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Ethnografie
Abstract
Ethnografie ist in der akademischen Psychologie aufgrund der Eliminierung von Subjektivität und Lebenswelt nach wie vor eine vernachlässigte Methode. Wegen der starken Orientierung auf reale Situationen und Handlungen in gesellschaftlichen Kontexten kann Ethnografie jedoch einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Entfaltung eines sozialwissenschaftlichen Verständnisses von Psychologie leisten. Orientiert am Ideal einer gegenstandsoffenen Feldforschung wird der breite Einbezug des diversen Angebots an Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung möglich. Ethnografie erfordert jedoch eine (meta-)theoretische Rahmung, damit diese sich in einer genuin sozialwissenschaftlichen Psychologie verorten lässt.
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In der Standardkritik an der akademischen Psychologie wird immer wieder mangelnde Alltagsrelevanz von Begriffen und Theorien beklagt. Insbesondere sagt die Psychologie nichts zu den Herausforderungen der Individualisierung, Pluralisierung und Entstrukturierung der Lebenswelt, vor die das Individuum heutzutage in seiner Alltagsbewältigung gestellt ist. Aufgrund der ungeschmälerten Vorherrschaft des nomologisch-experimentellen Paradigmas werden alltägliche Lebens- und Leidensformen in der Gegenwartsgesellschaft erst gar nicht zum legitimen Gegenstand psychologischer Forschung. Um die subjektive Seite gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen in den Gesichtskreis psychologischer Theorienbildung zu bringen, wird mit Bezug auf Kurt Lewin das Konzept der »psychischen Situation« hinsichtlich dreier Grunddimensionen entfaltet: Erstens muss in der Analyse der psychischen Situation die Lebenswelt als jene Erfahrungswelt betrachtet werden, in welcher die Möglichkeiten und Beschränkungen individueller Lebensbewältigung gesellschaftlich vorstrukturiert sind. Zweitens, muss der subjektive Sinn erfasst werden, worin sich das individuelle Welt- und Selbstverhältnis reflektiert. Drittens muss unter dem Begriff der Handlung der Bedürfnis- und Interessenbezug individueller Lebenspraxis untersucht werden. Schließlich wird eine Psychologie des Alltags, die sich als genuine Sozialwissenschaft versteht, entlang des hier zur Diskussion gestellten Subjekt-Integrations-Modells konkretisiert. Das Individuum ist gefordert, angesichts der Entstrukturierung von sozialen Lebenslagen und Lebensformen für die eigene Individualintegration in die Gesellschaft selbst zu sorgen, indem Einfluss auf die eigene Situation gewonnen wird.
Wie kommt es dazu, dass junge Menschen auf der Straße leben, und wie empfinden sie ihr Leben im Abseits? Stefan Thomas entwickelt in seiner ethnographischen Studie eine »Theorie der Armut«, in der soziale Aspekte – Exklusion – mit individuellen Aspekten – psychische Desintegration – verknüpft werden. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei junge Menschen, die in unserer von Individualisierung und Prekarisierung geprägten Gesellschaft kaum noch zurechtkommen.
Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigung, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.
The emphasis placed on prolonged engagement, fieldwork, and participant observation has prevented wide-scale use of ethnography in counseling psychology. This article provides a discussion of ethnography in terms of definition, process, and potential ethical dilemmas. The authors propose that ethnographically informed methods can enhance counseling psychology research conducted with multicultural communities and provide better avenues toward a contextual understanding of diversity as it relates to professional inquiry. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A comprehensive and practical guide to ethnographic research, this book guides you through the process, starting with the fundamentals of choosing and proposing a topic and selecting a research design. It describes methods of data collection (taking notes, participant observation, interviewing, identifying themes and issues, creating ethnographic maps and tables and charts, and referring to secondary sources) and analyzing and writing ethnography (sorting and coding data, answering questions, choosing a presentation style, and assembling the ethnography). Although content is focused on producing written ethnography, many of the principles and methods discussed here also apply to other forms of ethnographic presentation, including ethnographic film.
Designed to give basic hands-on experience in the overall ethnography research process, Ethnography Essentials covers a wealth of topics, enabling anyone new to ethnography research to successfully explore the excitement and challenges of field research.
In this article I elaborate and codify the extended case method, which deploys participant observation to locate everyday life in its extralocal and historical context. The extended case method emulates a reflexive model of science that takes as its premise the intersubjectivity of scientist and subject of study. Reflexive science valorizes intervention, process, structuration, and theory reconstruction. It is the Siamese twin of positive science that proscribes reactivity, but upholds reliability, replicability, and representativeness. Positive science, exemplified by survey research, works on the principle of the separation between scientists and the subjects they examine. Positive science is limited by “context effects” (interview, respondent, field, and situational effects) while reflexive science is limited by “power effects” (domination, silencing, objectification, and normalization). The article concludes by considering the implications of having two models of science rather than one, both of which are necessarily flawed. Throughout I use a study of postcolonialism to illustrate both the virtues and the shortcomings of the extended case method.
Methodology can only bring us reflective understanding of the means which have demonstrated their value in practice by raising them to the level of explicit consciousness; it is no more the precondition of fruitful intellectual work than the knowledge of anatomy is the precondition of“correct” walking.
Max Weber— The Methodology of the Social Sciences
The acceptance of qualitative research in applied sport psychology is growing steadily, yet there are continued calls for greater methodological diversity in this research. To this end, we offer ethnography to extend and enhance our understanding of applied sport psychology. Ethnography is aimed toward understanding the culture of a particular group from the perspective of the group members. The group culture, then, will lend insight into the behaviors, values, emotions, and mental states of group members. Ethnographers employ multiple methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the social environment and perceptions of the members of the social group. In this paper, we discuss the epistemological and methodological foundations of ethnography. Then, using research examples related to applied sport psychology, we describe processes involved ethnographic research. Finally, we explore the issues of representation and legitimacy in ethnography.
Bronislaw Malinowski’s pathbreaking Argonauts of the Western Pacific is at once a detailed account of exchange in the Melanesian islands and a manifesto of a modernist anthropology. Malinowski argued that the goal of which the ethnographer should never lose sight is ‘to grasp the native’s point of view, his relation to life, to realise his vision of his world.’ Through vivid evocations of Kula life, including the building and launching of canoes, fishing expeditions and the role of myth and magic amongst the Kula people, Malinowski brilliantly describes an inter-island system of exchange-from gifts from father to son to swapping fish for yams-around which an entire community revolves. A classic of anthropology that did much to establish the primacy of painstaking fieldwork over the earlier anecdotal reports of travel writers, journalists and missionaries, it is a compelling insight into a world now largely lost from view. With a new foreword by Adam Kuper.
In an historical account of the growth and development of the field of cognitive anthropology, Roy D'Andrade examines how cultural knowledge is organised within and between human minds. He begins by examining the research carried out during the l950s and l960s which was concerned with how different cultures classify kinship relationships and the natural environment, and then traces the development of more complex and sophisticated cognitive theories of classification in anthropology which took place in the l970s and l980s. In an analysis of more recent developments, the author considers work involving cultural models, emotion, motivation and action. He concludes with a summary of the theoretical perspective of cognitive anthropology.
This is the result of an attempt, financed by the Institute of Social and Religious Research, to apply the methods of objective social anthropology to the study of a typical contemporary American small city, relatively uncomplicated by extraneous factors such as peculiar geographical position, heterogeneous racial composition, etc. The name is fictitious; the city contains about 38,000 people and is situated in the east north central group of states; its economic pattern is chiefly industrial. The categories under which the activities of the city are considered are getting a living, making a home, training the young, using leisure, engaging in religious practices, and engaging in community activities. The material is presented against a background of similar phenomena in 1890. The investigators were in Middletown about a year and half, and the field work was completed in 1925. Clark Wissler contributes a foreword. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This book is "a questioning of the foundations of research in order to shed new light on the many very real and very important problems of sociological measurements. The author raises theoretical and methodological questions about objective and subjective procedures and examines many of the presuppositions of current modes of research." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This volume summarizes the results of a research project in industrial relations in which the Industrial Research Department of the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration cooperated with the Western Electric Company. 12 years of research bring the authors to a critical evaluation of the traditional view that workers, supervisors, or executives be considered apart from their social setting and treated as essentially "economic men." For example, "it became clear that the beneficial effects of rest pauses could be explained equally well in terms of the social function." The work involved was not heavy manual labor. Again, "the efficiency of a wage incentive is so dependent on its relation to other factors that it is impossible to separate it out as a thing in itself having an independent effect." The book, 26 chapters in length, is divided into 5 parts. There is a foreword by C. G. Stoll of Western Electric and a preface by Elton Mayo. 34 tables and 48 figures assist the reader in visualizing details. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In this companion volume John van Maanen's Tales of the Field, three scholars reveal how the ethnographer turns direct experience and observation into written fieldnotes upon which an ethnography is based. Drawing on years of teaching and field research experience, the authors develop a series of guidelines, suggestions, and practical advice about how to write useful fieldnotes in a variety of settings, both cultural and institutional. Using actual unfinished, "working" notes as examples, they illustrate options for composing, reviewing, and working fieldnotes into finished texts. They discuss different organizational and descriptive strategies, including evocation of sensory detail, synthesis of complete scenes, the value of partial versus omniscient perspectives, and of first person versus third person accounts. Of particular interest is the author's discussion of notetaking as a mindset. They show how transforming direct observations into vivid descriptions results not simply from good memory but more crucially from learning to envision scenes as written. A good ethnographer, they demonstrate, must learn to remember dialogue and movement like an actor, to see colors and shapes like a painter, and to sense moods and rhythms like a poet. The authors also emphasize the ethnographer's core interest in presenting the perceptions and meanings which the people studied attach to their own actions. They demonstrate the subtle ways that writers can make the voices of people heard in the texts they produce. Finally, they analyze the "processing" of fieldnotesâthe practice of coding notes to identify themes and methods for selecting and weaving together fieldnote excerpts to write a polished ethnography. This book, however, is more than a "how-to" manual. The authors examine writing fieldnotes as an interactive and interpretive process in which the researcher's own commitments and relationships with those in the field inevitably shape the character and content of those fieldnotes. They explore the conscious and unconscious writing choices that produce fieldnote accounts. And they show how the character and content of these fieldnotes inevitably influence the arguments and analyses the ethnographer can make in the final ethnographic tale. This book shows that note-taking is a craft that can be taught. Along with Tales of the Field and George Marcus and Michael Fisher's Anthropology as Cultural Criticism, Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes is an essential tool for students and social scientists alike.
Recounting her own field experiences in Japanese-American relocation centers during World War II and later in American Indian communities, Rosalie H. Wax offers advice to help the beginning field worker anticipate and confront the exigencies and accidents of fieldwork with good nature, fortitude, and common sense. Doing Fieldwork is a useful book in many respects: as a guide to participant observation and ethnographic fieldwork; as an analysis of the theoretical presuppositions and history of fieldwork; as a discussion of contemporary issues in social science research; and simply as an entertaining and dramatic story.
Street Corner Society is one of a handful of works that can justifiably be called classics of sociological research. William Foote Whyte's account of the Italian American slum he called "Cornerville"âBoston's North Endâhas been the model for urban ethnography for fifty years. By mapping the intricate social worlds of street gangs and "corner boys," Whyte was among the first to demonstrate that a poor community need not be socially disorganized. His writing set a standard for vivid portrayals of real people in real situations. And his frank discussion of his methodologyâparticipant observationâhas served as an essential casebook in field research for generations of students and scholars. This fiftieth anniversary edition includes a new preface and revisions to the methodological appendix. In a new section on the book's legacy, Whyte responds to recent challenges to the validity, interpretation, and uses of his data. "The Whyte Impact on the Underdog," the moving statement by a gang leader who became the author's first research assistant, is preserved. "Street Corner Society broke new ground and set a standard for field research in American cities that remains a source of intellectual challenge."âRobert Washington, Reviews in Anthropology
Akademisk avhandling--Stockholm universitet. Bibliography: p. 224-231.
Manual para la investigación cualitativa en ciencias sociales, en el que se presentan -paso a paso- técnicas para recoger, enfocar y analizar datos cualitativos.
Die Befremdung der eigenen Kultur. Ein Programm
- K Amann
- S Hirschauer
Ten lies of ethnography
- G A Fine
- GA Fine
Boys in white. Student culture in medical school
- H S Becker
- B Geer
- E C Hughes
- A L Strauss
- HS Becker
Participatory qualitative research (Special Issue)
- J Bergold
- S Thomas
Aktionsforschung und Minderheitenprobleme
- K Lewin
- G Gobo
Kultur (in) der Psychologie
- M Hildebrand-Nilshon
- C.-W Kim
- D D Papadopoulos
Abenteuer Feldforschung. Soziologen erzählen
- F Sutterlüty
- P Imbusch
Kultur, soziale Praxis, Text. Die Krise der ethnographischen Repräsentation
- E Berg
- M Fuchs
Qualitative Sozialforschung. Eine Einführung (vollst. überarb. u. erw. Neuaufl.). Reinbek: Rowohlt
- U Flick
Ethnographie und Erziehungswissenschaft. Methodologische Reflexion und empirische Annährungen
- B Hünersdorf
- B Müller
- C Maeder