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Response of Pure Stock of Coral Reef Tiger Grouper, and Hybrid Grouper to Simulated Ocean Acidification
... Moreover, the relationship between acidic nearshore waters and marine fish distribution were not explored in Malaysia aside from postulations (c.f. Mustafa et al. 2013;Shahbudin et al. 2017;Nyanti et al. 2018). The absence of relevant information for Malaysia is concerning because fish can experience hypercapnia (Munday et al. 2009) and change their behaviour (Munday et al. 2010;Galaz et al. 2012) in the modified habitat (acidic waters) that now changes their post-settlement, feeding ecology and sizefrequency distribution (Nagelkerken et al. 2016). ...
Forests not only function as habitat but also provides food sources to various terrestrial communities so that this ecosystem can sustain its function. With trees, forest ecosystems can support various flora, microbes, insects, birds, reptiles and mammals. Unfortunately, since in 1975, the trees of forested islands are suffering from land-clearing due to human inhabitation and this similar incidence is witnessed at Bidong Island. To update a checklist of plants on this island, a series of field surveys which includes new and former locations were held in 2009, 2015 and 2019. Bidong Island harbours a total of 201 plant species, representing 66 family and 142 genera. It includes shrub, medicinal plants, timber and plants that are heritage to Malaysia as food. To secure ecological functions of Bidong Island, particularly in forest conservation management, it is recommended that monitoring and legal protection of the remaining forested areas are needed.KeywordsBiodiversityBiogeographyDipterocarpEcosystem serviceSouth China SeaTropical island
... Moreover, the relationship between acidic nearshore waters and marine fish distribution were not explored in Malaysia aside from postulations (c.f. Mustafa et al. 2013;Shahbudin et al. 2017;Nyanti et al. 2018). The absence of relevant information for Malaysia is concerning because fish can experience hypercapnia (Munday et al. 2009) and change their behaviour (Munday et al. 2010;Galaz et al. 2012) in the modified habitat (acidic waters) that now changes their post-settlement, feeding ecology and sizefrequency distribution (Nagelkerken et al. 2016). ...
An assessment of modern benthic foraminiferal species occurrences was carried out in the coral reefs environment of Bidong Island, Terengganu. Foraminiferal samples were collected by SCUBA divers at 12 transects around the island. Rose Bengal dye was mixed into formalin (10%) during the preservation process. It was used to distinguish living specimens from empty tests in the samples. There were 32 species of benthic foraminifera found in the study area. These species belong to two orders (Rotaliida and Miliolida), ten families and 15 genera. Amphistegina was the most dominant genus that occurred in all sampling stations. This study is the first record of benthic foraminiferal occurrence in Bidong Island, Terengganu. Fossil benthic foraminifera are used as proxies in interpreting past environments especially in the fields of paleobathymetry, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. Modern benthic foraminiferal assemblages are useful in aiding the interpretations of past environments using these proxies. Modern benthic foraminifera can also be applied as bioindicators in environmental monitoring studies.KeywordsBidong IslandCoral reefsDistributionMalay basinModern benthic foraminifera
... Moreover, the relationship between acidic nearshore waters and marine fish distribution were not explored in Malaysia aside from postulations (c.f. Mustafa et al. 2013;Shahbudin et al. 2017;Nyanti et al. 2018). The absence of relevant information for Malaysia is concerning because fish can experience hypercapnia (Munday et al. 2009) and change their behaviour (Munday et al. 2010;Galaz et al. 2012) in the modified habitat (acidic waters) that now changes their post-settlement, feeding ecology and sizefrequency distribution (Nagelkerken et al. 2016). ...
Crown-of-Thorns starfish (COTs), Acanthaster cf solaris is known as one of the most significance threats in coral reef ecosystem. During the COTs outbreak it caused extensive coral mortality and consequently lead to loss of habitat in other reef-associated organisms. It is important to investigate the environmental tipping point on COTs early life history stages to understand the limits for normal development of this starfish. In this study, the effects of projected ocean acidification conditions (pH: 7.4 and 7.8) were tested on fertilization success and larvae development rate of the COTs. The larvae development rate was investigated by measured the length and width of the larvae on 4th and 14th day of the experiment. The results showed that lowered seawater pH has no significance impact on the fertilization success rate. However, larvae size in the lowered pH treatments were significantly smaller than the control treatment (pH: 8.1). Length and width of COTs in lowered pH treatments were 40–46% and 28–47% smaller than the samples in control treatment, respectively. These findings indicated that COTs’ larvae may survived ocean acidification conditions. But larvae growth rate may delayed and their size reduced in the lowered pH seawater conditions.KeywordsBidong IslandOcean acidificationCoral reefsCrown-of-thorns starfishSeawater pHSouth China Sea
... Moreover, the relationship between acidic nearshore waters and marine fish distribution were not explored in Malaysia aside from postulations (c.f. Mustafa et al. 2013;Shahbudin et al. 2017;Nyanti et al. 2018). The absence of relevant information for Malaysia is concerning because fish can experience hypercapnia (Munday et al. 2009) and change their behaviour (Munday et al. 2010;Galaz et al. 2012) in the modified habitat (acidic waters) that now changes their post-settlement, feeding ecology and sizefrequency distribution (Nagelkerken et al. 2016). ...
Geological characteristic provides an understanding of the geological evolution of island's landscapes. The geology of Bidong Island is defined based on the tectonic framework, rock formation and geomorphology. The tectonic setting of Bidong Island is related to the subduction of Paleo-Tethys beneath East Malaysia and Indochina which form the mountains and hills in Peninsular Malaysia. The rock formation of Bidong Island is a granitic rock as part of the Eastern Granite Province of the Southeast Asian Tin Belt. It is characterized by non-porphyritic to porphyritic granodiorite thus illustrate significant plutonic events in the region. The geomorphology features observed are rocky shore, headland, and sandy beach. Overall, this study suggested that Bidong Island presents a signature tectonic evolution that involved geological processes such as plutonism and volcanism, uplift and sea-level phenomenon. The geological value of Bidong Island provides scientific value for economic potential as an aspiring geopark for sustainable management of marine resources.KeywordsPlutonic-granitic rockEastern Granite ProvinceHolocene sea-level changes
... Moreover, the relationship between acidic nearshore waters and marine fish distribution were not explored in Malaysia aside from postulations (c.f. Mustafa et al. 2013;Shahbudin et al. 2017;Nyanti et al. 2018). The absence of relevant information for Malaysia is concerning because fish can experience hypercapnia (Munday et al. 2009) and change their behaviour (Munday et al. 2010;Galaz et al. 2012) in the modified habitat (acidic waters) that now changes their post-settlement, feeding ecology and sizefrequency distribution (Nagelkerken et al. 2016). ...
Polychaetes from genus Spirobranchus is one of the distinctive organisms in the coral reef ecosystem due to a unique, colourful ‘Christmas tree’ shape of radiolar crown. The presence of Christmas Tree Worm (CTW) on hard coral species and its colour variations can be potentially used to determine the coral health status and tourism attractions. Nevertheless, information on CTW in Malaysia is lacking; thus, the specific habitat and colour variety for CTW, particularly at the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia are not well understood. Hence, the objectives of this study are to investigate the coral preferences and colour variety of Pacific CTW, Spirobranchus corniculatus at Pantai Pasir Cina, Bidong Island, South China Sea. Underwater surveys were done using a belt transect technique by SCUBA divers in three depth ranges, i.e. 2–4 m, 5–7 m, and 8–10 m during high tide. Numbers of S. corniculatus per coral colony and coral species were recorded. Everted CTWs were digitally photographed and colour corrected to reveal the true colour. A total of 274 S. corniculatus were found along the belt transects on the coral reef at Pantai Pasir Cina. The major percentage (60.2%) of S. corniculatus was found in depth between 5 and 7 m and live on hermatypic coral from genus Porites. However, only a small number of CTW were recorded living on other coral genera including Astreopora spp., Montastrea spp. and Montipora sp., and no CTW was recorded live as a symbiont with Acropora species. The CTW at Pantai Pasir Cina has five plain and four patterns of colours dominated by blue, followed by yellow, orange, green, white, striped blue, striped purple, striped white and striped brown. This study revealed the importance of massive coral in particular Porites species as CTW host at Pantai Pasir Cina, Bidong Island. The information could be beneficial for determining the coral reef status using CTW as indicator species and for proper underwater tourism management.KeywordsChristmas tree worm
Spirobranchus corniculatus
Coral reefBidong IslandSouth China Sea
... Moreover, the relationship between acidic nearshore waters and marine fish distribution were not explored in Malaysia aside from postulations (c.f. Mustafa et al. 2013;Shahbudin et al. 2017;Nyanti et al. 2018). The absence of relevant information for Malaysia is concerning because fish can experience hypercapnia (Munday et al. 2009) and change their behaviour (Munday et al. 2010;Galaz et al. 2012) in the modified habitat (acidic waters) that now changes their post-settlement, feeding ecology and sizefrequency distribution (Nagelkerken et al. 2016). ...
This study provides a list of decapod crustacean families from Bidong Island retrieved from the collections of South China Sea Repository and Reference Centre (RRC), Institute of Oceanography and Environment. Three infraorders are present based on the collections, namely Anomura, Brachyura, and Caridea, and are constituted by 15 families. Based on the collections, the most abundant family within the infraorder Anomura is mainly composed of the porcelain crabs Porcellanidae (28%). Of the three infraorders, nine families were listed for the Brachyura (the true crabs) with the highest representation from the coral crabs Xanthidae (14%) and swimming crabs Portunidae (11%). Five families that were recorded for the infraorder Caridae, (caridean shrimps) based on dominance are Alpheidae, Pasiphaeidae, Thoridae, Palaemonidae, and Pandalidae. This infraorder of shrimp contains most of the commercial shrimp species from Family Palaemonidae and Pandalidae. This research is one of the many efforts to provide a baseline study for future identifications on decapods of Malaysia that can aid in future research with regards to conservation, population genetics, phylogenetics, biogeography and ecological understanding. This available inventory from RRC well serves as a platform for accessibility of specimens that has the perspective of being new species and new records, deeming it necessary for future investigations.KeywordsAnomuraBidong IslandFamilial checklistMalaysiaTerengganu
... Moreover, the relationship between acidic nearshore waters and marine fish distribution were not explored in Malaysia aside from postulations (c.f. Mustafa et al. 2013;Shahbudin et al. 2017;Nyanti et al. 2018). The absence of relevant information for Malaysia is concerning because fish can experience hypercapnia (Munday et al. 2009) and change their behaviour (Munday et al. 2010;Galaz et al. 2012) in the modified habitat (acidic waters) that now changes their post-settlement, feeding ecology and sizefrequency distribution (Nagelkerken et al. 2016). ...
To understand the effect of lunar phase on nocturnal variation of zooplankton from coral-reef of Bidong Island, zooplankton was obtained during full moon (31th, August–3 September 2016) and new moon phases (17–20th September 2016) at three hour intervals for a 72 period. The zooplankton was hauled vertically with a Kitahara net (mesh size of 100 µm). The variation pattern of zooplankton density showed a significant nocturnal increase with the highest peak in abundance at 3 a.m and the lowest density observed at 3 p.m (p < 0.05). Overall zooplankton density was higher during the new moon compared with that of the full moon (p < 0.05). The density difference between lunar phases has significant difference (p < 0.01) during night-to-night comparison while no significant difference noted during day-to-day comparison which indicates variability during the night and suggesting lunar phase would likely induce such variation. In addition, the migration pattern of zooplankton is suggested to be driven by adult copepods which show significant differences in density between day and night (p < 0.05) due to their ability for strong active movement. Future research on the differences in zooplankton density at genus or species level at different depth depending on lunar light level and seasonal variation should be carried out to provide further insights on the mechanism of zooplankton migration occurring in Bidong Island.KeywordsDiel migrationFull and new moonNocturnalZooplanktonSouth China Sea
... First generation hybrids of grouper species have been widely cultured in South East Asia since first being introduced in 1999 ( Kiriyakit et al., 2011;Sun et al., 2016). Superior characteristics include high egg hatching rate and larval survival, rapid growth, tolerance for ocean acidification (Mustafa et al., 2014) and disease resistance (Bunlipatanon and U-taynapun, 2017). The most frequently farmed hybrids are Cantang obtained as a cross from ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and ♂ E. lanceolatus and Cantik as a cross from ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x ♂ E. polyphekadion. ...
In 2016, famers reported mass mortality events in hybrid grouper within 2–4 weeks following transfer to sea cages on the northern coast of Bali. The objective was to obtain an aetiological diagnosis using a broad range of traditional and emerging diagnostic approaches. A group of 24 and 12 fish with and without clinical signs were sampled from 10 affected populations at 9 farms. Samples for histopathology, ectoparasites evaluation and molecular approaches for microbiology were obtained with a diagnostic post-mortem examination. Fish with clinical signs had a significantly higher likelihood of having pale anterior and posterior kidneys and a liver that was pale and reduced in size compared to fish without clinical signs. There were no differences in the prevalence and quantity of Megalocytivus (MCV) or nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in tissues observed from fish with and without clinical signs. Nearly 55 % of fish were infected with NNV irrespective of clinical signs. There were no histopathological lesions consistent with virial nervous necrosis and the NNV infections were considered subclinical. 80 % of grouper were infected with MCV, irrespective of clinical signs. A significant proportion of fish with clinical signs (true prevalence 94.4 %; 95 % CI 79–100) had observed megalocytes and pathology consistent with disease caused by ISKNV compared to those without clinical signs (true prevalence 47.2 %; 95 % CI 27–70). Metagenomic sequences generated using Illumina Miseq and taxonomically labelled using BlastN + revealed that the Megalocytivirus was 99.9 % similar to Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). The unbiased sequencing did not detect any novel DNA viruses or bacterial pathogens of clinical significance. The monogenean, Benedenia epinepheli and a leech, Zeylanicobdela arugamensis were detected at 6/9 and 9/9 farms, respectively. Our approach identified several pathogens reported in grouper aquaculture with histopathology showing that ISKNV was a necessary cause for the mass mortality events.
Sea acidification is in par with global temperature increase. Hence, we limit our research to an island biogeography with periodic human contact. Subject to incidence of coral bleaching, our exploration during the inter-monsoon observed surface waters (1–3 m) were heated (28–31 °C) and, water pH was between 6.6 and 8.0. This, created different environments in Bidong Island, South China Sea where shallow and deep waters (2.8–16.2 m) were having nitrate (2.18–3.13 mg/L) and nitrite (0.2–1.1 mg/L) and, Chlorophyll-a (0.34–0.39 ug/L) in reduces concentrations if compared to shallow water (0.5–2.2 m) having nitrate (2.95–3.18 mg/L) nitrite (0.3–0.4 mg/L) and, chlorophyll-a (0.55–0.73 ug/L) becoming enriched. An interesting observation is fish distribution where gobies, damselfish and wrasse are available in sedimented sea floor whereas deeper waters have fish from pelagic (pomfret, barracuda, sergeant major and needlefish) and benthic (butterfly fish, angelfish, moray eel, wrasse, damsel, snapper and gobies) zones. Since the 16.2 m waters at Bidong are euphotic, the coral abundance covers most of the sea bottom if compared to shallow depths where sediment and coral rubble distributes from shore to 50 m seaward. This brief overview describes situations of coral bleaching where euryhaline fish are discovered in nearshore zones onward whereas stenohaline fish are limited to deeper waters (>5 m) where water pH reaches 7.8–8.0. An extensive investigation covering longer periods of investigation throughout changing monsoon seasons might reveal further insights on seawater conditions that resulted to fish distribution in shallow and deep waters in an island biogeography.KeywordsEcologyIsland biogeographyReef communityEuphoticNutrient
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