycobacterial constituents. The crude extracts of Terminalia phanerophlebia showed good antimicrobial activities in our previous study against two Mycobacterium as well as two other bacterial strains responsible for opportunistic infections related to respiratory ailments. This paper studies the isolation of compounds responsible for such activities and to isolate compounds responsible for antimicrobial activities from the crude extracts of Terminalia phanerophlebia leaves.
Materials and methods:
Terminalia phanerophlebia crude extracts obtained from 80% methanol was successively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol. The fractions obtained and isolated compounds were tested for their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bioguided fractionation of the EtOAc fraction afforded two bioactive compounds. Structure elucidation was carried out using NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopic methods.
Results:
EtOAc fraction exhibited highest antimicrobial activities and its fractionation afforded methyl gallate (methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) (1) and a phenylpropanoid glucoside, 1,6-di-O-coumaroyl glucopyranoside (2) These compounds are reported from Terminalia phanerophlebia for the first time. Both compounds showed good antimicrobial activity against all bacterial strains tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 63 to 250 µg/mL. Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by 1,6-di-O-coumaroyl glucopyranoside (2) at a MIC value of 63 µg/mL was noteworthy, as this bacterial strain is reported to be the leading cause of tuberculosis worldwide.
Conclusions:
Good antimicrobial activities exhibited by the compounds isolated from Terminalia phanerophlebia authenticate the traditional use of this plant in treating tuberculosis and its related symptoms. Compound (2), 1,6-di-O-coumaroyl glucopyranoside could serve as a lead compound for tuberculosis drug discovery.
... Therefore, compound 2 could be identified as 5, 7, 4 0 -trihydroxy isoflavone-7-O-glucoside (Genistein-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside) or (Genistin) by comparing the above mentioned data with published ones. [31][32][33][34] Compound 3 By comparing the previous data to those published in literature 35,36 , compound 3 could be identified as 3, 4, 5-trihydroxy benzoic acid (Gallic acid). ...
A bioactivity-guided investigation of the ethanolic extract (70%) of the stem bark of Pterocarpus dalbergioides Roxb. ex DC revealed that the butanol fraction possessed potent antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt. compared to metformin (150 mg/kg b.wt.) and indomethacin (20 mg/kg b.wt.) respectively. Two phenolic acids viz: gentisic (1) and gallic (3) acids and isoflavone genistin (2) were isolated for the first time from the studied plant adopting a bioactivity-guided fractionation. Identification of the isolated compounds was achieved using physical, chemical and spectroscopic data.
... Bioactivity-guided isolation of the active compounds from the EtOAc extract which exhibited potent DPPH radical scavenging activity led to the isolation of two known compounds. Through the comparison of the physical property and spectroscopic data comparing with the literature values [30][31][32], the isolated compounds were identified as gallic acid (1) and quercetin (2, Figure 1). This is the first report on the isolation of quercetin from this plant. ...
Quercetin has been isolated for the first time from ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lamk. C. mimosoides Lamk. (Fabaceae) or Cha rueat (Thai name) is an indigenous plant found in mixed deciduous forest in northern and north-eastern parts of Thailand. Thai rural people consume its young shoots and leaves as a fresh vegetable, as well as it is used for medicinal purposes.The antioxidant capacity in terms of radical scavenging activity of quercetin was determined as IC50 of 3.18 ± 0.07 µg/mL, which was higher than that of Trolox and ascorbic acid (12.54 ± 0.89 and 10.52 ± 0.48 µg/mL, resp.). The suppressive effect of quercetin on both purified and cellular acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes was investigated as IC50 56.84 ± 2.64 and 36.60 ± 2.78 µg/mL, respectively. In order to further investigate the protective ability of quercetin on neuronal cells, P19-derived neurons were used as a neuronal model in this study. As a result, quercetin at a very low dose of 1 nM enhanced survival and induced neurite outgrowth of P19-derived neurons. Furthermore, this flavonoid also possessed significant protection against oxidative stress induced by serum deprivation. Altogether, these findings suggest that quercetin is a multifunctional compound and promising valuable drugs candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
... Methanol soluble fractions on repeat chromatography using chloroform and methanol (95:5 to 80:20 v/v) afforded compound E (rutin, yellowish green powder; 2.00 to 6.00 mg/g), compound F (gallic acid, pale white powder; 0.58 to 1.50 mg/g), and compound G (ellagic acid, buff coloured powder; 1.07 to 4.09 mg/g). These compounds were identified by direct comparison with the spectroscopic data (NMR and MS) of authentic sample, procured from MP Biomedicals, Ohio, Solon, USA as well as those reported in the literature21. ...
Background & objectives:
Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) extracts have been used as traditional medicines and are effective in controlling diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-HIV property of the extracts prepared from the leaves and stems of banaba, and further purification and characterization of the active components.
Methods:
Aqueous and 50 per cent ethanolic extracts were prepared from leaves and stems of banaba and were evaluated for cytotoxicity and anti-HIV activity using in vitro reporter gene based assays. Further, three compounds were isolated from the 50 per cent ethanolic extract of banaba leaves using silica gel column chromatography and characterization done by HPLC, NMR and MS analysis. To delineate the mode of action of the active compounds, reverse transcriptase assay and protease assay were performed using commercially available kits.
Results:
All the extracts showed a dose dependent inhibition of HIV-1-infection in TZM-bl and CEM-GFP cell lines with a maximum from the 50 per cent ethanolic extract from leaves (IC 50 = 1 to 25 μg/ml). This observation was confirmed by the virus load (p24) estimation in infected CEM-GFP cells when treated with the extracts. Gallic acid showed an inhibition in reverse transcriptase whereas ellagic acid inhibited the HIV-1 protease activity.
Interpretation & conclusions:
The present study shows a novel anti-HIV activity of banaba. The active components responsible for anti-HIV activity were gallic acid and ellagic acid, through inhibition of reverse transcriptase and HIV protease, respectively and hence could be regarded as promising candidates for the development of topical anti-HIV-1 agents.
... A schematic representation of the release process has been presented in Fig. 3. Figure 4a, b shows the cumulative percentage release of T. chebula from the silica gel matrix with time in 0.1 N HCl and PBS, respectively. The amounts of extract released in PBS and 0.1 N HCl buffer from the silica gel matrix were measured at 216 nm because most of the compounds present in the extract have a λ max at 216 nm, then plotted against time, and the concentration from the standard curves calculated [30,31]. The release kinetics in both the cases was biphasic [5,15]; initially, it was very rapid in first 4 h and gradually slowed down at around 168 h. ...
Sol/gel-derived silica gel was prepared at room temperature from tetraethyl orthosilicate precursor. The extracts of Terminalia chebula (Haritoki) were entrapped into the porous silica gel. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed the proper adsorption of herbal values in the nanopores of the silica gel. Porosity was estimated by transmission electron microscope studies. The release kinetics of the extract in both 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2, and Phosphate-buffer saline (PBS), pH 7.2, were determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Different dissolution models were applied to release data in order to evaluate the release mechanisms and kinetics. Biphasic release patterns were found in every formulation for both the buffer systems. The kinetics followed a zero-order equation for first 4 h and a Higuchi expression in a subsequent timeline in the case of 0.1 N HCl. In the case of PBS, the formulations showed best linearity with a first-order equation followed by Higuchi's model. The sustained release of the extract predominantly followed diffusion and super case II transport mechanism. The release value was always above the minimum inhibitory concentration.
Globalization witnessed changing trends in consumer markets. However, their long-term impacts include lifestyle and dietary changes. Although research in the pharmaceutical and chemical sciences led to the discovery and development of drugs saving millions of lives, their persistent use led to safety and toxicological issues. The plants previously used in Chinese and Ayurveda medicines received attention of the researchers to validate their traditional therapeutic applications. As a result, the reliance of communities on complementary and alternative medicines started to recover in the last few decades. The myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) is one such example that was renowned as the king of medicinal plants in Ayurveda due to its wide range of utilization in herbal decoctions to treat various health disparities. The current review showed phytochemical profile, that includes phenolic acids, casuarinin, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, rutin, and corilagin. Phytochemistry is linked with its medicinal applications and several research studies validated its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and digestive tonic. The facts presented in the current article are derived from cell culture, animal, and human studies. Moreover, conceptualized framework regarding the effectiveness against cardiovascular disorders, immune dysfunction, cancer insurgence, and neurological disorders is in the limelight of the article. In last, a comprehensive discussion regarding its potential inclusion in the modern-day functional food market and presents its future applications.
Globalization witnessed changing trends in consumer markets. However, their long-term impacts include lifestyle and dietary changes. Although research in the pharmaceutical and chemical sciences led to the discovery and development of drugs saving millions of lives, their persistent use led to safety and toxicological issues. The plants previously used in Chinese and Ayurveda medicines received attention of the researchers to validate their traditional therapeutic applications. As a result, the reliance of communities on complementary and alternative medicines started to recover in the last few decades. The myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) is one such example that was renowned as the king of medicinal plants in Ayurveda due to its wide range of utilization in herbal decoctions to treat various health disparities. The current review showed phytochemical profile, that includes phenolic acids, casuarinin, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, rutin, and corilagin. Phytochemistry is linked with its medicinal applications and several research studies validated its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and digestive tonic. The facts presented in the current article are derived from cell culture, animal, and human studies. Moreover, conceptualized framework regarding the effectiveness against cardiovascular disorders, immune dysfunction, cancer insurgence, and neurological disorders is in the limelight of the article. In last, a comprehensive discussion regarding its potential inclusion in the modern-day functional food market and presents its future applications.
Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) is a widely used medicinal plant that possesses numerous therapeutic properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective activity. In this study, the ethanolic extract of T. chebula was observed to significantly improve the condition of alloxan-induced diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. A lower dose (250mg) of T. chebula significantly (p<0.05) reversed the altered physiological states of alloxan-induced diabetic rats, but a higher dose (650mg) yielded greater therapeutic effects. A dose-dependent restoration was also recorded in the levels of SGPT, SGOT, Original Research Article Ferdous et al.; AJRRE, 5(2): 62-97, 2022; Article no.AJRRE.89388 63 creatinine, HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats that received three distinct doses (low, medium, high) of the test extract. Afterward, the diabetes healing potentialities of T. chebula were compared to those of commercially available medications. This study revealed that different doses of ethanolic extracts of T. chebula fruit had similar therapeutic results in treating hyperglycemia as existing conventional medications. A ligand library of the fruits' constituents was prepared through literature mining, and the anti-diabetic activities of the ligands and their ADMET properties were assayed in silico. The molecular docking studies indicated that the anti-diabetic activity of the extract is likely mediated through the inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, but further research on this was deemed necessary. The current study ascertains the anti-diabetic potentialities of this medicinal plant and opines that comprehensive in vivo and in vitro analysis of the constituents be carried out to identify and further develop the actual molecules responsible for anti-diabetic activity.
The use of the traditional plants combating microbial diseases is becoming the
focus of numerous studies. About
3.4 billion peoples in the developing world depend on plant based traditional medicines
natural products have been an integral part of the ancient traditional medicine systems
(e.g. Chinese, Egyptian and Ayurvedic). Plants have unlimited ability to
synthesize secondary metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides and
phenols which have been found to have antimicrobial properties. It has been estimated that 14- 28 % of
higher plant species are used in medicinal purposes and that 74 % of pharmacologically
active plant derived components were discovered after following up on ethnobotanical
uses of the plants.
The Chemistry inside Spices and Herbs: Research and Development brings comprehensive information about the chemistry of spices and herbs with a focus on recent research in this field. The book is an extensive 2-part collection of 20 chapters contributed by experts in phytochemistry with the aim to give the reader deep knowledge about phytochemical constituents in herbal plants and their benefits. The contents include reviews on the biochemistry and biotechnology of spices and herbs, herbal medicines, biologically active compounds and their role in therapeutics among other topics. Chapters which highlight natural drugs and their role in different diseases and special plants of clinical significance are also included. Part II continues from the previous part with chapters on the treatment of skin diseases and oral problems. This part focuses on clinically important herbs such as turmeric, fenugreek, ashwagandha (Indian winter cherry), basil, Terminalia chebula (black myrobalan). In terms of phytochemicals, this part presents chapters that cover resveratrol, piperine and circumin.
Chebulagic acid is a hydrolyzable tannin found in the fruits of Terminalia bellirica and has been extensively used in traditional Indian medicine. Currently, most of the chebulagic acid is extracted from Terminalia chebula and a lesser extent, from T. bellirica. Crude chebulagic acid extracts from these fruits are usually extracted using Soxhlet extraction or reflux methods before purification using column chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). We examined supercritical fluid extraction efficiency with or without a modifier in extracting chebulagic acid from T. bellirica fruit powder in the present study. Our results demonstrated that supercritical fluid extraction with 50% ethanol as a modifier (SFEM) was the most efficient method in extracting chebulagic acid from T. bellirica fruit powder compared to supercritical fluid extraction without modifier (SFE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) methods. This new extraction method (SFEM) yielded 96.10% ± 3.34 (w/w) chebulagic acid with 96.9% ± 1.34 purity and 95.21% ± 0.14 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, requiring no further purification. HPLC was used to confirm the purity of chebulagic acid and the chemical structure was confirmed using their mass spectroscopy (MS) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. This one-step extraction and purification method is clean, uses less liquid solvent compared to the conventional Soxhlet method, and the extraction process requires 92% less time.
The Chemistry inside Spices & Herbs: Research and Development brings comprehensive information about the chemistry of spices and herbs with a focus on recent research in this field. The book is an extensive 2-part collection of 20 chapters contributed by experts in phytochemistry with the aim to give the reader deep knowledge about phytochemical constituents in herbal plants and their benefits. The contents include reviews on the biochemistry and biotechnology of spices and herbs, herbal medicines, biologically active compounds and their role in therapeutics among other topics. Chapters which highlight natural drugs and their role in different diseases and special plants of clinical significance are also included.
Part II continues from the previous part with chapters on the treatment of skin diseases and oral problems. This part focuses on clinically important herbs such as turmeric, fenugreek, ashwagandha (Indian winter cherry), basil, Terminalia chebula (black myrobalan). In terms of phytochemicals, this part presents chapters that cover resveratrol, piperine and circumin.
Audience: This book is an ideal resource for scholars (in life sciences, phytomedicine and natural product chemistry) and general readers who want to understand the importance of herbs, spices and traditional medicine in pharmaceutical and clinical research.
Objectives:
Tannins with complex structures are important plant resources, which are abundant in the genus Terminalia. Various Terminalia species have been playing an important role in traditional medicine system. A systematic scoping review of Terminalia Linn. research literature for tannins was conducted to summarize the structures of tannins and analysis fragmentation pathway characteristics, which could provide references for the structural analysis of tannins from Terminalia Linn.
Methods:
After an update of the literature search up to September 2018, the terms of Terminalia in all publications were analyzed. Electronic searches were conducted in scifinder and PubMed, and the information from 197 articles in all with regard to the tannin structure study was extracted.
Results:
The compounds of 82 tannins from the genus Terminalia were reviewed. According to the structural differences, they can be divided into three categories, hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, and complex tannins, respectively. The fragmentation pathways of 46 identified tannins were analyzed, and the fragmentation rules of tannins were speculated according to different types.
Conclusion:
This review has attracted attention to the active substances in this species such as the tannins summarized in further study. How to improve the extraction and purification technology of tannins from genus Terminalia is an urgent problem to be solved.
Fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanolic extract of the dried powdered leaves of Santaloides afzelii (Connaraceae) on silica gel column chromatography afforded gallic acid and two flavonoids glycosides identified as quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside. Their structures were elucidated by 'H and 13C-NMR data and UV data. It is the first time that these compounds are reported in the plant.
The methanol extracts of Terminalia chebula fruits as antibacterial agent and citric acid as a crosslinking agent have been applied on cotton plain woven fabric and the treated fabrics are then tested for antibacterial activity against bacterial strains like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, under agar diffusion test and quantitative assessment. The results indicate that the treated cotton fabric shows a clear antibacterial activity with 27-38 mm zone of inhibition in the agar diffusion test against the above-mentioned strains. The treated samples show 93.33% of reduction against Staphylococcus aureus and 82.14 % reduction against Escherichia coli as per quantitative assessment. The antibacterial finished textile samples have also been evaluated for the physical properties like tensile strength, tearing strength, water absorbency and air permeability. Process parameters are optimized for better performance of antibacterial treated material by the response surface methodology adopted using Box - behnken design and the regression equations have been obtained for fabric properties. The optimized process parameters for higher antibacterial ability of the treated textile material with optimum physical properties are extract concentration of 25%, crosslinking agent of 7.5% and the curing temperature of 94.160C.
In this research an attempt has been made to reduce the odor formation in textile material with the help of Terminalia chebula finish. Knitted cotton textile materials with different structures were used for in-vivo analysis. The initial study shows that, the odor formation in textile material is strongly correlated with the thickness and mass per square meter. The odor analysis was repeated after the Terminalia chebula extract finishing. The subjective analysis results of treated fabric shows significantly lower odor intensity after in-vivo study. In the finished textile, rib structure with high thickness and mass possessed low odor than single jersey. Further it is also confirmed the bacterial reduction in the axilla worn material objectively. The bacterial isolation was performed and count was analyzed and the results shows a significant reduction in bacterial percentage. The test results on the effectiveness of Terminalia chebula treatment against the odor causing bacterial strains like Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Corynebacterium Sp (MTCC 8730), Corynebacterium Sp (ATCC 3021), B. licheniformis (MTCC 429), M. luteus (ATCC 49732), Corynebecteriurn acnes (MTCC1951), Pseudomonas Sp.,(MTCC 6628), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1687), shows that there is a maximum bacterial reduction in terms of zone of inhibition up to 42 mm. The FTIR studies confirm the presence of active substance like tannins, phenols and saponins on the finished fabric, which in turns inhibiting odor formation. Hence, this study suggests an alternative and eco-friendly way of finishing in textile material against odor propagation and retention.
Traditional herbal medicinal products (THMPs) have served as a source of medicines as well as disease-preventive products; consequently, they became the major source of molecular medicines. Roughly 65% of the drugs in the current arsenal are based on natural products or derived from natural products. THMPs are regaining immense popularity in maintaining discovery of new drugs to cope with the challenges of sustaining drug efficacies and countering the emergence of drug resistance. Natural products are the main source for novel skeletons and drug candidate leads. Terminalia chebula, a plant habitant of sub-Himalaya region, is effectively being used against several diseases with no major reported side effects. Our Sci-Finder (CAS) literature search has shown ~2000 research reports on this single specie and ~74 THMPs based on T. chebula alone or in combination with other medicinal herbs. This review provides relevant knowledge covering these 74 THMPs derived from this miraculous cure, i.e. T. chebula and its major nature engineered bioactive chemical constituents. This is expected to make a meaningful contribution, especially: 1) Standardization, dosage and safety studies of these 74 THMPs of T. chebula; 2) its promising role in discovery of new, effective, novel and safer molecular drugs. T. chebula is a rich source of a variety of novel natural products, especially, its abundance in a wide range of tannins could be very important in modulating several biological disorders. T. chebula-derived THMPs are economical and are vastly being used throughout the world. It is important that their use, efficacy and side effects should be studied and documented properly to enhance the efficacy and reduce the adverse effects.
Diospyros burmanica Kurz. is an evergreen deciduous tree distributed in Mandalay of Myanmar, which belongs to the family of Ebenaceae. In Myanmar, it has been used to treat diarrhea, diabetes, diabetes and also as lumbers. In this study, seven flavonoids (1 - 7), a phenolic compound (8), and five triterpenes (9 - 13) were isolated from the barks of D. burmanica and their chemical structures were elucidated. Isolates were identified to be (+)catechin (1), (+)-catechin 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), (+)-catechin 3-O-gallate (3), (-)-epicatechin (4), (-)epicatechin 3-O-gallate (5), (+)-afzelechin 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside (6), (+)-2,3-trans-dihydrokaempferol 3-O-αL-rhamnopyranoside (7), methyl gallate (8), lupeol (9), methyl lup-20(29)-en-3-on-28-oate (10), ß-amyrin (11), αamyrin (12), 3ß-hydroxy-D:B-friedo-olean-5-ene (13) through MS,1H NMR and13C NMR spectroscopic evidences.
Triphala a combination of extract is derived from dried fruits of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellerica, in equal proportions (1:1:1). The mixture and its individual ingredients are highly valued in the field of Ayurveda and considered as a controller of the human system aiding digestion, nutrient absorption and body metabolism. Triphala is known for its medicinal properties such as anti-aging, antianaemic, antibacterial, anticancerous, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiviral, cardio protective, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolaemic, radio protective and colon cleanser. All of the three constituents of Triphala are active and shows slight difference in activities under different sets of environmental conditions but the combination all three showed a significant and efficient effect as compared to individual components. Triphla is rich in active ingredients like tannins, carbohydrates, saponins, ellagic acid, sorbitol and ascorbic acid. The present review paper focuses on the potential of Triphala as therapeutic agent against various diseases.
This study aimed to analyse the odour retention characteristics of different textile fibers. The commercially used textile fibers like cotton, viscose, linen, nylon, 60/40 cotton/polyester and 100 % polyester swatches were used as a sweat absorbing material in vests and T shirts. The In-vivo wear analysis was carried out with sedentary and non-sedentary workers. The worn samples were collected and subjectively analysed for the odour intensity after 24 hour storage at normal atmosphere. The subjective analysis result reveals that, highest amount odour intensity is in polyester. The intensity level in the following order: polyster>nylon>cotton/polyester>linen>viscose>cotton. Methanolic extract of Terminalia chebula was applied on the textile material to analyse the odour reduction ability. The subjective analysis results revealed that, the odour formation in the textile material reduced significantly after Terminalia chebula finishing process invariantly with fiber except nylon. To confirm the odour reduction objectively, bacterial isolation studies were performed with the treated and untreated worn samples. The results revealed that, the amount of bacterial colony in the finished textile reduced considerably than the worn untreated samples except nylon. Further, FTIR studies confirmed the reduction of odour forming short chain fatty acids in the treated worn textile than the untreated. Agar diffusion test results of finished textile, against major odour causing bacteria in axilla shows zone of inhibition up to 42 mm for all the fibers except nylon fabric. Hence, this study suggests a promising application of natural herbal finish for the odour reduction in apparels.
Aqueous extract of the dry pericarp of the fruits of Terminalia chebula was evaluated in the laboratory against the tea red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) to determine its effect on mortality of adult mites, viability of eggs and oviposition deterrence. The same extract was also evaluated in the field to determine its effect on mite populations. A direct spray method was used in the laboratory at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%. Mortality of O. coffeae was dependent on both concentration and time after application. Deposition of eggs by adult mites on treated leaf surfaces decreased significantly and the viability of eggs was also significantly reduced. No phytotoxic effect was observed when tea bushes were sprayed with different doses of aqueous extract of the dry pericarp of the fruits of Terminalia chebula. Tea samples were taint free. Quality (appearance of liquor, flavour, taint, and taste) of tea was not adversely affected by treatment with the extract. With the easy availability and distribution of T. chebula in and around the tea-growing areas of north east India, along with its processing for economic utilization, it may be incorporated in current integrated pest management programmes of tea.
Terminalia chebula Retz (combretaeae) is a medicinal plant widely distributed throughout India, Burma, and Srilanka. Many Indian plants have been used from time immemorial to treat various diseases and infections in traditional medicinal systems. Terminalia chebula is one of the most commonly used plants in traditional systems of medicine in Indian sub-continent. Terminalia chebula is called the 'King of Medicine' in Tibet and is always listed at the top of the list in Ayurvedic Materia Medica due to its extraordinary power of healing. This review attempts to summarize the various pharmacological and biochemical studies on Terminalia chebula, this gives a wide knowledge about the herb and their importance in personal healthcare and hygiene.
Background & objectives: Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) extracts have been used as traditional medicines and are effective in controlling diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-HIV property of the extracts prepared from the leaves and stems of banaba, and further purification and characterization of the active components. Methods: Aqueous and 50 per cent ethanolic extracts were prepared from leaves and stems of banaba and were evaluated for cytotoxicity and anti-HIV activity using in vitro reporter gene based assays. Further, three compounds were isolated from the 50 per cent ethanolic extract of banaba leaves using silica gel column chromatography and characterization done by HPLC, NMR and MS analysis. To delineate the mode of action of the active compounds, reverse transcriptase assay and protease assay were performed using commercially available kits. Results: All the extracts showed a dose dependent inhibition of HIV-1-infection in TZM-bl and CEM-GFP cell lines with a maximum from the 50 per cent ethanolic extract from leaves (IC 50 = 1 to 25 μg/ ml). This observation was confirmed by the virus load (p24) estimation in infected CEM-GFP cells when treated with the extracts. Gallic acid showed an inhibition in reverse transcriptase whereas ellagic acid inhibited the HIV-1 protease activity.
Terminalia species are a rich source of tannins. Many preparations of these species are used in traditional medicine and have many different ethnobotanical applications. A simple UHPLC method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of such hydrolysable tannins and triterpene saponins from the fruit rinds of different species of Terminalia (T. chebula, T. arjuna, T. bellirica) and Phyllantus emblica. A separation by LC was achieved using a reversed-phase column and a water/acetonitrile mobile phase, both containing formic acid, using a gradient system and a temperature of 40 °C. Eight hydrolysable tannins (gallic acid, gallic acid methyl ester, corilagin, chebulagic acid, 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid, and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose) and six triterpene saponins (arjunglucoside-I, arjunglucoside-III, chebuloside II, bellericoside, arjunetin, and arjunglucoside-II) could be separated within 20 minutes. The wavelength used for detection with the diode array detector was 254 and 275 nm for tannins and 205 nm for triterpene saponins. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection, and limits of quantification. The developed method is economical, fast, and especially suitable for quality control analysis of tannins and triterpene saponins in various plant samples and commercial products of Terminalia.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.