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Boosting 21st Century Skills through Moroccan Textbooks
JELTL
, Vol. 1 (2), 2016 97
JELTL
Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics
ISSN: 2502-6062
2016, Vol. 1 No. 1
www.jeltl.org
Boosting 21st Century Skills through Moroccan ELT
Textbooks
Hassan Ait Bouzid
Doctoral Studies Center on Language, Culture and Society, Faculty of Letters and
Human Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
hassan.aitbouzid@gmail.com
Abstract
Research shows that the changing realities of the 21st century necessitate a
fundamental shift in language education towards promoting 21st Century Skills. This
paper investigates the extent to which three Moroccan ELT textbooks currently used
in teaching second year Baccalaureate students in public high school provide
activities that help learners build skills that match the needs of the 21st century. It
also explores the types of activities that are used to promote these skills and
eventually suggests some ways in which these skills could be promoted effectively in
future textbooks. It draws the attention of teachers, educational policy makers,
school inspectors and textbook designers to the importance of incorporating
activities that facilitate the acquisition of a set of skills that meet the demands of the
21st century. The study adopts a concurrent triangulation design and used content
analysis as a mixed method that combines quantitative and qualitative techniques.
Quantitative findings show that textbooks tend to provide very little activities that
enable learners to develop their ICT skills. Also, they do not encourage learners to
think creatively and develop career and life-skills. Qualitative findings indicate that
textbooks tend to present these skills in a traditional way that does not cater for the
21st century context. This paper concludes with suggesting activities that will help
future textbooks present 21st Century Skills in ways that will facilitate the transfer of
these skills to Moroccan English language learners.
Keywords: 21st Century Skills, textbook evaluation
Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics (JELTL)
e-ISSN: 2502-6062, p-ISSN: 2503-1848
2016, Vol. 1 (2)
www.jeltl.org
Boosting 21st Century Skills through Moroccan Textbooks
JELTL
, Vol. 1 (2), 2016 98
1. INTRODUCTION
In an ever-growing, continuously changing world, traditional teaching and
learning is facing numerous multidimensional challenges that defy its ability to
responds to the versatile needs and interests of students, teachers and job markets of
the 21st century. As information communication technology advances and spreads its
influence on almost every aspect of human life, it becomes apparent that educational
systems must consider a new set of skills that befit the technological dependence
emblematic to the twenty first century. Therefore, radical but smooth changes need
to be incorporated within every country’s educational policy making, the plethora of
the teaching learning approaches, methods and techniques they are adapting as well
the tools and materials they are using for the purpose of matching the ultimate
teaching learning outcomes with the socio-economic and political demands for
global citizens. Nurhayati (2008a) stated that the world of education needs
improvement of universities, colleges, senior high schools, junior high schools as
well preschools. Most of them should be provided with suitable approaches or a
course design which is carried out in their process of teaching language to the
students.
More particularly, teachers are responsible for preparing learners that are
compatible with the 21st century. However, they are the weakest link in a longer
chain that comprises educational policy makers, teacher trainers, school inspectors,
school administrators, researchers and textbook designers who should join efforts to
provide teachers with best practices, materials and guidance on how to effectively
teach skills that are compatible with the new realities of the 21st century. Within the
classroom context, teachers resort to the teaching materials to help them fulfill this
task. In most cases, teachers rely on textbooks to provide insights and guidance on
what to teach and how to teach it despite the fact that textbooks themselves are not
perfect. Textbooks remain at the heart of every teaching learning context. Richards
(2001) reckons that textbooks will undoubtedly remain central to every language
teaching context despite the technological advances not only because they provide
resources for both learners and teachers, but also because they serve to mold the
official guidelines into concrete texts, exercises, illustrations and practice activities.
However, many researchers (Cunningsworth, 1995;; Litz, 2005; Hutchinson &
Torres, 1994; Jibreel 2015; McDonough & Shaw, 2003) maintain that textbooks are
to a great extent susceptible of containing problems related to social, cultural and
linguistic issues as well as to pedagogical issues concerning the provision of
activities that enable students to appropriately function within their immediate socio-
cultural, political and economic contexts. These researchers point out that these
weaknesses, though not inherent in textbooks, can affect learners’ attitudes towards
their immediate environments and their attitudes towards the teaching learning
process as well. Therefore, the content of textbooks must be continuously assessed
in order to examine the extent to which this content agrees with learners’ needs and
interests on the one hand, and with the objectives of the curriculum and the demands
of the job market on the other.
This study is built on the assumption that the practice of textbook evaluation
is of crucial importance as an integral part of the practices of educational
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practitioners because of the central role coursebooks occupy in the teaching-learning
process. Numerous have been those researchers who actually attribute the value of
textbook evaluation to the indispensability of coursebooks as core elements in the
educational act. For instance, Sheldon (1988) points out that the textbook remains an
essential element in every classroom activity since it represents the visible heart of
any ELT program while Garinger (2002) contends that a textbook is at the heart of
every classroom because it can serve different purposes: it can be used as a core
resource, as a source of supplemental material, as an inspiration for classroom
activities and even as the curriculum itself.
Nevertheless, Sheldon (1988) and Garinger (2002) consider that textbooks
oftentimes constitute a problem that may become an educational failure in some
extreme situations which insistently necessitates the definition and application of
systematic criteria for assessing textbooks. In other words, they argue for a
systematic textbook evaluation that bases itself on concrete predetermined criteria
designed especially for the purpose of identifying and solving problems that
textbooks may contain. In fact, much of the justification for the practice of textbook
evaluation is associated with the importance textbooks have in the teaching-learning
process. Yet, it is to maintain that textbooks gain more value through textbook
evaluation as the usefulness, appropriateness and effectiveness of a textbook can
only be accredited through the practice of a systematic textbook evaluation. It
remains then that textbooks and textbook evaluation are intertwined into a reciprocal
relationship of interdependence where the value of one is only determined by the
value of the other. In short, for textbooks to achieve the desired learning outcomes
effectively, their content, approach and methodology must be effectively evaluated.
The present paper responds to need of applying the practice of textbook
evaluation to identify the role select Moroccan ELT textbooks play in endowing
students with skills that suits the 21st century. It also responds to an expectedly
inevitable introduction of new English language teaching textbooks into Moroccan
public high schools It draws the attention of teachers, school inspectors, educational
policy makers and, most importantly, textbook designers to the vital role textbooks
can play in helping students learn effective 21st Century Skills that will enable them
to function appropriately and effectively within a global community of English
language speakers. In addition, it aims to investigate the extent to which three
Moroccan ELT textbooks currently used in public high schools provide activities
that help students develop a set of 21st century skills indicated in the American
Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages [ACTFL] (2011). This paper also
aims to suggest ways in which future Moroccan ELT textbooks could improve their
content by including more activities targeting the teaching of 21st century skills.
The study is positioned within the theoretical framework of the Standards-
Based Approach which frames the teaching and learning of English as a foreign
language in Moroccan public high schools (Ministry of National education, 2007).
According to the ACTFL (2011), this approach present a fertile ground where to
cultivate learners that are capable of communicating effectively with people from
different cultures while insightfully comparing their local languages and cultures
with other foreign languages and cultures. The Standards-Based Approach also
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allows foreign language learners to develop the ability to make inter-disciplinary
connections than can only deepen the knowledge and skills they learn from English
language and other subjects. More interestingly, the adopted approach caters for
encouraging strategic learning that enables students to continue their own education
as life-long learners long after their school career has finished (ACTFL, 1995). The
three textbooks considered for investigation in this study supposedly adhere to the
theoretical principles of this approach; therefore they should present activities that
facilitate the teaching of 21st century skills.
Three main questions drive the present study; they are:
1. To what extent do select Moroccan ELT textbooks promote 21st century
skills?
2. What kind of 21st century skills are promoted by the select ELT textbooks
under study?
3. What kind of activities can be used to enrich students’ 21st century skills
through ELT textbooks?
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Incorporating a set of skills that satisfy the needs of the 21st century learners
in the curricula used in teaching and learning of English as a foreign language has
become a priority. Learners nowadays are no longer expected to base their success
on their ability to perform manual work; rather, they are supposed to demonstrate an
indispensable ability to search for, find, share and use information to solve various
and complex problems. Students’ success today is evaluated on their ability to adapt
to new situations through showing how innovative and creative they are as well as
exhibiting their mastery of various information communication technologies which
have become unavoidable in the world of the 21st century (National Education
Association [NEA], 2012).
To perform this shift and overcome the new challenge of this era, a set of 21st
Century Skills must be introduced to and taught to students. In addition to fostering
learners’ communication skills, language classes should enable learners to develop
skills that will enable them to identify and retrieve relevant and useful information,
organize it and evaluate its accuracy, relevance, usefulness and efficiency. They are
also required to teach skills that encourage learners to work collaboratively with
others despite their socio-cultural differences, listening to their opinions and
providing formative feedback that emanates from a constructive strategic critical
thinking. Moreover, 21st century students should be able to function cross-culturally
and think creatively and innovatively not only because globalization has nearly
eliminated borders and shortened distances among countries, but also because the
job market is constantly changing and the life-span of jobs is becoming smaller. In
this respect, today’s learners need to be able to develop professional career and life-
skills such as productivity, accountability, leadership, responsibility and sociability
(NEA, 2012; Pacific Policy Research Center [PPRC], 2010; Scott, 2015).
A number of strategies can be used to foster 21st Century Skills. PPRC
(2010) and Partnership for 21st Century Skills [P21] (2011) suggest an action plan
that revolves around six main elements. First, teaching these skills should be
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emphasized in core subjects including, though not limited to, civic literacy, global
awareness, financial literacy, health literacy, environmental literacy, visual literacy,
media literacy; information literacy and technology literacy. Second, the teaching
and learning process should give prominence to the ‘how’ by focusing on strategic
learning that aims to provide learners with effective learning strategies and skills
rather that teaching content. The third element consists of using 21st century tools in
the process of teaching and learning through the use modern information
communication technologies this process. The fourth element is that teachers should
teach 21st century content that reflects the immediate authentic reality of the
students. The fifth element entices teachers to contextualize the teaching learning
process within an authentic 21st century context that is familiar to the students, while
the sixth element highlights the importance of using 21st century assessment
techniques which measure 21st Century Skills. Therefore, the successful teaching of
21st Century Skills is highly dependent on the extent to which the content, methods,
tools and classroom contexts are relevant to the 21st century; any discordance is
susceptible of flawing the intended outcomes.
A number of activities could be devised to effectively help young learners
promote the required set of 21st Century Skills. NEA (2012), P21 (2011), PPRC
(2010) and Scott (2015) provide criteria for effective 21st Century Skill activities.
One major characteristic of these activities is that they should focus on real-world
problems and processes. They should provide learners with authentic problematic
situations which students may relate with the outside world. Real-life-like problems
increase students’ motivation and trigger their attention because they know that they
may face such problems outside the classroom contexts. In addition, effective 21st
century skills activities should support inquiry-based learning experiences which
involve students in the process of building and understanding concepts through
asking questions, searching for answers, discussing them with colleagues and
reflecting upon different possible answers. These activities should also provide
opportunities for collaborative learning experiences where learners work together in
groups or teams, share responsibilities and exchanges feedback and leadership. More
importantly, activities designed to promote 21st Century Skills should focus on
teaching learning strategies and skills rather than learning and memorizing content.
These activities should enable learners with the skills and strategies needed to
communicate effectively, solve problems, think critically and creatively and work
collaboratively; all of which skills are highly valued in 21st century job market.
3. RESEARCH METHOD
The study adopted a concurrent triangulation design using content analysis as
a mixed method that combines both quantitative and qualitative techniques
(Krippendorff, 2013). The objective is to evaluate the content of three Moroccan
ELT textbook currently used in teaching second year Baccalaureate students in
public schools, namely Gateway to English 2 (Hassim, Blibil & Rasmy, 2007),
Insights into English 2 (Najbi & El Haddad, 2007) and Ticket to English 2
(Hammani, Ahssen & Tansaoui, 2007). These textbooks are locally designed and are
used as national textbooks that are used interchangeably to teach the final level in
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Moroccan public high schools. Unfortunately, teachers do not have the right to
choose which textbook to use as this is the task of the local authorities which
distribute textbooks among schools equally and randomly.
The three textbooks were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively to
examine the extent to which they presented activities that can develop learners’ 21st
Century Skills. The purpose of the quantitative analysis is to identify whether the
number of these activities is sufficient for promoting these skills and whether the
number of activities is distributed equally among the different 21st Century Skills so
that no skill is undermined. The purpose of the qualitative analysis is to identify the
kind of activities that are used in promoting the different skills and the quality of the
presentation of the instructions.
The quantitative analysis consisted of making frequency counts of activities
that provided texts, dialogues and exercises whose aim is to teach any of the 21st
Century Skills and illustrating them in tables. Each table was followed by a
descriptive qualitative analysis which describes ways in which different activities
used these texts, dialogues and exercises to promote the set of 21st Century Skills
identified in these three textbooks. The interpretation of both quantitative and
qualitative data is fused with the qualitative description that follows each table since
it is impossible to separate qualitative analysis from interpretation according to
Cohen, Manion and Morrison, (2007).
4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This study analyzed three Moroccan second year Baccalaureate ELT
textbooks to identify the extent to which these textbooks presented activities that
promoted 21st Century Skills among learners. The results shown in Table 1
demonstrate the number of such activities identified in these three textbooks:
Table 1: number of activities promoting 21st Century Skills in textbooks
Gateway 2
Insights 2
Ticket 2
Total
Activities promoting 21st Century
Skills
30
34
31
95
The finding illustrated in Table 1 reveal that textbooks contained an
important number of these activities and that there is no great discrepancy in terms
of number of activities contained in each textbook. Gateway to English 2 presented
the smallest number of activities (30), while Ticket to English 2 contained 31 and
Insights into English 2 provided the highest number of activities with 34 activities.
Taking into consideration the fact that each textbook is divided into 10 units,
it could be inferred that each unit had at least 3 activities aiming at teaching 21st
Century Skills. However, it is observed that these activities did not focus on one
particular skill, but rather, each activity targeted multiple skills at a time. Table 2
illustrates this idea in more details:
Table 2: Frequency of 21st Century Skills promoted in various activities
21st Century Skills
Gateway 2
Insights 2
Ticket 2
Total
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Communicate clearly
23
27
25
75
Cross cultural understanding
21
19
22
62
Work collaboratively
20
19
27
66
Think critically
24
23
16
63
Think creatively
6
5
7
18
Use ICT effectively
4
6
4
14
Develop professionally and socially
7
12
8
27
TOTAL
105
111
109
325
Table 2 demonstrates that textbooks presented activities that promote various
skills at a time. Gateway to English 2 tackled the 7 skills 105 times in 30 activities
with an average of 3.5 skills per activity. Insights into English 2 presented the 7
skills 111 times in 34 activities, with an average of 3.2 skills per activity. Ticket to
English 2 tackled the seven skills 109 times in 31 activities, with an average of 3.5
skills per activity. Table 2, therefore, shows that activities presented by Gateway to
English 2 and Ticket to English 2 are actually richer in terms of the number of skills
included in each activity.
Table 2 also reveals that some skills were more frequently presented than
others. The three textbooks frequently stressed skills enticing students to
communicate clearly (75 times), work collaboratively (66 times), think critically (63
times) and cross-cultural understanding (62 times). Gateway to English 2 frequently
taught critical thinking skills which were tackled 24 times, communication skills
which were mentioned 23 times and working collaboratively which were discussed
20 times alongside cross-cultural understanding skills which were visited 21 times,
respectively. Insights into English 2 is similar to Gateway to English 2 except for
the fact that the former gave prominence to effective communication skills which
were included in 27 activities. Skills enticing student to work collaboratively were
highlighted 27 times in Ticket to English 2 followed by skills of effective
communicative and cross-cultural understanding with a frequency rate reaching 25
times and 22 times, respectively.
The three textbooks did not provide enough space for three 21st Century
Skills. Skills targeting students’ ability to think creatively, use ICT effectively and
develop professionally and socially were not as frequently targeted in activities as
the previously mentioned skills. For instance, only six activities in Gateway to
English 2 included creative thinking skills as compared to 5 in Insights into English
and 7 in Ticket to English 2. In addition, only four activities in both Gateway to
English 2 and Ticket to English 2 contained skills aiming at enabling students to use
ICT effectively as compared to 6 of such activities identified in Insights into English
2. Moreover, the ability to develop professionally and socially was contained only in
7, 8 and 12 activities in Gateway to English 2, Ticket to English 2 and Insights into
English 2, respectively.
The three textbooks relied on different kinds of activities to boost 21st
Century Skills. The dominance of skills promoting students ability to communicate
clearly is to a great extent congruent with the nature of foreign language teaching
textbooks whose aim is to improve students’ ability to communicate effectively in a
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foreign language. To achieve this goal, textbooks rely heavily on activities fostering
interpersonal, interpretive and presentational communication skills through a series
of dialogues, conversations, readings texts, listening activities, writing assignments
and functional practice activities. It is also observed that the ability to work
collaboratively is fostered through a variety of activities such as grammar exercises,
functional practices, writings, discussions and project works. These activities
encourage students to work collaboratively in groups or in pairs to promote their
ability to share and exchange responsibility, listen for and provide feedback and
provide positive support for other group members.
Different types of activities were used to promote students’ ability to think
critically. In fact critical thinking skills were promoted mainly through post reading
and post listening activities in which learners were asked to respond critically to the
reading/listening texts. Critical thinking skills were also promoted through speaking
activities asking students to evaluate opinions and thoughts of their classmates or
through speaking activities enticing them to think reflectively about their own
actions, thoughts and emotions. Research revealed that teacher modeling of reading
practice brings the students about nurturing good reading habits in English (Iftanti,
2015). Critical thinking skills identified and promoted through activities in these
textbooks comprised the ability to build arguments and provide concrete evidence,
the ability to think systematically as well as the ability to tolerate cultural
differences.
Cross cultural understanding skills were developed through reading
activities, listening activities, writing activities, dialogues and discussions. Students
were occasionally asked to compare and contrast aspect of both local and foreign
cultures to identify similarities and differences among different cultures. These
activities were also used to foster students’ understanding of the relationship
between cultural perspectives and cultural practices of both foreign and local
cultures on the one hand, and between cultural perspectives and cultural products of
both cultures on the other. The objective of these activities is to help students
tolerate cultural differences and co-exist peacefully with other people despite their
differences.
However, the scarcity of activities promoting creative thinking skills and ICT
skills is apparent throughout the three textbooks. These textbooks presented a
limited number of activities enhancing creative thinking skills because of the
noticeable shortage regarding project works, games, creative writing and problem
solving activities. Textbooks also presented a limited number of activities fostering
students ICT skills because most activities encouraged students to use skills that
they have already mastered. For example, some writing activities teach students the
basics of e-mail writing while students actually know how to write an e-mail. Few
project works encourage students to present their finding in PowerPoint presentation
format, while fewer activities such as vocabulary and reading activities to search for
information on the internet.
The three textbooks also presented an insufficient number of activities that
foster learners’ professional and social skills. The three textbooks provided activities
which are more concerned with providing learners with skills which would help
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them in their schooling, but they did not include enough activities that aimed to
prepare these learners for their professional and social life. This is due to the fact
that the three textbooks provided little activities that are associated with authentic
real-life professions from which students could learn about the skills which would
help students set up a successful professional career in these professions. For
instance, Insights into English 2 is concerned with preparing students for a
professional career in journalism as it provided a number of activities that teach
students skills related to interviewing, conducting surveys, conducting opinion polls
and searching for information Ticket to English is concerned with fostering learners’
study skills through a number of activities that aim to help learners develop their
ability to manage their time, think critically, use SQ4R, keep record of their studies,
take notes effectively and get prepared to succeed in exams and tests. Gateway to
English 2 has to a great extent succeeded in providing a balanced mixture of
activities that foster learners’ social and professional skill despite their quantitative
insufficiency. Along with providing the necessary set of study skills such as
knowing about learning styles, effective note-taking, effective learning of
vocabulary, effective ways of giving presentations and preparing one’s self for the
university, the latter textbook has provided activities that aimed to familiarize
students with skills required for a professional career in both journalism, tourism and
banking through providing activities that encouraged students to use interviewing
skills, writing action plans of projects, making a brochure, transform information
into diagrams, learning about the development of banks, brain storming and mind-
mapping.
The findings revealed a number of discrepancies between the ways in which
the three textbooks dealt with 21st Century Skills and the guidelines indicated by the
literature. First, the number of activities that promoted these skills is not only
insufficient but also imbalanced as some skills are more targeted than others.
Second, these skills are presented in traditional contents that are incoherent with the
core-subjects suggested by PPRC (2010) and P21 (2011). Third, these 21st Century
Skills are taught using traditional tools and materials that are incompatible with the
nature of the 21st Century because they rarely encourage students to use modern
digital and ICT tools. Finally, the three textbooks did not provide assessment criteria
that would enable learners and teachers to evaluate the extent to which a given skills
was successfully or unsuccessfully learnt.
5. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which three
Moroccan ELT textbooks currently used in teaching second year Baccalaureate level
in public high schools empower students with skills that are compatible with the
needs and requirements of the 21st century. It draws the attention of teachers,
educational policy makers, school inspectors and textbook designers to the necessity
of including activities that have the potential of boosting learners’ 21st Century
Skills. The review of the literature revealed the importance of enabling learners with
seven main skills that are considered as main 21st century skills. The first skill is the
ability to communicate clearly and the second one is the ability of cross-cultural
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understanding. The third skill is the ability to think critically, while the fourth skill is
the ability to think creatively. The fifth and the sixth skills are the ability to work
collaboratively and the ability to use information communication technology
effectively. The last skill is the ability to develop professionally and socially.
The research adopted a concurrent triangulation design relying on content
analysis as a mixed method using both quantitative and qualitative data analysis
techniques. The findings of the quantitative analysis revealed that the three
textbooks did not provide a sufficient number of activities that would help foster the
aforementioned skills among learners. They also demonstrated that the three
textbooks did not treat these skills equally because the majority of activities were
concerned with communication skills, cross-cultural understanding skills,
collaborative working skills and critical thinking skills, respectively. Other skills
related to creative thinking skills, ICT skills and professional development skills
were given smaller attention within different activities. The qualitative analysis
demonstrated that the nature of the activities which presented these skills were to a
great extent incompatible with the nature of activities required for developing 21st
Century Skills. The three textbooks relied on traditional activities that were
conventionally used in ELT textbooks to develop reading, writing, listening and
speaking skills. To bridge this gap, the following suggestions are made:
Textbooks should incorporate 21st Century Skills in every activity so that
learners will be exposed to these skills throughout the whole school year
Textbooks should encourage learners to use ICT skills both inside and
outside the classroom through encouraging mobile learning and using social
networks as learning sources
Textbooks should encourage learners to think creatively by enticing them to
present their learning performances through creative ways using videos,
PowerPoint presentations, posters, brochures, blogs and social media
Textbook should contain activities which provide learners with links to e-
content that they could use as a learning resource or as a model of a learning
outcome
Textbooks should provide activities present information, skills and qualities
required for future jobs that are compatible with the 21st century
Textbook should present activities that focus on real world problems to
encourage learners to conduct social experiments that will allow them to use
and refine their social and communication skills in real-life situations
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