Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of pineapple fruit of different cultivars

Abstract

Pineapple is widely consumed and appreciated not only due to its taste and aroma, and also to its nutritional, functional and antioxidant properties, including its vitamin C and carotenoid contents. Brazil is one of the largest world’ pineapple producer, and Pérola and Smooth Cayenne cultivars are the most commonly grown and marketed, but their susceptibility to fusariosis can compromise cultivation. New cultivars resistant to this pathogen are available to meet the demands of pineapple producers and consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of pineapple fruits of Imperial, Victoria, IAC Fantástico and Gomo de Mel cultivars, as well as traditional Pérola and Smooth Cayenne cultivars. Fruits grown in the Triângulo Mineiro region were evaluated by colorimetry, determination of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds by spectrometry, antioxidant activity by ABTS and carotenoid profile by HPLC. Regarding color, Gomo de Mel cultivar showed lower brightness and higher value of parameter b*, indicating a more intense yellow color in this fruit. This result is consistent with the highest carotenoid concentration in this cultivar. Another cultivar that stood out was Imperial, which, while maintaining high carotenoid levels, also showed high concentrations of vitamin C and phenolic compounds, and higher antioxidant activity. Victoria cultivar showed low levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, even lower than IAC Fantástico cultivar, which showed levels of bioactive compounds similar to traditional Pérola and Smooth Cayenne cultivars. © 2016, Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura. All Rights Reserved.

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Rev. Bras. Frutic., v. 38, n. 3: (e-146) DOI 10.1590/0100-29452016146 May/ Jun 2016 Jaboticabal - SP
ISSN 0100-2945 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452016146
Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal - SP, v. 38, n. 3 : e-146 1/7
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
OF PINEAPPLE FRUIT OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS1
ESTER ALICE FERREIRA2, HELOISA ELIAS SIQUEIRA3, EDUARDO VALERIO VILAS BOAS4,
VANESSA STAHL HERMES5, ALESSANDRO DE OLIVEIRA RIOS6
ABSTRACT- Pineapple is widely consumed and appreciated not only due to its taste and aroma, and also
to its nutritional, functional and antioxidant properties, including its vitamin C and carotenoid contents.
Brazil is one of the largest world’ pineapple producer, and Pérola and Smooth Cayenne cultivars are the
most commonly grown and marketed, but their susceptibility to fusariosis can compromise cultivation. New
cultivars resistant to this pathogen are available to meet the demands of pineapple producers and consumers.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of pineapple
fruits of Imperial, Victoria, IAC Fantástico and Gomo de Mel cultivars, as well as traditional Pérola and
Smooth Cayenne cultivars. Fruits grown in the Triângulo Mineiro region were evaluated by colorimetry,
determination of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds by spectrometry, antioxidant activity by ABTS and
carotenoid prole by HPLC. Regarding color, Gomo de Mel cultivar showed lower brightness and higher
value of parameter b*, indicating a more intense yellow color in this fruit. This result is consistent with the
highest carotenoid concentration in this cultivar. Another cultivar that stood out was Imperial, which, while
maintaining high carotenoid levels, also showed high concentrations of vitamin C and phenolic compounds,
and higher antioxidant activity. Victoria cultivar showed low levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant
activity, even lower than IAC Fantástico cultivar, which showed levels of bioactive compounds similar to
traditional Pérola and Smooth Cayenne cultivars.
Index terms: Ananas comosuse, fusariosis, vitamin C, phenolics, carotenoids.
COMPOSTOS BIOATIVOS E ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE
DE FRUTOS DE CULTIVARES DE ABACAXIZEIROS
RESUMO-O abacaxi é um fruto muito consumido e apreciado não só pelo sabor e aroma, mas também
pelas propriedades nutricionais, funcionais e antioxidantes, incluindo os teores de vitamina C e carotenoides.
O Brasil é um dos principais produtores de abacaxi, sendo as cultivares Pérola e Smooth Cayenne as mais
plantadas e comercializadas, porém sua suscetibilidade à fusariose pode comprometer o cultivo. Novas
cultivares resistentes a este patógeno estão sendo disponibilizadas no mercado, buscando atender às demandas
do produtor e do mercado consumidor. Objetivou-se avaliar compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de
frutos de cultivares de abacaxizeiros cultivados na região do Triângulo Mineiro. Os frutos foram avaliados
quanto à colorimetria, quanticação de ácido ascórbico e fenólicos totais por espectrometria, atividade
antioxidante por ABTS e perl de carotenoides por HPLC. Em relação à coloração, a cultivar Gomo-de-Mel
apresentou menor luminosidade e maior valor do parâmetro b*, indicando coloração mais amarela do fruto.
Esse resultado é condizente pela maior concentração de carotenoides nessa cultivar. Outra cultivar que se
destacou foi a Imperial, que, além de apresentar altos teores de carotenoides, demonstrou também elevadas
concentrações de vitamina C e compostos fenólicos, bem como maior atividade antioxidante. A cultivar
Vitória apresentou baixos teores de compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante, inferiores à IAC, Fantástico
que apresentou níveis de compostos bioativos similares às cultivares tradicionais Pérola e Smooth Cayenne.
Termos para indexação: Ananas comosus, fusariose, vitamina C, fenólicos, carotenoides.
1(Trabalho 083-15). Recebido em: 18-03-2015. Aceito para publicação em: 23-10-2015. Finnancial support FAPEMIG.
2Agronomist, DSc, Researcher at the Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais - Sul de Minas Regional Unit. Research productive
grant of FAPEMIG. E-mail: ester@epamig.br
3Agronomist, DSc, Post-doctoral student, Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras. E-mail: heloisa.elias@yahoo.
com.br
4Agronomist, DSc, Associate Professor IV Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras. E-mail: evbvboas@dca.ua.br
5 Biomedic, DSc, Post-doctoral student, Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. E-mail: van.hermes@gmail.com
6Agronomist, DSc, Associate Professor I Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. E-mail; alessandro.
rios@ufrgs.br

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Rev. Bras. Frutic., v. 38, n. 3: (e-146) DOI 10.1590/0100-29452016146 May/Jun 2016 Jaboticabal - SP
E. A. FERREIRA et al.
INTRODUCTION
Brazil is one of the largest pineapple producers
and consumers (Ananas comosus), which is one of
the most popular tropical fruits, appreciated not only
for its taste, juiciness and texture, but also to the high
levels of vitamin C, carotenoids and bers (PAULL;
CHEN, 2003; BENÍTEZ et al., 2012; VIANA et al.,
2013).
Pérola cultivar is predominant in pineapple
cultivation in Brazil, which is usually consumed
fresh, and Smooth Cayenne, which has higher
consumption after processing. The susceptibility
of these cultivars to Fusarium guttiforme (syn. F.
subglutinans f. Sp. Ananas), which causes fusariosis,
is responsible for major losses during cultivation
(VENTURA et al., 2009).
Seeking to increase the supply of pineapple
fruits in the Brazilian market in the late 90s, Chinese
cultivar called “Gomo-de-Mel” or “Abacaxi-de-
Gomo” was introduced in Brazil. Despite being
susceptible to fusariosis, this cultivar differs from
the others for its sweetness and ripeness, and fruitlets
are less attached and can be detached in the form of
berries (USBERTI FILHO, 1999).
However, due to the susceptibility to
fusariosis, pineapple has been the subject of breeding
programs that culminated with the release of new
cultivars resistant to this disease such as Imperial
cultivars produced by EMBRAPA Mandioca e
Fruticultura (CNPMF); Vitória by INCAPER, and
IAC Fantástico by IAC (MAPA, 2004; INCAPER,
2006; IAC, 2010).
In addition to disease resistance in this culture,
one of the important characteristics of pineapple tree
refers to the nutritional properties of fruits. Pulp
coloration, for example, is related to the carotenoid
content, β-carotene being responsible for about 35%
of total pigments (RAMSAROOP; SAULO, 2007).
β-carotene, α-carotene and cryptoxanthin stand out
for their provitamin A activity, being converted into
vitamin A or retinol after ingestion. Furthermore,
carotenoids have antioxidant action, protecting cells
and tissues from damage caused by free radicals,
strengthening the immune system and inhibiting
the development of certain types of cancers (ZEB;
MEHMOOD, 2004).
Pineapple fruits also exhibit high levels of
other antioxidants such as phenolic compounds
and vitamin C (HOSSAIN; RAHMAN, 2011;
RAMALLO; MASCHERONI, 2012). Phenolic
compounds responsible for bitterness, astringency,
avor, color and oxidative stability of fruits and
vegetables have shown an effect in health protection,
with not only antioxidant activity by scavenging
free radicals, but also inhibition of hydrolytic and
oxidative enzymes and anti-inammatory functions
in human cells (NACZK; SHAHIDI, 2004).
Vitamin C is a natural antioxidant that can inhibit
the development of serious clinical conditions such
as heart disease and some types of cancers. Unlike
phenolic compounds that are quickly metabolized,
vitamin C has high bioavailability, and is therefore
one of the most important antioxidant in cells, acting
as scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus,
vitamin C can protect membranes and lipoproteins
from oxidative damage (SIES; STAHL, 1995;
GARDNER et al., 2000).
Among the existing pineapple cultivars,
Vitória, Gomo-de-Mel and Imperial have already
been studied in various regions of Brazil with
regard to sensory acceptance and physicochemical
characterization of fruits (CUNHA et al., 2007;
BRITO et al., 2008; BERILLI et al., 2011; RAMOS
et al., 2010). However, there are no scientic reports
on the content of bioactive compounds in fruits of
these cultivars.
Since pineapple is highly nutritious due to
its high levels of vitamin C, β-carotene and phenolic
compounds (KONGSUWAN et al, 2009; HOSSAIN;
RAHMAN, 2011), this study aimed to evaluate
bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of
pineapple fruits of different cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Pineapple fruits of Imperial, Vitória, IAC
Fantástico, Gomo-de-Mel cultivars were evaluated,
as well as traditional Pérola and Smooth Cayenne
cultivars cultivated in the municipality of Canápolis,
located in the Triangulo Mineiro region, located
at 19º39’19 “S and 47º57 ‘ 27 “W and 795 m asl,
with average annual rainfall of 1,600 mm, average
annual temperature of 22.6ºC and average relative
air humidity of 68%. The local climate is classied
as hot tropical (AW), according to the Köppen
classication.
Cultivars were implemented on January
2010, with management and cultural practices
recommended for the culture. Fruit maturation
occurred in September 2012, and fruits were
harvested when showing 75% of yellow bark or with
color characteristic of maturation. Harvested fruits
were packed in cardboard boxes and immediately
transported to the Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables
of the Department of Food Science, Federal
University of Lavras (UFLA).
The determination of the fruit pulp coloring

Rev. Bras. Frutic., v. 38, n. 3: (e-146) DOI 10.1590/0100-29452016146 May/Jun 2016 Jaboticabal - SP
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BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PINEAPPLE FRUIT...
considered five distinct aspects using Minolta
colorimeter model CR-400, being determined in the
CIE-L * a * b * mode, where L * indicates brightness,
a * indicates coloration from green (-) to red (+) and
b * indicates coloration from blue (-) to yellow (+).
Ascorbic acid was determined by the
colorimetric method (after oxidation to dehydro-
ascorbic acid), using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine,
according to Strohecker and Henning (1967), with
results expressed in mg ascorbic acid / 100 g pulp.
The analysis of total phenolics followed
the Waterhouse technique (2002), and extraction
adapted of Larrauri et al. (1997), with extract
directly evaluated in a spectrophotometer using
the Folin-Ciocalteu method as AOAC (2005); and
results expressed in mg of gallic acid / 100 g pulp.
The antioxidant activity followed the methodology
of Runo et al. (2007) and extraction adapted of
Larrauri et al. (1997). The calculation was based
on the formula: % SRL = Absorbance of control -
Absorbance of sample / Absorbance of control x100.
Frozen pulp samples of different cultivars
were sent to the Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds
of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
(UFRGS) for analysis of the carotenoid prole. The
extraction of pigments was carried out according
to Mercadante and Rodriguez-Amaya (1998) using
acetone, followed by saponication with 10% KOH
in methanol overnight at room temperature. After
alkali removal, the extract was concentrated in
rotaevaporator (Fisatom, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais,
Brazil) (T <35°C), dried in nitrogen ow and stored
in freezer for later quantication by high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) in equipment with
degasser, quaternary solvent pump and UV / vis
detector. The column used was polymeric reversed
phase C30 (250mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 3 µm) (YMC). The
mobile phase consisted of water / methanol / methyl
tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (J.T. Baker, Mallinckrodt),
starting with ratios of 5: 90: 5, reaching 0: 95: 5 in 12
min, 0:89:11 in 25 min, 0:75:25 in 40 min and nally
0:50:50 after 60 min, with ow rate of 1 ml / min
at 33°C (ZANATTA; MERCADANTE, 2007). For
quantication, standard curves of β-carotene (5-50 µg
/ ml) (Sigma-Aldrich, Cas Number 7235-40-7), and
lutein (1-65 µg / ml) (Indone Chemical Company,
Cas Number 127-40-2) were constructed. The limits
of quantication (LOQ) and detection (LOD) were
respectively 10.89 x 10-² mg / kg and 6.53 x 10-² mg
/ kg for B-carotene and 1.15 x 10-² mg / kg and 6.9
x 10-³ mg / kg for lutein.
The design was completely randomized,
having the different cultivars as treatments. To
evaluate the characteristics under study, statistical
analysis was performed in the R statistical software
(R Development Core Team, 2013), with the aid of
the ExpDes package. Data were submitted to the
Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the averages were
compared by the Scott_Knott test at 5% probability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Regarding the pulp color of fruits of different
pineapple cultivars, it was observed that the a *
values for fruits of different cultivars analyzed
showed no signicant difference (Table 1). For the
other parameters, Gomo-de-Mel cultivar showed
lower brightness and higher b * value, indicating
more yellowish color when compared to the other
cultivars. The highest brightness was observed
for Imperial cultivar, which showed no signicant
difference in b * values in relation to IAC Fantástico
and Smooth Cayenne cultivars. Pérola and Vitória
cultivars showed lower b * values, indicating less
yellowish color when compared to the other cultivars.
The brightness values found are in agreement
with L * values presented by Viana et al. (2013)
for Pérola, Smooth Cayenne and Vitória cultivars
(respectively 76.77, 77.66 and 73.53). However, the
same author found L * value of 60.20 for Imperial
cultivar, indicating that this cultivar is the darkest
among cultivars, while in the present study, this
variety had the highest L * value (77.79), proving to
be the clearest cultivar. Ramsaroop and Saulo (2007)
observed lower values not only for the brightness of
Smooth Cayenne fruits (46.2), but also for parameter
b * (15.5).
The results of color parameters, indicating
that Gomo-of-Mel and Imperial cultivars showed
more yellowish color, are consistent with the
results quantifying the carotenoid contents. These
antioxidant compounds are responsible for colors
ranging from yellow to red in many fruits and
vegetables (ZEB; MEHMOOD, 2004), and in
pineapple fruits, the higher carotenoid contents, the
more yellow is the fruit (RAMSAROOP; SAULO,
2007).
The cultivar presenting the highest carotenoid
contents was Gomo-de Mel (Figure 1), which
also showed greater yellow color values. Among
carotenoids, α-carotene showed the highest
concentration, and its concentration was higher
in fruits of Gomo-de-Mel cultivar, followed by
Imperial cultivar. These two cultivars also showed
high cryptoxanthin concentrations, with values
greater than twice that found in other cultivars.
The lutein concentration was also high in these
two cultivars. However, β-carotene showed higher

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Rev. Bras. Frutic., v. 38, n. 3: (e-146) DOI 10.1590/0100-29452016146 May/Jun 2016 Jaboticabal - SP
E. A. FERREIRA et al.
concentration in IAC Fantástico cultivar, but
without signicant differences from Gomo-de-Mel
and Imperial cultivars. Zeaxanthin showed low
concentration for all pineapple cultivars, even though
for IAC Fantástico and Smooth Cayenne cultivars,
these values were higher than the α-carotene
concentration. Vitória and Pérola cultivars showed
lower concentrations for all carotenoids, and in
Pérola cultivar, zeaxanthin and α-carotene were not
detected.
Concerned about vitamin A deciency in
the population, Setiawan et al. (2001) investigated
the carotenoid content of some Indonesian fruits,
since these compounds are precursors of this
vitamin. Quantifying cryptoxanthin and β-carotene,
they found, respectively, 89 and 230 mg / 100 g in
pineapple fruits. This cryptoxanthin content was
similar to that found in the present work for Smoot
Cayenne cultivar and lower than values found for
Gomo-de-Mel and Imperial cultivars. The β-carotene
content reported for Indonesian fruits was higher
than all cultivars evaluated in this study. Moreover,
Kongsuwan et al. (2009) found lower β-carotene
levels for two Thai pineapple varieties, Phulae and
Nanglae (3.35 and 1.41 µg / 100 g, respectively),
while another study with Thai fruits did not detect
β-carotene in pineapple fruits (CHAROENSIRI et
al., 2009).
Viana et al. (2013) quantied only the total
carotenoid content, and for Imperial cultivar, the
content found was 266 µg / 100 g, while Smooth
Cayenne, Pérola and Vitória cultivars showed
lower concentrations, respectively, 2.34; 0.69 and
0.32 µg / 100g. Ramsaroop and Saulo (2007) also
investigated the total carotenoid content for Smooth
Cayenne and hybrid cultivars, nding concentrations
of 45.43 and 136.26 µg / 100g, respectively. This
hybrid cultivar obtained greater acceptance due to
its lower acidity and more yellow color, which is
consistent with the total carotenoid content and also
with the quantication of β-carotene, which showed
41.59 mg / 100g, against 17.22 g / 100g of Smooth
Cayenne cultivar.
Another important antioxidant compound
due to its high bioavailability is vitamin C, which
acts by protecting the membrane and low-density
lipoproteins from oxidative damage (Gardner et al.,
2000). The analyzed cultivars showed vitamin C
content ranging from 35.88 to 62.11 mg / 100 g, and
Imperial cultivar showed the highest concentration
while Vitória cultivar showed lower content of this
compound, with no signicant difference in relation
to Gomo-de-Mel, IAC Fantástico and Smooth
Cayenne cultivars (Table 2). This result was similar
to that found by Ramsaroop and Saulo (2007), in
which Smooth Cayenne cultivar showed 35 mg /
100 g, and its hybrid 68 mg / 100g Vitamin C. These
values are higher than those found in another study
with Imperial, Smooth Cayenne, Pérola and Vitória
cultivars (18.30; 15.18; 21.43 and 16.17 mg / 100g,
respectively) (VIANA et al, 2013.) as well as for Thai
Phulae and Nanglae cultivars (18.88 and 6.45 mg /
100g, respectively) (KONGSUWAN et al., 2009).
The antioxidant properties of tropical fruits
were investigated and the vitamin C concentration
was determined in orange fruits, with value of 67 mg /
100 g (LIM, LIM; TEE, 2007). In this study, Imperial
cultivar showed promising results, since its vitamin
C content was similar to that found for orange, citrus
fruit considered as a reference for vitamin C content
(SILVA et al, 2006;. PADAYATTY et al, 2003).
Phenolic compounds are antioxidants that
have greater efciency in scavenging free radicals,
and pineapple is an important source of these
constituents (HOSSAIN; RAHMAN, 2011). In this
work, the total phenolic content ranged from 71.07
mg gallic acid / 100 g in Smooth Cayenne cultivar
to 126.95 mg gallic acid / 100 g in Imperial cultivar
(Table 2). Martínez et al. (2012) analyzed pineapple
by-products (mainly core and shell) and found total
phenolic content similar to that of Imperial cultivar
(129 mg gallic acid / 100 g), while Kongsuwan et al.
(2009) showed lower total phenolic content for Thai
Phulae and Nanglae cultivars (respectively, 26.20 and
20.28 mg of gallic acid / 100 g).
Carotenoids, vitamin C and phenolic
compounds may contribute to the antioxidant activity
of fruits and vegetables (HOSSAIN; RAHMAN,
2011). In this paper, it was observed that Imperial
cultivar showed higher oxidation inhibition potential
(21.75%), while Vitória cultivar showed the lowest
inhibitory potential (9.92%) (Table 2). This result
is in agreement with other results, since Imperial
cultivar showed higher vitamin C and phenolic
compounds content and significant carotenoid
content, highlighting the α-carotene, cryptoxanthin
and β- carotene levels. Moreover, among cultivars
studied in this work, Vitória showed the lowest
concentrations of vitamin C, phenolic compounds and
carotenoids, except for zeaxanthin and α-carotene,
which, despite showing very low levels for this
cultivar, were not detected in Pérola cultivar.

Rev. Bras. Frutic., v. 38, n. 3: (e-146) DOI 10.1590/0100-29452016146 May/Jun 2016 Jaboticabal - SP
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BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PINEAPPLE FRUIT...
TABLE 1- Average value of color parameters analyzed for fruits of different pineapple cultivars.
Cultivar L* a* b*
Imperial 77.79a ± 3.47 -2.79a ± 0.38 23.04b ± 5.65
IAC Fantástico 72.27b ± 0.80 -3.37a ± 0.22 21.84b ± 2.75
Pérola 74.69b ± 1.87 -1.85a ± 0.52 12.69c ± 1.94
Vitória 72.80b ± 2.34 -1.31a ± 0.18 12.05c ± 1.10
Gomo-de-Mel 65.96c ± 2.05 -2.95 a± 0.20 28.95a ± 3.54
Smooth Cayenne 74.40b ± 0.89 -3.08a ± 0.31 20.78b ± 1.19
Values represent mean ± SD, where n = 4. Different letters in the column indicate signicant differences (P <0.05) among cultivars.
TABLE 2 - Vitamin C, phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of fruits of different pineapple
cultivars.
Cultivar Vitamin C (mg/100g) Phenolic compounds
(mg gallic acid/100g)
Antioxidant
activity
(% inhibition)
Imperial 62.11a ± 9.49 126.95a ± 7.51 21.75a ± 2.06
Pérola 49.79b ± 6.60 84. 90c ± 14.74 17.18b ± 4.49
IAC Fantástico 43.72c ± 4.83 89.01c ± 12.82 13.29c ± 0.64
Smooth Cayenne 42.31c ± 2.30 71.07c ± 1.20 12.96c ± 2.33
Gomo-de-mel 36.74c ± 1.62 109.60b ± 10.78 13.55c ± 2.16
Vitória 35.88c ± 2.25 74.09c ± 7.91 9.92c ± 0.11
Values represent mean ± SD, where n = 4. Different letters in the column indicate signicant differences (P <0.05) among cultivars.
FIGURE 1- Quantication of carotenoids by HPLC in fruit pulp of different pineapple cultivars (g / 100 g dry
weight).

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Rev. Bras. Frutic., v. 38, n. 3: (e-146) DOI 10.1590/0100-29452016146 May/Jun 2016 Jaboticabal - SP
E. A. FERREIRA et al.
CONCLUSION
Gomo-de-Mel and Imperial cultivars showed
higher concentrations of carotenoids and phenolic
compounds. Imperial cultivar also showed higher
levels of vitamin C and increased antioxidant
potential. Thus, it could be inferred that these
cultivars stand out due to their high content of
bioactive compounds.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank FAPEMIG,
CNPq and CAPES for the nancial support.
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