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* Assistant Professor, School of Business, Lovely Professional University, Punjab
I J A B E R, Vol. 14, No. 7, (2016): ...-...
E-BANKING IN INDIA: CURRENT AND
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Reeta* and Manju Asht*
Abstract: Now a day’s demand for financial services is transmuting rapidly and deportment
of customers regarding these services is withal going to transmute rapidly. Consequently, it is
compulsory for the banking sector additionally that in lieu of the traditional banking it should
adopt electronic banking and some incipient strategies in order to magnetize and retain
subsisting as well incipient customers. E-banking is the most pioneering trend among the
customers in the present era of thrust for more expeditious and secured financial services. The
transfer from the traditional banking to e-banking has been an elevating amendment in banking
dealings. Enlarged competition, the advancement of information & communication technology,
and transmuting business environment etc. are the consequential concerns that have coerced
banking services to transmute. This particular paper endeavors to explore the sundry online
customer services provided by the banking industry in India and additionally discussed the
magnification rate and future prospects of the e-banking services provided by the Indian banks
in this regard. To quantify the progress of sundry online services provided by the banks, data
has been amassed from 2003 onwards from the website of the Reserve Bank of India.
Magnification (growth) rate and compound annual magnification (growth) rate is utilized for
analysis. After visually perceiving the growth rate of e-banking services it can be verbalized
that e-banking is accepted in the banking sector and an abundance of work can be done in this
sector to make it more advance, safe and more expeditious accommodation provider in finance
sector.
Keywords: ATMs, ECS, National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT), RTGS, CAGR
INTRODUCTION
Financial sector plays a key role in the economic growth of a country. Banks are
withal considered the most paramount part of the financial sector. Economic growth
& development of any country is mainly influenced by the advancement of the
banking sector in that particular nation. In the present era of technology demand
of financial services is transmuting at a very expeditious haste. To meet these
ordinate dictations adoption of incipient advanced technology in banking sector
is obligatory to accommodate subsisting customer and to magnetize more
customers withal. The banking sector is increasingly growing which facilitate the
2�Reeta and Manju Asht
opportune utilization of financial resources, immensely colossal flow of investment,
intermediation activities as well as operating in a rapidly innovating industry to
facilitate its customers. The globalization exhaustively transformed the face of
Indian banking industry from past few years. Banks have customarily been in the
front position of exploiting technology to ameliorate their products/services and
working competence. Over a long period of time banks have been utilizing
electronic and telecommunication modes for distributing a wide range of value-
integrated product/services. The transaction channels include private networks;
public networks etc. and the devices include phone, computers, Automated Teller
Machines (ATMs), etc. The extensive utilization of computers, laptops, tablet,
mobile phones etc. make facile access to internet and World Wide Web. This form
of banking is generally referred to as Electronic Banking, albeit the range of products
and services offered by different banks vary considerably both in their content
and sophistication. From the perspective of banking products and services being
offered through internet, debit and credit cards, ATMs, mobiles, e-banking is
nothing more than traditional banking services distributed through an electronic
communication backbone. There are not many inventions that have transmuted
the business of banking as expeditiously as the e-banking revolution. World over
banks are reorienting their business strategies towards new opportunities offered
by e-banking. E- Banking has enabled banks to scale borders and thus bring about
new opportunities.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Tarandeep Kaur (2015) discussed that India has third largest reservoir of technical
human resource, but it is not for medium of commerce for mass people, new models
need to be developed and worked out with appropriate strategies to make electronic
commerce and M-commerce as key policy for the development and progress in
India. This current state will be further helpful to develop the new generation E-
commerce i.e. mobile commerce for mass in India. With the explosion of internet
connectivity through mobile devices like Smartphone and tablets, millions of
consumers are making decisions online and in this way enterprises can build the
brand digitally and enhance productivity but government policies must ensure
the cost effective methods/solutions. The advancements in technologies and
innovative services shows that India is moving from E-commerce to M-commerce,
and in future E-commerce and M-commerce will became asset for commerce by
the people to the people in India. Unyathanakorn et al. (2014) uncovered that e-
banks must fixate on service quality to increment customer contentment and trust
and to obtain customer staunchness. Implicative insinuations are discussed in
cognation to e-bank management. The Cyber World has become a vital part of
people’s daily lives. It has transmuted consumer deportment in many ways,
including financial transactions formerly requiring a visit to a bank branch to
E-Banking in India: Current and Future Prospects �3
achieve. Commercial banks have been in the forefront in utilizing this to meet
customer desiderata for on-demand financial services. N. Jamaluddin (2013)
concluded that Information technology has played a vital role in the advancement
of banking system. The reach of Indian banking to every individual is possible
because of the computerization process adopted by banking sector. Information
technology has not only simplified the operation but it has also given a great comfort
an individual who does not have a good knowledge of IT but need to access banking
in an optimum manner. Roshan Lal (2012) analyzed that development of e- banking
in banking sector is due to advent of IT. Banks today operate in a highly globalized,
liberalized, privatized and a competitive environment. In order to survive in this
environment banks have to use IT. Indian banking industry has witnessed a
tremendous developments due to sweeping changes that are taking place in the
information technology. In the study conducted by Mohammed and Shariq (2011)
examined the adoption of e-banking channels, particularly ATM, in the city of
Lucknow, U.P. He found that ATM was the most adopted technology by banks.
Shukla and Shukla (2011) stated that E-banking offers a higher level of convenience
for managing one’s finances even from one’s bedroom. However, it continues to
present challenges to the financial security and personal privacy. Customers are
advised not to share sensitive personal information like PIN numbers, passwords,
and OTP (One time password) etc. with anyone, including employees of the bank;
change ATM PIN and online login and transaction passwords on a regular basis;
ensure that the logged in session is properly signed out. Mishra (2011) provided
useful tips to ensure safety of internet based transactions (IBT). IBT users are advised
not to reply to any mail, phone call or letter, asking for the IB information like
login id or password, and not to click on any link provided in any mail, claiming
to be the link for the bank’s website are the important tips, among others. Electronic
banking has emerged from such an innovative development. Uppal and Chawla
(2009) found that the customers of public sector, private sector and foreign banks
in Ludhiana district of Punjab are interested in e-banking services, but at the same
time they are facing problems like inadequate knowledge, poor network, lack of
infrastructure, unsuitable location, misuse of ATM cards and difficulty to open an
account. Indian customers’ perception in the context of e-banking has been
examined by Reeti Aggarwal (2009) and found that people in the age group of 31-
45 years using e-banking most frequently. Respondents opined that using e-banking
for balance inquiry to be the most useful, closely followed by inter-account transfer
of funds and they found e-banking least useful for lodging complaints. Slow
transaction speed was found to be the most frequent problem faced, closely
followed by non-availability of the server while using e-banking. Sharma (2009)
opined that the trend towards electronic delivery of banking products and services
is occurring partly as a result of consumer demand, and partly because of the
increasing competitive environment in the global context. Kumar and Sinha (2009)
cited various instances of hacking and phishing attacks reported throughout India.
4�Reeta and Manju Asht
They remarked that cyber-crimes prove that e-banking has several loopholes that
can be easily exploited and users need to be extra cautious while making online
transactions. Srinivas (2009) discussed various e-banking channels and suggested
security tips for customers which include changing password frequently, abstaining
from revealing PIN either via mails or phone, avoiding cyber cafes for net banking
etc. Kamakodi et al. (2008) found that a wide gap exists in human service in Indian
banking while technology based services are exceeding expectations. Raghavan
(2006) opined that at present, over 85% of the finished payment transactions are
electronic and traditional way of doing banking at the branch level has relatively
little importance to electronic banking users. Many banks, including PSU banks,
would have online ATMs, phone banking, virtual banking, e-banking, Internet
banking, etc. by 2020. Mohan (2006) remarked that Indian banking is at the
threshold of a paradigm shift and a significant development has been achieved by
banks in offering a variety of new and innovative e-banking services to customers
today, which was not thought of before. However, public sector banks have not
been able to harness the benefits of computerization.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To identify various e-banking services/products provided by Indian banks.
2. To study and analyze the progress made by Indian banking industry in adoption
of technology to provide technology based services.
3. To anlayse the future prospects of the e-banking services of the Indian Banking
Industry.
4. To study the challenges faced by Indian banks in adoption of technology and
make recommendations to tackle these challenges.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & DATABASE
The study is predicated on secondary data. It is analytical and exploratory in nature.
Statistical and mathematical tools such as simple growth rate, percentage, average,
trend lines and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) are sourced to analyze the
data. Data has been amassed from 2003-04 to 2015-16 (for 2015-16 data of last quarter
was not available as the financial year yet to culminate at the time of data
compilation) from Reports on Trends and Progress of Banking in India and monthly
data releases about e-banking transactions published by Reserve Bank of India.
The parameters of the study are Automated Teller Machines and Transactions
through Retail Electronic Payment Methods such as Electronic Clearing services
(ECS) - debit and credit, National Electronic Fund Transfer and Real Time Gross
Settlement System. To study about the future prospects of the various e-banking
services trend analysis is done. In this study, simple growth rate is indicated by
GR and below given formula is used for the calculation of GR.
E-Banking in India: Current and Future Prospects �5
GR= (Vt–Vt-1) /Vt-1 x 100
Where:
Vt indicates value of given parameter in current year and
Vt-1 indicates value of given parameter in the previous year.
Simple tabular analysis and relevant graphs are used for analysis purpose
wherever found relevant for particular study.
CAGR is a relatively simplemetric which quantifies the average rate of an
investment’s growth over a variable period of time. Because of this simplicity,
this metric is a flexible one and thus has a variety of uses. CAGR is used to
calculate the overall growth rate of e-banking services provided by the Indian
banking industry over a specific period of time i.e. from 2003-04 to 2014-15. Here
for calculation of CAGR data has been considered only up to 2014-15 so that
accurate growth rate can be obtained because 2015-16 data do not include the
information of the final quarter as stated above. Formula to calculate CAGR is
given below:
1
#
1
of years
EndingValue
CAGR BeginningValue
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Transactions done through ECS: By the utilization of electronic payment systems
such as Electronic Clearing Services (ECS) credit and debit the haste of financial
transactions across the country had ameliorated. Electronic Clearing Services (ECS)
is one of the incipient and latest electronic banking services. ECS is a non-paper
predicated kinematic of funds which is emboldened by the RBI on a wide scale.
ECS consists of- Electronic Credit Clearing Service & Electronic Debit Clearing
Service. ECS brings down administration cost and ensures profitability and
productivity to the banks. The Table 5.1 shows the volume of electronic transactions
of Scheduled Commercial Banks. In average terms volume of ECS Debit (128.44) is
preponderant than ECS Credit (84.35). Growth rate in case of ECS Credit has
incremented tremendously in 2004-05, 2006-07 and in 2013-14 but after 2014 it is
decreasing. In case of ECS Debit maximum growth has been recorded in 2005-06
and in 2006-07. The Figure-1 shows graphical presentation of ECS Credit, ECS
Debit and Total volume of ECS with linear trend lines with linear equations. To
calculate CAGR, volume of 2014-15 has been taken as ending value (required in
the formula) because the volume of 2015-16 do not include the value of last quarter
of the financial year as it has not been updated on RBI website (at the time of data
compilation). ECS Credit (volume) and ECS Debit (Volume) registered a notable
6�Reeta and Manju Asht
upturn from 2003 to 2015 with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15.56%
and 32.29% respectively.
Table 1
Volume of ECS Credit and Debit during 2003-04 to 2015-16
Year/ ECS ECS Total GR
Transaction Credit Debit
Volume in GR Volume in GR
Million Million
2003-04 20.32 - 7.87 - 28.19 -
2004-05 40.05 97.15 15.30 94.31 55.35 96.36
2005-06 44.22 10.40 35.96 135.02 80.17 44.85
2006-07 69.02 56.10 75.20 109.14 144.22 79.89
2007-08 78.37 13.54 127.12 69.04 205.49 42.48
2008-09 88.39 12.80 160.06 25.91 248.45 20.91
2009-10 96.28 8.92 149.28 -6.73 245.56 -1.16
2010-11 117.27 21.80 156.77 5.02 274.04 11.60
2011-12 121.50 3.61 154.75 -1.29 276.25 0.81
2012-13 122.33 0.68 177.12 14.45 299.45 8.40
2013-14 152.62 24.76 193.88 9.46 346.49 15.71
2014-15 115.30 -24.45 226.01 16.58 341.31 -1.50
2015-16 30.91 -73.19 190.34 -15.78 221.26 -35.17
Total 1096.56 1669.66 2766.23
Average 84.35 128.44 212.79
CAGR 15.56% 32.29% 23.09%
Source: Authors’ own calculation, basic data - Report on Trends and Progress of Banking in
India, Reserve Bank of India
Figure 1: Volume of ECS Credit and Debit during 2003-04 to 2015-16
Source: Prepared by the authors using RBI data
E-Banking in India: Current and Future Prospects �7
The Table 5.1.2 shows value of electronic transactions of scheduled commercial
banks. In average terms the value of ECS Credit is more preponderant than ECS
Debit though in volume terms it is converse. Growth rate in case of ECS Credit
was topmost in 2007-08 and growth rate in ECS Debit was topmost in 2005-06. In
case of total value of ECS it has recorded the peak growth rate in 2007-08. The
Figure 2 shows graphical presentation of ECS Credit, ECS Debit and Total value of
ECS.
Table 2
Value of ECS Credit and Debit for the period of 2003-04 to 2015-16
ECS Credit and ECS Debit Volume in Millions with Growth Rate
Year/ ECS ECS Total
Transaction Credit Debit
VALUE in GR VALUE in GR GR
Billion Billion
2003-04 96.97 - 22.41 - 119.38 -
2004-05 201.80 108.11 29.21 30.34 231.01 93.51
2005-06 323.24 60.18 129.86 344.57 453.10 96.14
2006-07 832.73 157.62 254.41 95.91 1087.14 139.93
2007-08 7822.22 839.35 489.37 92.35 8311.59 664.54
2008-09 974.87 -87.54 669.76 36.86 1644.63 -80.21
2009-10 1176.13 20.64 695.24 3.80 1871.37 13.79
2010-11 1816.86 54.48 736.46 5.93 2553.32 36.44
2011-12 1838.00 1.16 834.00 13.24 2672.00 4.65
2012-13 1771.00 -3.65 1083.00 29.86 2854.00 6.81
2013-14 2492.74 40.75 1275.14 17.74 3767.88 32.02
2014-15 2018.80 -19.01 1739.74 36.43 3758.54 -0.25
2015-16 827.91 -58.99 1395.57 -19.78 2223.47 -40.84
TOTAL 22193.27 9354.16 31547.43
Average 1707.17 719.55 2426.73
CAGR 28.78% 43.71% 33.30%
Source: Authors’ own calculation, basic data - Report on Trends and Progress of Banking in
India, Reserve Bank of India
Transactions done through RTGS and NEFT: The celerity of financial
transactions across the country had been amended by utilizing RTGS and NEFT.
Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS) is a mechanism of transferring funds
from one bank to another on a ‘real time’ and on ‘gross’ substructure. Under RTGS,
the minimum amount of fund transfer is Rupees Two Lakhs (3100 US $) and there
is no circumscription to the maximum amount. RTGS transactions can be inter-
bank as well as between customers through bank accounts. National Electronic
Fund Transaction (NEFT) is a deferred net settlement system and is an
improvement over other modes in terms of security and processing efficiency.
This facility is presently available at over 46,300 bank branches throughout the
8Reeta and Manju Asht
country. Table 5.2 shows volume and value of RTGS and value of NEFT from 2008
onwards. The table shows that RTGS has itemized a remarkable magnification in
value during the duration of 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2012-13. The utmost growth
rate in case of RTGS was recorded in 2009-10 in value terms and in volume also
and in case of NEFT the growth rate was supreme in 2010-11 and in 2011-12. CAGR
for RTGS in volume is 34.04 percent which is grander than CAGR for RTGS in
value with 15.57 percent. NEFT is growing with CAGR of 66.65 percent which is
very good for the banking industry.
Table 3
Volume and Value of RTGS for the period 2008-09 to 2015-16
Year RTGS RTGS NEFT
(Volume in GR (Value in GR (Value in GR
Million) Billion) Billion)
2008-09 11.93 273653 - 1675.32
2009-10 31.26 162.03 365213 33.46 2675.03 59.6728
2010-11 49.26 57.58 484872 32.76 9320.79 248.437
2011-12 55.03 11.71 539307 11.23 17903.5 92.0814
2012-13 68.51 24.50 676841 25.5 28990.8 61.9282
2013-14 81.1 18.38 734252 8.48 43781.9 51.0199
2014-15 92.74 14.35 753914 2.68 59803.9 36.5951
2015-16 88.46 -4.62 724537 -3.9 65768.3 9.97324
Total 478.29 4552589 229920
Average 59.78625 569073.625 28739.9
CAGR 34.04% 15.57% 66.65%
Source: Authors’ own calculation, basic data - Report on Trends and Progress of Banking in
India, Reserve Bank of India
Chart 2: Value of ECS Credit and Debit for the period 2004-05 to 2015-16
Source: Prepared by the authors using RBI data
E-Banking in India: Current and Future Prospects 9
Figure 3 shows graphical presentation of RTGS volume with trend line and
with linear equation which enables to analyse the future prospects of this particular
service offered by the banking industry.
Figure 3: Showing Value of RTGS Volume
Source: Prepared by the authors using RBI data
Automated Teller Machines (ATMs): ATM (Automated Teller Machine) is
a modern contrivance introduced by the banks to enable the customers to have
access to money day-in and day-out without visiting the bank branches
physically. The system is kenned as “Any Time Money” or “Any Where Money”
because it enables the customers to withdraw money from the bank from any of
its ATMs round the clock. ATM has become the most popular and convenient
dispensing channel throughout entire country. Table 5.3 indicates the progress
made by ATMs of Scheduled Commercial Banks for the period 2005-2014. In
average terms Onsite ATMs are more as compared to Offsite ATMs though the
number of both has incremented in the period of 10 years. In 2005 only 8233 on-
site ATMs were there but in 2014 it has incremented to 91,967 and recorded
approximately 27.29 percent compounded annual growth rate. In the same way
the total no. of off-site ATMs are also increasing year by year but maximum
growth in total no. of off-site ATMs were recorded in 2012 i.e. 56.10%. All over
CAGR in case of off-site ATMs is 23.82%.
The figure 4 shows graphical presentation of on-site ATMs and off-site ATMs
from 2005 to 2014 (it is upto 2014 because on RBI website data is available only for
this time period) which are increasing year by year.
10 Reeta and Manju Asht
Table 4
Data of ATMs of Commercial Bank for the period 2005 to 2014
Years On Site ATMs GR Off Site ATMs GR
2005 8233 - 9648.3 -
2006 10544 28.07 11251 16.61
2007 14796 40.33 12292 9.25
2008 18486 24.94 16303 32.63
2009 24645 33.32 19006 16.58
2010 32,679 32.6 27,474 44.55
2011 40,729 24.63 33,776 22.94
2012 49,819 22.32 52,723 56.1
2013 66,912 34.31 66,401 25.94
2014 91,967 37.44 81,730 23.09
Total 358,810 330,604
Average 35881 33060.4
CAGR 27.29% 23.82%
Source: Reserve Bank of India
Figure 4: No. of on Site ATMs and Off Site ATMs for the period 2005 to 2014
Source: Prepared by the authors using RBI data
RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS
This research fixated on all over growth done by the Indian Banking Industry
subsequent to the assumption of internet/ e-banking facility. So the very first benefit
of this research is for the banking industry itself to ken its pros and cons and it
enables the major areas of trepidation where the Reserve Bank of India must focus.
E-Banking in India: Current and Future Prospects 11
Recently the Government of India has been accentuating on mounting financial
inclusiveness. By opting e-banking and some other advance options banks can
magnetize more customers and can help the Government to achieve the motive of
financial inclusion. The study provides vital inputs that by increasing the no. of
ATMs and by openning new branches well furnished with new technologies can
help more people to have bank accounts and to access all e-banking services.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
The study is based on secondary data. So the problem as associated with normal
secondary data may partially retain in the analysis. In the present paper data has
been amassed from 2003-04 to 2015-16 (for 2015-16 data of last quarter was not
available as the financial year yet to culminate at the time of data compilation)
from the website of Reserve Bank of India so researchers have a further scope to
study the later part of the year 2015-16 besides exploring the impact of financial
inclusion which is implemented and pacified in post Modi period. This study
grossly depends on data published by RBI and prior researches done by other
researchers and other such resources and documents for the period mentioned
above as the data prior and later than that were not available. This paper is based
on services like ECS, RTGS, NEFT and no. of ATMs there is a wider scope for the
researchers to analyse other digitalized services also like plastic money, online
transactions and mobile commerce facility provided by the banks.
CHALLENGES IN ADOPTION OF E-BANKING
The under-mentioned challenges are in obverse of the Indian banking industry
while adopting new technology:
The most solemn threat faced by the banking sector is that the customers
do not consider e- banking services safe and secure all the time. They
cerebrate that there may be loss of data/money due to technical defaults.
Banks are facing business challenges also. For the transactions made
th roug h internet, the service charges are very low. Unless an
astronomically immense number of transactions are routed over the Web,
the e-banks cannot cerebrate of profit.
There is lack of preparedness on the part of both i. e. Banks and customers
in the adoption of incipient technological changes.
There is lack of congruous infrastructure for the installation of e-delivery
channels.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
Banks are making earnest efforts to popularize the e-banking services and products.
Younger generation is commencing to optically discern the convenience and
12 Reeta and Manju Asht
benefits of e-banking. In years to come, e-banking will not only be customary mode
of banking but will be chosen mode of banking. No doubt Indian banks are making
sincere efforts for the adoption of advanced technology and for installation of e-
delivery channels but still masses are wary of the concept and still there are many
challenges cognate to the safety and security of the money and information so
some special arrangements should be made by banks to ensure full security of
customers’ funds. Technical defaults should be evaded by employing well trained
and expert technicians in field of computers, so that loss of data can be avoided.
Seminars and workshops should be organised by the banking professionals on
the salubrious utilization of e-banking services especially for those who are ATMs
or computer illiterate. E-banking services should be customised on basis of age,
gender, vocation etc. so that needs and requisites of people can be rewarded
accordingly. Government should magnify investments for the construction of well-
furnished building and infrastructure.
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