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Surviving in Europe: Geopolitics of biodiversity conservation illustrated by a proxy species Viola uliginosa

Wiley
Ecosphere
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Building strategies for continental-scale conservation is challenging due to evolutionary and geopolitical problems. How do policy choices arise from this setting? In this study, we integrate ecological research with policy analysis to examine the problem field with a case study research. We use a violet species endemic to Europe, Viola uliginosa, as a proxy for a significant European Union (EU)–Russian biodiversity pattern and its conservation. The violet's core populations locate in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia, and all populations in the EU are peripheral. The species is endangered in 12 EU member states and in decline in many places elsewhere. To analyze the choices of conservation, we gathered data on its ecology, distribution, and conservation mechanisms across Europe, putting additional emphasis on the EU enlargement and long-term site histories in Finland. We found that the survival of the species in the EU depends on the enlargement negotiations, conflicts between the EU biodiversity and agricultural policies, selection of the species to national Red Lists and the Habitats Directive, and contingent site histories depending on the conservation activities by civic actors and the member states. While the evolutionary aspect emphasizes the genetic differentiation potential of peripheral populations, the geopolitical aspect characterizes the EU as simultaneous spaces of a monotopia, borderlands, and polycentric development. We conclude that intersections between these geopolitical spaces can be used with evolutionary perspectives to identify local, European, and network-driven policy choices of conservation.
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v vv

Viola uliginosa
3
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Viikinkaari 2A, Helsinki 00014 Finland
School of Management, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014 Finland
3LUOMUS Botany Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, Helsinki 00014 Finland
Citation:              
Viola uliginosa
Abstract


Viola uliginosa
    


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

Key words:
Viola uliginosa
Received                 

Copyright:       

E-mail:
IntroductIon



   
       

     


Cricetus crice-
tusPteromys volans
  Viola uliginosa 
 


     

     


       
    

 
vvv www.esajournals.org
 



      
     

       
   
     Viola uligino-
sa  
   


 
     
V. uligino-
sa






  



    
     

     
  
    
    
  
      
       

  


  
 
     

    
 
     
      
     
         
      
 


    



 

  
   
      
       




       
      
       
Viola ulig-
inosa
       




  

 


V. uliginosa
the Model SpecIeS, data, and MethodS
Viola uliginosa     

      
      Alnus glutinosa
       
       

     Viola uliginosa 
     
      
      
      
     

vv3v www.esajournals.org
 

     
   
     V. ulig-
inosa       
    
   

   
     


        

    
       

 

V. uliginosa

    
    V. uliginosa  
      

 



  

      
 
       


      
 

     
     


V. ulig-
inosa

     
  
        Viola uliginosa  


vvv www.esajournals.org
 



     
     
    
        
     


    


reSultS
The distribution of Viola uliginosa and its national
conservation status across Europe
Viola uliginosa     
    

       
      
     
        
      
     
        
      
    V. uliginosa   

     
        
      
   

       
    

  

     V. uliginosa
 
   
       
       


      
     

   
     

      

      


      
     




       
   

  
       
 



V. uliginosa


Viola uliginosa     

   


      
        
   

Site histories in Finland
Viola uliginosa
       
       
 
        
      
  
       
       
       
       
     
      
    
vvv www.esajournals.org
 
       
   
   
V. uliginosa.


V. uliginosa

     


     



Viola uliginosa    

     

Viola uliginosa
  
       
  

           
    


 


  
       

V. uliginosa



      
      
V. uliginosa       

     


The shifting context of conservation due to
EU enlargement
   
   V. uliginosa 
     
    
      
      
   V. uliginosa   
   
      
  V. uliginosa   
     
      
     


  V. uliginosa    
        Viola uliginosa      

vvv www.esajournals.org
 
  
     



   
V. uligino-
sa



 


       
   


favorable conservation status

 


    
   
    


        

V. uliginosa


 




 

     
 



  
       

        
Viola uliginosa
         

     

V. uliginosa

dIScuSSIon
Reasons for the rarity and decline of
Viola uliginosa

      

   Viola uliginosa    
     

      
     
    
      
    
      
      
       
      

    
  
       
      
V. uliginosa


   


       
     

  
       

     
      
   

     

Viola uliginosa
       

vvv www.esajournals.org
 
   
    


V. uliginosa

  

     

        
      


 

      
        
      
V. uliginosa
      
    
       
  

       

     
    
V. uliginosa
    Alnus glutinosa


Conservation across changing borders
     
      
       
   
     
       
      
      
  V. uliginosa     
 
       
  
        
     
     

      
     




        




  V. uliginosa   

         
   
      
       


   

     




     





   
      
      


 
   
  

V. uliginosa
    
    
     
      
     

      
     

vvv www.esajournals.org
 

      
       

 




        


 V. uliginosa  
 
    




V. uliginosa
 


      
  

 









     
        

      
V. uliginosa


      

The evolutionary potential of peripheral populations
       
V. uliginosa       
     
       
    


     
      
     




 

     



  



       
      

     
      
V. uliginosa       






    

  


      



       
V. uliginosa

     
   
V. uliginosa
  



vvv www.esajournals.org
 
     
   
    

 
V. ulig-
inosa       
    

      
     
  V. uliginosa    
   
V. uliginosa  



        

V. uliginosa
       
   
     



     Ulmus laevis
 
    


   
 V. uliginosa  
locus
classicus

     
     V. uliginosa
     
     
      
 

V. uliginosa

 
        

   


     
V. uliginosa
  


The geopolitical spaces of conservation
      
  V. uliginosa    



       

      
       
      
    

 
      
      
  monotopia     


      
     
   
      

     borderland  
      
        




 


 V. uliginosa    
        

    


 polycentric development 
       
      
      
  
vvv www.esajournals.org
 
    
      


     
      

      
   

     
    
     
     

     
      

concluSIonS
       

        
     
  
      
       
Viola uliginosa
 
     
     
      

    
      
      
V. uliginosa
      
       

     








    

      
    
     

V. uliginosa


    
     
  
  
    



   
V. ulig-
inosa        
    


  



acknowledgMentS
       
      
       
        
       

         
 
lIterature cIted

       

  
 Pteromys volans 





    

vvv www.esajournals.org
 



      

        
 in  
      




     
        
   



      
      
     




       




    
     

 


        

   now

   






      
   



in
  


     
in   
 

    


     


    


Viola ulig-
inosa      
     



Genista legionensis





  

        






 

       
   
     


     

   
      



       

     



vvv www.esajournals.org
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

    


    

 

    




  


   

    






 in
 



  

       

  

      




in
        
     


      
    

         




 
      
    
   

      
     





      


     



    
     

   





     
     
      







Viola uliginosa

     

     


  
      
   

      





vvv www.esajournals.org
 


         
       
    



      
    
      

        


     
     





        



 Viola uliginosa    
     

  Viola uliginosa  in
  



      






      
  

        





        



     
    

 
     



  


        
        

     


     
       


   
    
Pelobates syriacus

       


      









         

  
      



in      
      

        
     
in



     

vvv www.esajournals.org
 

   

  
        
   


   
   

         

    
    


 




    
ex situ


      
 
      

   



     


     
 


    



    

  in     


      




   




    
      

     

      

         
  

        
       
Viola uliginosa
     
   
     

       

     

         


Lestes sponsa




   

in


          
   



      

        
       
        
       


          


vvv www.esajournals.org
 
 

       
     
    Ulmus laevis

       
     

     

   
  

     

   


        


     
     
     
     

        
     

       


        
    

   
 in  
      
        
      

Scirpus georgianus

Dactylorhizo majalis-Scirpetum georgiani

       



Cricetus cricetus


    
     
      
   
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... As it occupies rare eutrophic swamp forests and flooded meadows, it can be considered as an indicator species for these habitats (Kuris & Ruskule, 2006). The species also has been classified as near-threatened, vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered in many other parts of its range, primarily because of the habitat type (e.g., temporal flooding mostly at springtime), habitat loss, and human disturbance (Ranta, Jokinen, & Laaka-Lindberg, 2016). ...
... Pollination in this species has not been studied in detail, but cross-pollination occurs by several species of bees, hoverflies, and flies, as in other Viola species, in addition to self-pollination (Beattie, 1971). Even though reproduction is thought to be mostly clonal, seeds have a high germination capacity, putatively allowing rapid adaptation to changes in the habitat (Ranta et al., 2016). Local-level seed dispersal by snails and ants has been observed to occur, and long-distance dispersal can occur by floating in water currents (P. ...
... The ddRADseq library was implemented following protocols described in Peterson, Weber, Kay, Fisher, and Hoekstra (2012) and Lee et al. (2018) with the following modifications. Briefly, gDNA was digested at 37°C for 3 hr using the restriction enzymes PstI and Ranta et al. (2016) with slight modifications according to Matulevičiūté (2015) ...
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... Besser is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Violaceae, the swamp violet, is native to Europe (Fig. 3) [33].The main range of distribution of this species was in the Baltic Sea region. This species is considered an endangered or even threatened with extinction in the countries of Poland, Germany, Sweden, Russia and is declining throughout its range [34]. Viola utiginosa produces cyclotides, which are cyclic polypeptides that serve as defense agents against insect pest [35]. ...
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