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Archana Madhavi et al. Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion
·
Volume 4 (4). 2016
148
Available online through
www.jbsoweb.com
ISSN 2321 - 6328
Review Article
A CRITICAL REVIEW ON THE USAGE OF GHRITA IN UNMADA
Archana Madhavi 1*, Savitha H P 2, Suhas Kumar Shetty 3, Arun C H 4, Gazala Hussain 5
1PG scholar, SDM College of Ayurveda, Hassan, Karnataka, India
2Head and Associate Professor, SDM College of Ayurveda, Hassan, Karnataka, India
3Professor, SDM College of Ayurveda, Hassan, Karnataka, India
4PG scholar, SDM College of Ayurveda, Hassan, Karnataka, India
5Associate Professor, SDM College of Ayurveda, Hassan, Karnataka, India
*Corresponding Author Email: archanakeeran@gmail.com
Article Received on: 22/06/16 Accepted on: 20/08/16
DOI: 10.7897/2321-6328.04436
ABSTRACT
In Ayurveda, the broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders is discussed under Unmada. The affected person has a hampered higher mental function and
distorted perception of reality. Among the various herbal and herbo-mineral preparations explained for t he treatment of Unmada, majority are made of
Ghrita (cow’s ghee/clarified butter). Ghrita, the best drug of oleation, assimilates t he properties of the substance which accompanies it. Ghrita is
capable of treating the disease as a single drug and in combination with several nootropic and mood stabilizing drugs. Ghrita opposes each of the
etiology of Unmada at the level of constitution, diet and lifestyle. It is supposed to attenuate each stage of pathogenesis of the disease. It enhances the
quality of diet. The anti-oxidant property of clarified butter is able to repair the degenerative changes in brain. The DHA, an omega 3 long chain poly
unsaturated fatty acid is abundant in ghee which is seen in retinal and brain cell s. The chemical changes in the brain due to the disorder are also
corrected by the ghee. So Ghrita and its vari ous combinations can be the appropriate medicine in diseases where higher mental functions and psyche
is grossly impaired.
Keywords: Ghrita, Unmada, mind
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda as a holistic science and a full-fledged health care
system upholds its motto of prevention and cure with scientific
explanations. It views life in a unique way as a combination of
the supreme soul, mind, sense organs and body working together
harmoniously. A breakdown at any level can cause a disorder.
The preventive and curative modalities of this science always
aim a psycho-somatic axis.
Among the 8 specialty branches, (ashta-anga) of Ayurveda, the
diseases pertaining to mind come under Graha or Bhoota vidya.
The word meaning of Graha is to seize or to possess. Bhoota can
be understood in different ways. Bhootha is the term used for
past1. Some opine that Bhoota are those which are invisible2.
The psychiatric ailments are previously considered as occurred
due to demonic possessions a nd misdeeds in the past. Unmada,
Apasmara, Atattwabhinivesa, Graha etc are the mostly discussed
diseases under this tradition. Though the causes of most of these
are unknown or unseen, our seers could enumerate its etiology
and draw a clear cut pathogenesis and treatment for these. All
pioneers of Ayurveda have detailed on Unmada and have given
systematic treatment for the same. The traditional procedures
under Daivavyapasraya- the spiritual approach, Yukti
vyapasraya- the rational approach and Satwavajaya- the
psychotherapy are employed wisely to tackle the issues.
In Yukti vyapasraya arm of treatment, along with Panchakarma
therapy (the five bio-purificatory processes), several herbal and
herbo-mineral combinations are used. Alleviation of humors as
well as normalizing the mental faculties are the two main
spheres to be taken care of during the treatment. Among the
different form of drugs, the majority are in the form of Ghrita
preparations. The oral, nasal and rectal route of administration is
also opted.
UNMADA
Unmada is caused when the physical and psychological stressors
vitiate the humors- Vata, Pitta and Kapha and are expulsed
upward to the mind. The vital points- Shiras and Hridaya are
involved3. It covers a wide range of symptoms both physical and
psychological. The individual loses the power for regulating his
actions and conduct according to the demand of the personal and
social life. The derailment of Mana- thoughts/ mental faculties,
Buddhi- intellect, Samja- consciousness, Jnana- orientation,
Smriti- memory, Bhakti- attitude to the society, Cheshta-
psychomotor activities, Achara- routine/ rituals are noted in the
disease4. These can be seen at once as a single manifestation or
in a progressive order, as there will be impairment of all the
faculties when mind is affected. The person loses reality concern
and his skill to identify himself. The other associated features
are hallucinations, delusion, impulsivity, obsessions etc.
The etiological factors of Unmada can be classified under
constitutional, dietary and life-style causes. The individual prone
to Unmada are of always timid personality. They are of a weak
mental constitution so that they lack physical strength to
withstand any biological changes in the body. Incompatible and
contaminated food pattern which contribute to the dietary cause,
deranges the digestive fire. This is the root cause of all
disorders. The three basic humors which constitute the body viz,
Archana Madhavi et al. Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion
·
Volume 4 (4). 2016
149
Vata, Pitta and Kapha attain impurity and pathological changes
are seen. Insulting elders, mental shock, fear, unnatural pleasure
are result of a stressful life style5. This will make the Hridaya-
seat of Manas and buddhi oppressed with impurities. The
channels leading to the mind are vitiated6. This results in the
disease with subtypes of Nija (endogenous) and Aganthu
(exogenous cause) 7.
Unmada, with its complexity may be correlated with a broad
spectrum of illness in modern psychiatry. The psychological and
physiological etiology contribute to the changes in structure and
functioning of brain as in pre frontal cortex, limbic region, basal
ganglia etc. the synaptic changes are noted which creates
imbalance in neurotransmitters and mitochondrial changes are
present which grossly affect the health and energy channel to the
brain8.
Treatment of Unmada
Ayurveda explains a systematic treatment protocol for Unmada
including all arms i.e., Daivavyapasraya, Yukti vyapasraya and
Satwavajaya. In the Yuktivyapasraya chikitsa, the prior line of
treatment is Snehapana (oleation of medicated ghee/ intake of
medicated ghee). It is followed by Mridu sodhana (mild
purification by emesis or purgation). The vitiated humors are
removed and the channels to the mind are cleared by this
process. Further treatment is planned in order to channelize the
impaired Doshas. Niruha vasti (enema with decotion),
Sirovirechana (medicated errhines) and Sagna prabhodhana
(medication for mood and intellect stabilization) are given9.
A list of Ghrita preparations which are commonly used in
treatment of psychiatric illness are given below
GHRITA: (GHEE/ CLARIFIED BUTTER)
Ghrita is the best of all fats24. It is one of the Nitya Rasayanas
(can be consumed daily) mentioned in Ayurveda which possess
multi-systemic benefits25. It is a dietary supplement as well as a
drug in its purest form and in combinations. It is sweet in taste,
provide unctuousness and softness to the body tissues and cold
in potency. The properties of Ghrita are to alleviate Vata and
Pitta without increasing Kapha much. It enhances the digestive
fire, improves eyesight, intelligence, memory, vitalizes the body
and gives luster. It improves semen and Ojus- the ultimate end
product of assimilation. Ghrita is known best for treating
poisoning, insanity, seizures, pain, fever, phthisis etc. it is said
to reduce inauspiciousness and provide protection26. The most
highlighted property of Ghrita is that it assimilates the property
of the drug added to it providing a synergetic action in
combination27.
DISCUSSION
Though the mind is included in nine Dravya (substances) in
Ayurveda, it does not possess a form or shape. All Acharyas
have given several location of mind in different contexts but the
exact location cannot be elicited and it is only assessed by the
attributes and functions. On the close observation of
Nidana(etiology), Samprapthi(pathogenesis) and Lakshana(signs
and symptoms) of Unmada, there is a total malfunctioning of
higher mental faculties. Hridaya- the seat of mind and intellect
in the pathogenesis of Unmada can be taken as the anatomical
brain which is the centre of all activities such in human beings.
The mind, which is superior to all Indriya is vitiated by the
upward movement of the deranged humors and localized in
between Shiras (head) and Talu (soft palate) and thereby
deteriorating Buddhi (intellect) 28. The concept of
Manovahasrothus can be explained as an axis of mind and body.
It is told that one of the hundred channels from Hridaya (heart)
goes to Moordha (head) 29- confirming the concept of psycho
neuro axis. This confirms the relation between the two vital
points Shiras and Hridaya and its major role in the pathogenesis
of Unmada. The psyche is affected by the upward displacement
of deranged humors and these two locations are vitiated.
The individual prone to Unmada are a mostly timid personality
who lacks physical and mental strength. The health of these
people are generally compromised, digestion and assimilation
are impaired leading to depletion of Agni and thus the final
product of metabolism- the Ojus. This depletion can be
compensated by Ghrita. The impure and incompatible foods in
the pathology of Unmada are more of Tamasika qualities. The
attributes of Ghrita like unctuousness, softness, cold in potency
provide a good dietary pattern. The activities like insulting
elders and avoiding rituals are considered to be sinful in Indian
tradition. These are thus psychological stressors letting out the
disease. Ghrita has the property of destroying inauspiciousness
and giving protection.
Vata is the controller of the mind and Medha (intellect) is the
property of Pitta30,31. So normalcy of Pitta and proper
channeling of Vata are major concerns in the treatment of
psychiatric illness like Unmada which can be done by the
Vatapitta hara property of Ghrita. It improves Sadhaka pitta and
Prana vata in general causing the person to reduce stress
produced by the psychological causes of fear, depression and
stress due to affliction of other diseases.
The Ghrita preparations used in Unmada have Medhya
(cognitive enhancing) drugs it gives a synergetic action helping
to correct the mental and intellectual faculties.
Action of Ghrita over brain
The influential factors of drug distribution in blood are mainly
difference in blood flow, lipid solubility and ionization. An
aqueous soluble drug is usually absorbed in extra cellular
spaces. They do not diffuse to CSF and other body cavities,
whereas lipid soluble drugs are readily available to extra and
intra cellular spaces. Blood brain barrier (BBB) has a lipophilic
molecular structure. This makes the lipids and lipid soluble
drugs pass easily through BBB. So the drugs which are given in
the form of ghee which are lipids rapidly absorbed in the target
areas of central nervous system32. Traditionally prepared ghee
contains DHA, an omega 3 long chain poly unsaturated fatty
acid33. This is seen in high concentration in brain cells too.
Moreover studies have shown that DHA have positive outcome
in cognitive decline. Ghee is known to have antioxidant property
which acts upon the degenerative brain cells and repair them34.
It also acts in normalizing the chemical changes in brain by
balancing the neurotransmitters.
By applying the theory of similarity, it can be said Mastishka
(brain) which resembles molten ghee can be supplemented with
clarified butter in various therapies35-39.
Archana Madhavi et al. Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion
·
Volume 4 (4). 2016
150
Table 1
Ghrita
Rasa panchaka
Karma
Doshaghnatha
Kalyanaka10
Rasa –Katu,thikta
Guna-Laghu,ruksha,
Virya -Ushna
Dipana
Anulomana
Balya
Brumhana
Vrushya
Tridoshahara,
Kaphaja Unmada
Mahakalyanaka11
Rasa – Thikta
Guna– Laghu,Ruksha
Virya – Ushna
Brumhana
Balya
Vrushya
Medhya
Anulomana
Tridoshahara
(Vata–pitta samana)
Tiktaka12
Rasa – Thikta
Guna–Ruksha, Snigdha
Virya - Sheeta
Anulomana
Medhya
Rakta prasadana
Pitta-Kapha
samana
Mahatiktaka13
Rasa–Thikta Madhura
Guna–Slightlyguru,Ruksha, Snigdha
Virya - Sheetha
Anulomana
Medhya
Rasyana
Rakta prasadana
Pitta–Kapha samana
Hingwadi14
Rasa – Katu
Guna – Tikshna
Virya - Ushna
Dipana
Pachana
Medhya
Indriya prasada
Vata – Kaphahara
Vaatanulomana
Sidharthaka15
Rasa– Katu,Thikta,Kashaya
Guna– Tikshna,Ruksha
Virya - Ushna
Dipana
Medhya
Grahaghna
Samjna prabodana
Kapha–Vata samana
Lasunadi16
Rasa – Katu
Guna– Tikshna,Snigdha
Virya - Ushna
Dipana
Medhya
Hrudhya
Balya
Vata–Kapha samana
Chethasa17
Rasa–Thikta, Kashaya,Madura
Guna – Laghu
Virya - Ushna
Dipana
Brumhana
Kapha–Vata samana
Kushmanda18
Rasa – madhura
Guna– Guru,Snigdha
Virya - Sheeta
Brumhana
Vrushya
Medhya
Vak visudhikara
Pitta– Vata samana
Brahmi19
Rasa–Thikta
Guna – Tikshna
Virya – Sheetoshna
Dipana
Anulomana
Swarya
Medhya
Tridoshahara
Vata– pitta samana
Panchagavya20
Rasa – Thikta
Guna – Tikshna
Virya - Ushna
Dipana
Anulomana
Sukshma
Medhya
Kapha–Vata samana
Mahapaisachika21
Rasa – Thikta
Guna–Tikshna,Laghu, Sukshma
Virya - Sheeta
Balya
Pushtikara
Medhya
Grahaghna
Tridosha samana,
Vatanulomana
Mahabhootarava22
Rasa – Thikta
Guna–Tikshna,Laghu,Ruksha,
Sukshma
Virya - Ushna
Dipana
Grahaghna
Kapha–Vata samana
Purana23
Rasa- Katu,Thikta
Guna- ugragandha
Virya- Seetha
Grahanasanam
Medhyam
Tridosha samanam
CONCLUSION
Ghrita as an individual drug and in combination is supposed to
have desired effect in many of the diseases especially of
psychiatric origin. It helps in stopping the disease of Unmada at
the level of pathology, pathogenesis and manifestation. Ghrita
can be included in daily diet in a larger quantity opposing the
unhealthy dietary pattern contributing to the etiology of
Unmada. It can be administered as a treatment modality by
which channelizes Vata and normalize Pitta. The channels to the
mind are also cleared and thus reduce stress at physical and
biological level. The property of ghee in enhancing cognitive
abilities and balancing chemical changes in brain is appreciable.
The various combinations with ghrita can be administered
according to the aggravation of humors and the symptoms
shown. All diseases are caused by deranged digestive fire. There
is no drug like Ghrita which can e nhance the fire. Ghrita which
is the best among drug for oleation can correct the digestive fire,
increase Satwa Guna (purest quality of mind) and cure the
disease.
Archana Madhavi et al. Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion
·
Volume 4 (4). 2016
151
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http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.04436
Cite this article as:
Archana Madhavi, Savitha H P, Suhas Kumar Shetty, Arun C H,
Gazala Hussain. A critical review on the usage of ghrita in
unmade. J Biol Sci Opin 2016;4(4):148-152 http://dx.doi.org/
10.7897/2321-6328.04436
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