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Historical Assessment of the Saka Tunggal Mosque in Banyumas: Study on the Single Column Mosque on Java Island, Indonesia
Abstract
Currently, there are four mosques on Java Island recognized as Saka Tunggal Mosques, which employ a single wooden column as the main column, placed at the center of the prayer hall to support the roof. This unique structural system, when compared to the traditional four-column system, is remarkable even if its style is exceptional for mosques on Java Island. This study aims to provide scientific data and promote the local government′s understanding about the importance of the Saka Tunggal Mosques by focusing on the one in Banyumas, which is placed at a cultural heritage site, founded in 1871. This article was categorized as a part of an effort to revive and restore important architectural heritage sites in Indonesia. The discussion in this article will be composed of three parts. The first part will provide a description of the current condition of Banyumas′s Mosque. The second part will illustrate the renovations of the Mosque in chronological order. The third part will describe the three other Saka Tunggal Mosques in order to differentiate the specific characteristics of Banyumas′s Mosque from the context of its structural system.
... The central pole is also decorated with ornaments in the form of carvings with striking colors. The structure of Saka Tunggal Mosque can be described as shown in figure 2 as follows [13]. The architectural form of the Saka Tunggal Mosque has a meaning or meaning in it. ...
... The number of main pillars of one symbolizes the doctrine of monotheism in Islam. The concept of Saka Tunggal architecture is also found in The Saka Tunggal Kebumen Mosque, Cirebon, and Yogyakarta [13]. Saka Tunggal also means that man must be like an alif (in Arabic letter), straight up, not crooked, honest, and not naughty. ...
Indonesia is the country blessed with natural beauty. This is an opportunity to develop many ecotourism destinations. One of the potential areas to develop ecotourism is Cikakak Village, Banyumas Regency. This research aims to explore the potential of ecotourism in Cikakak Village and identify the pattern of ecotourism management. Data collection methods in this study were conducted by questionnaires, observations and interviews. Ecotourism Cikakak Village has tourist attractions in the form of Curug Antap and Saka Tunggal Mosque. Curug Antap is managed by tourism conscious groups (pokdarwis), while the management of Saka Tunggal Mosque is carried out by the Aboge community which makes Saka Tunggal Mosque the center of traditional and religious rituals. The results of measuring the participation rate of the community using questionnaires showed a value of 69,57 % (quite high). The highest indicator of community participation in the organization and control of the community to resources with a value of 77 %. SWOT analysis of economic, ecological and ecotourism management aspects in Cikakak Village shows that ecotourism conditions are in quadrant I which is the most favorable position. Cikakak Village Ecotourism Manager can implement aggressive strategy by using its power to take advantage of existing opportunities.
... As for the research done, there is no other structure that implemented the single-column structure except in the heritage mosque "Soko Tunggal" in Cirebon and Banyumas Areas (12). Five single-column mosques can be found in Java Island, one in Cirebon, two in Banyumas, one in Kebumen, and the last one in Yogyakarta (4,5). ...
From the structural angle, the four-column structure is often considered the most efficient and rational way for Indonesia’s common mosque structure. Single-column structure (or “Soko Tunggal”) used in some historic Javanese mosques as the expression of religious and cultural symbolism, in modern times, is often considered as not efficient, not strong enough, or even not essential. The paper presents an argument that a single-column possesses advantages as good as the four-column structure. “Soko Tunggal” represents the “alpha causa prima”, or God as the only divine power, the central premise in Islam which is manifested through mosque architecture. The study employs a mix-research methodology to study cultural symbolism’s significance by applying topological analysis and structural efficiency using the structural analysis method and their correlation, to show the correlation between cultural symbolism and structural efficiency. There is no conflict between these two elements. The paper contributes to strengthening our knowledge in cultural symbolism discourse in the structural aspect of architecture, and understanding that tangible efficiency is not in conflict with the intangible cultural symbolic values.
... However, there are relatively limited researches on the determination of structural responses of timber mosques. Ataman 22 implemented historical assessment of Saka Tunggal Mosque with a wooden single column to support a roof structure on Java Island, Banyumas in Indonesia. Historical Yanıkoglu Mosque having timber structural system located in the center of Kayseri, Turkey was inspected, and the static and seismic analyses and retrofitting proposals were presented by Çelik and Birdal. ...
The structural assessment of historic timber mosques is a challenging process with many uncertainties such as strength and stiffness of structural members, joints and boundary conditions. The analytical models of timber mosques must be calibrated using experimental dynamic characteristics for reliable structural evaluation and accurate interventions. This paper aims to determine the experimental dynamic characteristics such as frequency, mode shapes and damping ratios as well as developing empirical frequency formulas for historical timber mosques. Seven historical timber mosques having different geometrical dimensions in the East Karadeniz Region in Turkey are selected for this purpose. Experimental dynamic characteristics of the selected mosques are determined by using Ambient Vibration Testing and the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) method. The experimental dynamic behaviors of the selected mosques are initially compared using the obtained natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. Then, empirical natural frequency formulas for the first three modes based on mosque geometrical dimensions have been developed by regression analysis. The proposed frequency formulas were observed to be very consistent with the results measured.
This article proves that the dialogue between Islamic teachings and the local culture of the Kejawen community creates a syncretic blending culture. The influence of culture is more dominant than the values of Islamic teachings The transmission of teachings from ancestors is delivered orally and is believed to be the truth. The marriage tradition of the kejawen community is a fusion of local Javanese culture with Islamic religious values. Creative dialogue between local Javanese culture and Islamic religious traditions gave birth to a syncretic pattern of religious traditions. In the tradition of the kejawen community, the determination of a life partner and the day of the wedding uses a calculation based on the birthday of the prospective bride and groom. The way of counting uses a formula that has been passed down by their ancestors orally from generation to generatio Internal contestation between cultural and religious values shows the superiority of local Javanese culture over Islamic teachings.
Historical stone mosques with masonry dome are complex structures due to their different structural elements, material properties, boundary conditions, connections, etc. It is very difficult to develop the numerical models representing the real behaviour of these structures. Therefore, their numerical models should be checked with ambient vibration tests for the reliable safety evaluations before the restoration applications. However, it is known that the ambient vibration tests of historical mosques are very difficult and costly and need permissions from the owners and relevant government agencies. The paper aims to develop an empirical formulation for estimating the fundamental frequency of historical stone mosques with masonry dome to check the initial finite element models. Nine stone mosques with masonry dome in different dimensions in the eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey were selected as examples for this purpose. By performing ambient vibration tests of the selected mosques, experimental natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios have been determined and evaluated together. An empirical formulation for the fundamental frequency and coefficients for the second and third frequencies of stone mosques with masonry dome based on vibration data are obtained by using the statistical regression analysis and verified with the control data. The comparative results confirm that the proposed formulation has a reliable predictive performance.
This paper investigates and analyzes a typology of the plan and structure of the Javanese mosque and its distribution. The study will focus on the plan of the main prayer hall and the soko guru principle structure (master pillars in the centre of the main prayer hall, supporting the upper hipped roof of the mosque) since these two elements and the roof are the main characteristics of the Javanese mosque. Until today these were generally well-preserved elements. The study investigates and analyzes 127 mosques that were constructed in the 15th-19th centuries in Java. Based on this analysis, the paper argues that the main/original mosque type is square in plan with four master-pillars in the centre of the main prayer hall. It also finds and argues that there are many variations on these two elements in its development, but the main type is evenly spread throughout Java Island.
Sejarah Singkat tentang Pembangunan Masjid ″Sokotunggal″ Taman Keraton Yogyakarta (Brief History of ″Sokotunggal″ Mosque Construction Work at Taman Keraton Yogyakarta). Yogyakarta: Sokotunggal Mosque Construction Committee
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Mintoboedojo R.Ng. (1973) Sejarah Singkat tentang Pembangunan
Masjid "Sokotunggal" Taman Keraton Yogyakarta (Brief History
of "Sokotunggal" Mosque Construction Work at Taman Keraton
Yogyakarta). Yogyakarta: Sokotunggal Mosque Construction
Committee.
Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia (Introduction to History Culture of Indonesia) Jakarta: Yayasan Kanisius References 1) Adrisijanti, I. (1977) Telaah Singkat tentang Bangunan Bertiang Satu (Study of Single Column Building) Pertemuan Ilmiah Arkeologi (Archeology Scientific Meeting)
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Soekmono, R (1973) Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia
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References
1) Adrisijanti, I. (1977) Telaah Singkat tentang Bangunan Bertiang
Satu (Study of Single Column Building). Pertemuan Ilmiah
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Penelitan Purbakala dan Peninggalan Nasional, pp.470-476.
17. Original Drawing of the Saka Tunggal Mosque of Yogyakarta (Section)
- Fig
Fig.17. Original Drawing of the Saka Tunggal Mosque of Yogyakarta (Section)
Banjoemas Rimajatmoe Doeloe (Banyumas First History). Daya Mandiri Production
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Wijono, Soegeng and Sunardi (2006) Banjoemas Rimajatmoe
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Elba, M.Y. Masjid Tradisional Jawa (Traditional Mosque in Java).
He was appointed as Duke after the dead of Adipati Warga Utama I. Raden Joko Kahiman divide the territory into four region and share with Adipati's descendants in 1582. He ruled one of the regions and named it Banyumas
- Raden Joko Kahiman
Raden Joko Kahiman was son in law of Adipati Warga Utama I
(Duke of Kadipaten Wirasaba). He was appointed as Duke after
the dead of Adipati Warga Utama I. Raden Joko Kahiman divide
the territory into four region and share with Adipati's descendants
in 1582. He ruled one of the regions and named it Banyumas.
Source: Wijono, Soegeng and Sunardi (2006) Banjoemas
Rimajatmoe Doeloe (Banyumas First History). Daya Mandiri
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Pertemuan Ilmiah Arkeologi (Archeology Scientific Meeting). Jakarta: Pusat Penelitan Purbakala dan Peninggalan Nasional
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Arkeologi (Archeology Scientific Meeting). Jakarta: Pusat
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Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia (Introduction to Culture History of Indonesia). Jakarta: Yayasan Kanisius
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