A preliminary study on the activity budget of post released Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys (Mammalia: Primates: Hylobatidae) in Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Abstract

The Wildlife Trust of India has taken a long term responsibility to identify a suitable habitat for the threatened families of Eastern Hoolock Gibbon from a village called Dello in Arunachal Pradesh to a nearby forested area which was the earlier home of this species. There is an ongoing successful rescue and translocation programme since November, 2011 in which four Eastern Hoolock Gibbon families comprising 11 individuals were translocated in three different habitat types in and around the forested area of the Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary. Post-release monitoring is an obvious and required technique to study the rescued families of Eastern Hoolock Gibbons after translocation to confirm their post-release survival and better livelihood. The regular monitoring of the activity patterns has helped to understand the habitat utilization and resource use in the newly released sites. Along with the rescue operation, there is an additional task to find out the potential habitats to define as ideal release sites for gibbons. The post release monitoring was studied through the instantaneous scan sampling method to collect the information mostly about their activity patterns. The present study describes the overall activity patterns and resource use in the released gibbons on the basis of utilization of different habitat types. It was observed that the ranging pattern was mostly influenced by the resource availability and forest type. The gibbon family released in the denser forest habitat developed a general food habit whereas the family from the thinner forest area became the specialist consumer. However, further detailed study with sufficient data is required to comment on their general ecology.

Full text

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ŝƚĂƟŽŶZŽLJ<,EĂƵƟLJĂůΘ^ĂƐŐƵƉƚĂ;ϮϬϭϱͿƉƌĞůŝŵŝŶĂƌLJƐƚƵĚLJŽŶƚŚĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJďƵĚŐĞƚŽĨƉŽƐƚƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŽŽůŽĐŬ'ŝďďŽŶHoolock leuconedys;DĂŵ-
ŵĂůŝĂWƌŝŵĂƚĞƐ,LJůŽďĂƟĚĂĞͿŝŶDĞŚĂŽtŝůĚůŝĨĞ^ĂŶĐƚƵĂƌLJƌƵŶĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚ/ŶĚŝĂJournal of Threatened Taxaϳ;ϭϮͿϳϴϲϮʹϳϴϲϵ; ŚƩƉĚdžĚŽŝŽƌŐϭϬϭϭϲϬϵ
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EŽLJĞŶ;dŚĞEŽLJĞŶͲDĞůĞŶĚĞnj&ĂŵŝůLJdƌƵƐƚͿdŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚŚĂĚďĞĞŶŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚŝŶϮϬϬϵ
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ƚƌĂŶƐůŽĐĂƟŽŶƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵƚŚĞŝƌƉŽƐƚͲƌĞůĞĂƐĞƐƵƌǀŝǀĂůĂŶĚ ďĞƩĞƌůŝǀĞůŝŚŽŽĚ dŚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƌ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŽĨ ƚŚĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐŚĂƐ ŚĞůƉĞĚƚŽ
ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂďŝƚĂƚƵƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƵƐĞ ŝŶƚŚĞŶĞǁůLJ ƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚƐŝƚĞƐ ůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞƌĞƐĐƵĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů
ƚĂƐŬƚŽĮŶĚ ŽƵƚƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐƚŽĚĞĮŶĞĂƐŝĚĞĂů ƌĞůĞĂƐĞƐŝƚĞƐĨŽƌŐŝďďŽŶƐdŚĞ ƉŽƐƚƌĞůĞĂƐĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐǁĂƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ
ŝŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĞŽƵƐƐĐĂŶ ƐĂŵƉůŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚ ƚŽĐŽůůĞĐƚƚŚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŵŽƐƚůLJ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŝƌĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ dŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƐƚƵĚLJĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐƚŚĞ
ŽǀĞƌĂůůĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƉĂƩĞƌŶƐĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƵƐĞŝŶƚŚĞƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚŐŝďďŽŶƐŽŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨƵƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŚĂďŝƚĂƚƚLJƉĞƐ/ƚǁĂƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŚĂƚ
ƚŚĞƌĂŶŐŝŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶǁĂƐŵŽƐƚůLJ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďLJ ƚŚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĨŽƌĞƐƚƚLJƉĞ dŚĞŐŝďďŽŶ ĨĂŵŝůLJƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞŶƐĞƌĨŽƌĞƐƚ
ŚĂďŝƚĂƚĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽŽĚŚĂďŝƚǁŚĞƌĞĂƐƚŚĞĨĂŵŝůLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƚŚŝŶŶĞƌĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƌĞĂďĞĐĂŵĞƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚƐƚƵĚLJǁŝƚŚƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚĚĂƚĂŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĐŽŵŵĞŶƚŽŶƚŚĞŝƌŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞĐŽůŽŐLJ
<ĞLJǁŽƌĚƐĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŽŽůŽĐŬ'ŝďďŽŶŚĂďŝƚĂƚDĞŚĂŽtŝůĚůŝĨĞ^ĂŶĐƚƵĂƌLJƉŽƐƚͲƌĞůĞĂƐĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐůŽĐĂƟŽŶ
DATA
DEFICIENT
DD
NOT
EVALUATED
NE
ENDANGERED
EN
EXTINCT
IN THE WILD
EW
EXTINCT
EX
CRITICALLY
ENDANGERED
CR
LEAST
CONCERN
LC
NEAR
THREATENED
NT
VULNERABLE
VU
Hoolock leuconedys
ĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŽŽůŽĐŬ'ŝďďŽŶ

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2015 | 7(12): 7862–7869
Acvity budget of post released Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Roy et al.
7863
INTRODUCTION
     
      
       

         
        
         

      

        
       

      


       

       
         
      
        


 


 
       
       

        


      
         
      



Subjects
       
        

       
 
 


        


 
        
        


     

METHODS
Study Site

      
        
       


         
  

       
        
       
   



  
         


        
       

Data Collecon
       
      


  
       
       
       

       

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2015 | 7(12): 7862–7869
ĐƟǀŝƚLJďƵĚŐĞƚŽĨƉŽƐƚƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŽŽůŽĐŬ'ŝďďŽŶ ZŽLJĞƚĂů
7864
/ŵĂŐĞϭdŚĞƐƚƵĚLJĂƌĞĂͲŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƟŶŐĐĂƉƚƵƌĞƐŝƚĞ;ĞůůŽͿĂŶĚƌĞůĞĂƐĞƐŝƚĞ;DĞŚĂŽtŝůĚůŝĨĞ^ĂŶĐƚƵĂƌLJͿ
/ŵĂŐĞϮDĂůĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŽŽůŽĐŬ'ŝďďŽŶ /ŵĂŐĞϯ&ĞŵĂůĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŽŽůŽĐŬ'ŝďďŽŶ
Ξ<ƵůĂĚĞĞƉZŽLJ
Ξ,ŝŵĂŶŝEĂƵƟLJĂů
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

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2015 | 7(12): 7862–7869
Acvity budget of post released Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Roy et al.
7865


        
        

     
   
 

  

      
 
   
      
       
       
     
        
     
 


     
        




     



RESULTS
Group 1



         

 
    

       
          



Group 2
          
        
   


  

         
    
   
  
   
        
         
   
 






  

Image 4. Male and female Eastern Hoolock Gibbons


Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2015 | 7(12): 7862–7869
ĐƟǀŝƚLJďƵĚŐĞƚŽĨƉŽƐƚƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŽŽůŽĐŬ'ŝďďŽŶ ZŽLJĞƚĂů
7866
'ƌŽƵƉϯ
 ƚŽƚĂů ŽĨ ϴϰϯ ƐĐĂŶƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ϮϬ ŬŝůŽ
ŐƌŽƵƉŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ϮϴϭϮϴϭĂŶĚϮϴϭ ƐĐĂŶƐǁĞƌĞŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ
ĨŽƌƚŚĞĂĚƵůƚŵĂůĞĂĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞĂŶĚŝŶĨĂŶƚƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ
KĨƚŚĞϮϴϭƐĐĂŶƐ ƚŚĞ ĂĚƵůƚ ŵĂůĞ ǁĂƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚĨĞĞĚŝŶŐ
;ϱϲ ŽĨ Ϯϴϭ ƐĐĂŶƐͿ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞ ĨŽƵƌ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐKƵƚŽĨƚŚŽƐĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŚĞ
ĂĚƵůƚŵĂůĞǁĂƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚŵŽƐƚůLJƚŽĐŽŶƐƵŵĞůĞĂǀĞƐ;Ϯϱ
ŽĨϱϲ ƐĐĂŶƐϰϰϲϰйͿĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJĨƌƵŝƚ;ϭϰŽĨ ϱϲ ƐĐĂŶƐ
ϮϱϬϬйͿ ĨĂƵŶĂů ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ ;ϭϭ ŽĨ ϱϲ ƐĐĂŶƐ ϭϵϲϰйͿ
ĂŶĚŇŽǁĞƌƐ;ϲŽĨϱϲƐĐĂŶƐ ϭϬϳϭйͿ;ʖϮсϭϯϴϱϳĚĨсϯ
ƉфϬϬϭͿ  dŚĞ ĂĚƵůƚ ĨĞŵĂůĞ ǁĂƐ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ƚŽ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐ ;ϱϵ ŽĨ Ϯϴϭ ƐĐĂŶƐͿ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ
ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŝƚĞŵƐ  dŚĞ ĂĚƵůƚ ĨĞŵĂůĞǁĂƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƐĐĂŶƐ ƚŽ ĨĞĞĚ ŽŶ ůĞĂǀĞƐ ;Ϯϴ ŽĨ
ϱϵ ƐĐĂŶƐ ϰϳϰϲйͿ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďLJ ĨƌƵŝƚƐ ;ϭϲ ŽĨ ϱϵ ƐĐĂŶƐ
ϮϳϭϮйͿ ĨĂƵŶĂů ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ ;ϭϯ ŽĨ ϱϵ ƐĐĂŶƐ ϮϮϬϯйͿ
ĂŶĚŇŽǁĞƌƐ;ϮŽĨ ϱϵ ƐĐĂŶƐ ϯϯϵйͿ ;ʖϮ сϮϯϮϯϳĚĨ сϯ
ƉфϬϬϭͿ;&ŝŐϯͿdŚĞŝŶĨĂŶƚǁĂƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŽďĞĐĂƌƌŝĞĚ
ďLJƚŚĞĂĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞĂŶĚƚŽĐŽŶƐƵŵĞŽŶůLJŵŝůŬ
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨŵĂũŽƌĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
dŚĞ ŐŝďďŽŶ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ^ĂůůLJ >ĂŬĞ ƐŝƚĞ ŽǀĞƌĂůů
;ϰϰϮϱйϯϴϭŽĨϴϲϭƐĐĂŶƐͿƐƉĞŶƚŵŽƌĞƟŵĞŽŶƉĂƐƐŝǀŝƚLJ
ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĞ ĨĂŵŝůLJ ŽĨ ϮϬ ŬŝůŽ ;ϯϬϳϮй Ϯϱϵ ŽĨ ϴϰϯ ƐĐĂŶƐͿ
;ʖϮ сϯϯϮϯϮ ĚĨ с ϭ ƉфϬϬϭͿ  ^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ ƚŚĞ ŐŝďďŽŶ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ^ĂůůLJ>ĂŬĞƐŝƚĞŽǀĞƌĂůů;ϮϭϮϱйϭϴϯŽĨ
ϴϲϭƐĐĂŶƐͿƵƐĞĚŵŽƌĞƟŵĞĨĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĂŶƚŚĂƚŽĨϮϬŬŝůŽ
;ϭϯϲϰйϭϱŽĨ ϴϰϯ ƐĐĂŶƐͿ ;ʖϮ сϭϳϭϬϳ ĚĨ сϭƉфϬϬϭͿ
dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ ŝŶ ůŽĐŽŵŽƟŽŶ;ʖϮ
сϭϵϳϲϯ ĚĨ сϭ ƉфϬϬϭͿ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ
ƚŚĞŐŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐŽĨ^ĂůůLJ>ĂŬĞƐŝƚĞŽǀĞƌĂůů;ϮϰϭŽĨϴϲϭ
ƐĐĂŶƐϮϳϵϵйͿƌĂŶŐĞĚŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨĂŵŝůLJŽĨ
ϮϬŬŝůŽ;ϭϱϵŽĨϴϰϯƐĐĂŶƐϭϴϴϲйͿ/ƚǁĂƐĂůƐŽƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ
ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŐŝďďŽŶ ĨĂŵŝůLJ ŽĨ ϮϬ ŬŝůŽ ;ϭϳϵϭй ϭϱϭ ŽĨ ϴϰϯ
ƐĐĂŶƐͿ ŚĂĚ ŵŽƌĞ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
ůŝŬĞĐŚĂƐŝŶŐďŽĚLJĂŶĚŶŝƉƉůĞĐŽŶƚĂĐƚďLJŝŶĨĂŶƚĞƚĐƚŚĂŶ
ƚŚĂƚŽĨƚŚĞŐŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐŽĨ^ĂůůLJ>ĂŬĞƐŝƚĞ;ϯϬϮйϮϲŽĨ
ϴϲϭƐĐĂŶƐͿ;ʖϮсϭϬϭϰϵϬĚĨсϭƉфϬϬϭͿ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌƚŚĞƌĞ
ǁĂƐŶŽ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƐŽĐŝĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ;ʖϮсϯϲϳ
ĚĨсϭE^ͿďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƚǁŽĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐŽĨŐŝďďŽŶ^ĂůůLJ>ĂŬĞ
ŚĂďŝƚĂƚϭ;ϮϳϵϵйϮϰϭŽĨϴϲϭƐĐĂŶƐͿĂŶĚϮϬŬŝůŽ;ϭϴϴϲй
ϭϱϵŽĨϴϰϯƐĐĂŶƐͿ;&ŝŐϰͿ
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĞĐŽůŽŐLJ
dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŽŶ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ĨƌƵŝƚƐ ;ʖϮ сϴϯϱϳ ĚĨ сϭ ƉфϬϬϭͿ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŐŝďďŽŶ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞŐŝďďŽŶ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐŽĨ^ĂůůLJ>ĂŬĞƐŝƚĞǁĞƌĞŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚŽǀĞƌĂůů;ϰϮϲϮй
ϳϴ ŽĨ ϭϴϯ ƐĐĂŶƐͿ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĨƌƵŝƚƐ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĨ
ƚŚĞŐŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůLJ ŽĨ ϮϬŬŝůŽ;ϮϲϬϵйϯϬŽĨϭϭϱ ƐĐĂŶƐͿ
ϵϬϬϬ
ϴϬϬϬ
ϳϬϬϬ
ϲϬϬϬ
ϱϬϬϬ
ϰϬϬϬ
ϯϬϬϬ
ϮϬϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϬϬϬ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĨƌƵŝƚ ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĨĂƵŶĂů
ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐůĞĂǀĞƐ ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐŇŽǁĞƌ
ĚƵůƚŵĂůĞ
ĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϭZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƚLJƉĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŝŶ
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƐĐĂŶŝŶĂĚƵůƚŵĂůĞĂŶĚĂĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞŽĨ'ƌŽƵƉͲϭ
ϵϬϬϬ
ϴϬϬϬ
ϳϬϬϬ
ϲϬϬϬ
ϱϬϬϬ
ϰϬϬϬ
ϯϬϬϬ
ϮϬϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϬϬϬ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĨƌƵŝƚ ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĨĂƵŶĂů
ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐůĞĂǀĞƐ ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐŇŽǁĞƌ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϮZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƚLJƉĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŝŶ
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƐĐĂŶŝŶĂĚƵůƚŵĂůĞĂĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞĂŶĚƐƵďͲĂĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞŽĨ
'ƌŽƵƉͲϮ
ĚƵůƚŵĂůĞ ĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞ ^ƵďĂĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞ
ϱϬϬϬ
ϰϱϬϬ
ϰϬϬϬ
ϯϱϬϬ
ϯϬϬϬ
ϮϱϬϬ
ϮϬϬϬ
ϭϱϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϱϬϬ
ϬϬϬ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĨƌƵŝƚ ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĨĂƵŶĂů
ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐůĞĂǀĞƐ ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐŇŽǁĞƌ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϯZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƚLJƉĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŝŶ
ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƐĐĂŶŝŶĂĚƵůƚŵĂůĞĂŶĚĂĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞŽĨ'ƌŽƵƉͲϯ
ĚƵůƚŵĂůĞ
ĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞ
ϱϬϬϬ
ϰϬϬϬ
ϯϬϬϬ
ϮϬϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϬϬϬ ůŽĐŽŵŽƟŽŶ ƉĂƐƐŝǀŝƚLJ ŽƚŚĞƌ
ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů
ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
ƐƵĐŬŝŶŐŵŝůŬ
ďLJŝŶĨĂŶƚ
ϮϬŬŝůŽ
WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨƐĐĂŶƐ
^ĂůůLJ>ĂŬĞ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϰŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨŵĂũŽƌĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŐŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐŝŶƚǁŽ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ
ĐƟǀŝƚLJ

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2015 | 7(12): 7862–7869
ĐƟǀŝƚLJďƵĚŐĞƚŽĨƉŽƐƚƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŽŽůŽĐŬ'ŝďďŽŶ ZŽLJĞƚĂů
7867
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌƚŚĞŐŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůLJĨƌŽŵϮϬŬŝůŽ;ϰϲϬϵйϱϯŽĨ
ϭϭϱƐĐĂŶƐͿǁĂƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŽĐŽŶƐƵŵĞŵŽƌĞůĞĂǀĞƐƚŚĂŶ
ƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŽĨůĞĂǀĞƐďLJƚŚĞŐŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ
Ăƚ^ĂůůLJůĂŬĞƐŝƚĞ;ϮϬϮϮйϯϳŽĨϭϴϯ ƐĐĂŶƐͿ;ʖϮсϮϮϰϭϴ
ĚĨсϭƉфϬϬϭͿdŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŇŽǁĞƌƐ ďLJ
ƚŚĞŐŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĨƌŽŵ^ĂůůLJ>ĂŬĞƐŝƚĞǁĂƐ;ϯϳϭϲйϲϴ
ŽĨ ϭϴϯ ƐĐĂŶƐͿ ĂůƐŽ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJ ŚŝŐŚĞƌ
ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐŝďďŽŶ ĨĂŵŝůLJ ŽĨ ϮϬ ŬŝůŽ
;ϲϵϲйϴŽĨϭϭϱƐĐĂŶƐͿ;ʖϮсϯϯϵϬϱĚĨсϭƉфϬϬϭͿ;&ŝŐ
ϱͿ  dŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ŽŶ ĨĂƵŶĂů ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ ǁĂƐ ŽŶůLJ
ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚŽŶƚŚĞĨĞĞĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŐŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůLJŽĨϮϬŬŝůŽ
&ŽŽĚƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ
EŽƚĂůůƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽƐƚƵĚLJĂƌĞĂƐǁĞƌĞ
ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨƟŵĞKƵƚŽĨƚŚĞ
ƐĂŵƉůĞĚƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƵĂďĂŶŐĂŐƌĂŶĚŝŇŽƌĂ, Saurauia
armata, Vitex ƐƉ Bauhinia perpurea, Spondias ƐƉ ĂŶĚ
Ficus roxburghii ǁĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ƉůĂŶƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
^ĂůůLJ >ĂŬĞ ƐŝƚĞ ĂŶĚ ŽůŽŶĂ ŇŽƌŝďƵŶĚĂ, Ficus ƐƉ, Litsea
ƐƉ, Alangium ƐƉ, Randia ƐƉĂŶĚFicus semicordataǁĞƌĞ
ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƐ ƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶ ƚŚĞϮϬŬŝůŽ ƐŝƚĞ
ƉŝƉŚLJƚĞƐ ĐůŝŵďĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ >ŝĂŶĂƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŶŽƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ
ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶ  dŚĞ ƉůĂŶƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĞƌĞ
ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŽďĞƵƐĞĚďLJƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉƐǁĞƌĞƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚŽŶůLJ
ĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶdŚĞƌĞǁĂƐŶŽĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌŚĂďŝƚĂƚĂŶĚ
ŶŽ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƉŚĞŶŽůŽŐLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ
ĂůƐŽ
/^h^^/KE
 WƌĞǀŝŽƵƐ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ŽŶ ŵĂŶLJ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŐƌĞĂƚ ĂƉĞƐ ůŝŬĞ
ĐŚŝŵƉĂŶnjĞĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŐŽƌŝůůĂƐ ƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ĂŶ
ĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂƌLJƚƌĂŝƚŽŶƚŚĞĨŽƌĂŐŝŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJĂƚĐŽͲƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ
ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ;'ŽŽĚĂůůϭϵϴϲtĂƩƐϭϵϵϲͿdŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ
ŽĨĂŐĞƐĞdžĐůĂƐƐĞƐŽŶƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƵƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚ
ŝŶŵĂŶLJŐƌĞĂƚĞƌĂƉĞƐ;ŽĞƐĐŚϭϵϵϰtĂƩƐϭϵϵϴͿdŚĞƌĞ
ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ƐĞdž ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ďƵĚŐĞƚ
ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ƉŚLJƐŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ůŝŬĞ ŚŝŐŚ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ
ŽĨ ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽƵƐ ĨŽŽĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĨĞŵĂůĞ ;<ŶŽƩ ϭϵϵϴ ϮϬϬϭ
dĂŬĂŚĂƐŚŝ ϮϬϬϮ &ŽdžĞƚ Ăů ϮϬϬϰͿ  dŚŝƐ ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂů
ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚŝĞƚ ĂůƐŽ ůĞĂĚƐ ƚŽ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ
ĂŶĚŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚŝĐĂůƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ;&ŽƐƚĞƌΘ:ĂŶƐŽŶϭϵϴϱͿ/ŶƚŚĞ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚƵĚLJƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐŶŽ ƐƵĐŚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ
ŽŶĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂŐĞͲƐĞdžĐůĂƐƐĞƐDŽƌĞŽǀĞƌĂƐ
ƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉƐŝnjĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŽŽůŽĐŬ'ŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůLJ ŝŶ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝƐƐŵĂůů;ŚĞƚƌLJϮϬϬϴͿŵĂŶLJĂĐƟǀŝƚLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ
ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĂŐĞͲƐĞdž ĐůĂƐƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ
ŐƌŽƵƉ ƵŶůŝŬĞ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂƉĞƐ ;ůƵƫŽŶͲƌŽĐŬ Θ ,ĂƌǀĞLJ
ϭϵϳϳ&ŽdžĞƚĂůϮϬϬϰͿ
dŚĞ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂƟŽŶ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĨŽƌƉƌŝŵĂƚĞƐƚŽƵƟůŝnjĞƚŚĞŝƌĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ
DĂŶLJĂƉĞƐůŝŬĞŽƌĂŶŐƵƚĂŶ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŚĞ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚůŽĐĂƟŽŶ
ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝƐ ŽĨ ĨŽŽĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ ;>ĞŝŐŚƚŽŶ
Θ >ĞŝŐŚƚŽŶ ϭϵϴϵ dŝůƐŽŶ Ğƚ Ăů ϭϵϵϯͿ  ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ
ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƉĂƐƐŝǀŝƚLJ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŝŶ
ĂůůƚŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĞŐƌŽƵƉƐdŚĞĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚǁĞƌĞƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚ
ŝŶ^ĂůůLJ>ĂŬĞƐŝƚĞǁĞƌĞĨŽƵŶĚƚŽƐƉĞŶĚĂ ŚŝŐŚĞƌĂŵŽƵŶƚ
ŽĨƟŵĞŝŶĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŶƌĂŶŐŝŶŐƚŚĂŶƚŚĂƚŽĨƚŚĞŐŝďďŽŶ
ĨĂŵŝůLJŝŶƚŚĞϮϬ ŬŝůŽĂƌĞĂ/ƚǁĂƐ ƉƌŽďĂďůLJďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞ
ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ĂŶ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ŚŝŐŚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ
ŚĂĚ ůĞƐƐ ƟŵĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĞ
ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŽŵĞŽƚŚĞƌĂƌĞĂŚĂǀŝŶŐĂƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁĞƌ
ƉůĂŶƚ ďŝŽŵĂƐƐ ;tĂƩƐ ϭϵϴϴͿ  dŚŝƐ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ǁŽƵůĚ
ŚĞůƉ ƚŽ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞ ƚŚĞ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ŽĨ ŐŝďďŽŶ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ/ƚǁĂƐĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚŐƌŽƵƉƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ
ŽĨ ĂƉĞƐ ƐƉĞŶƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƟŵĞ ĨƌĂŵĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ
ĚĂLJ ŽŶ ƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐ ĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨŽŽĚ ŝƚĞŵƐ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ
ƚŚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ;tĂƩƐϭϵϵϲDŽŽƚŶŝĐŬΘEĂĚůĞƌ
ϭϵϵϳŚĞLJŶĞϮϬϬϰDĂƐŝĞƚĂůϮϬϬϵͿ
ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƐƚƵĚLJ ǁĂƐ ĨŽƌ ƚǁŽ ĂŶĚ ŚĂůĨ
ŵŽŶƚŚƐŝƚ ǁĂƐ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐ ĂƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ
ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƚLJƉĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŐŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ  dŚĞ ĨĂŵŝůLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬ ŬŝůŽ ƐŝƚĞ ǁĂƐ
ŵŽƐƚůLJ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞ ŵŽƌĞ ůĞĂǀĞƐ ƚŚĂŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ
ƉůĂŶƚ ƉĂƌƚƐ ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ƚŚĞ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ ^ĂůůLJ >ĂŬĞ ƐŝƚĞ ǁĞƌĞŵŽƐƚůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ
ƚŽĐŽŶƐƵŵĞĨƌƵŝƚƐĂŶĚŇŽǁĞƌƐdŚĞĐĂƉƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƌĞůĞĂƐĞ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞǁĞƌĞ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉŽƐƚǁŝŶƚĞƌ ƐĞĂƐŽŶ
ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ŵĂŶLJ ƉůĂŶƚƐ ůŝŬĞ ĨƌƵŝƚƐ
ĂŶĚ ŇŽǁĞƌƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŚĂƌĚůLJ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ  DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞƌĞ
ĂƌĞ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ůŝŬĞ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ;ďĞƐ ϮϬϬϭͿ ĂďŝŽƟĐ
ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĂƐŽŶĂů ǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶ ;ŽůůĞŶ Θ ŽŶĂƚů
ϮϬϬϬ ŝŵŵĞƌŵĂŶ Ğƚ Ăů ϮϬϬϳ >ĂŚĂŶŶ ϮϬϬϴͿ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĨƌƵŝƚƐ ŇŽǁĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂǀĞƐ  dŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐ
ĂůƐŽ ĂŶ ĂůƟƚƵĚŝŶĂů ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϮϬ ŬŝůŽ ;ϵϵϬŵͿ
ĂŶĚ^ĂůůLJ>ĂŬĞĂƌĞĂ;ϰϯϯŵͿǁŚŝĐŚůĞĚƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ
ŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĂďŝŽƟĐĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƉŚĞŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ
ϱϬϬϬ
ϰϬϬϬ
ϯϬϬϬ
ϮϬϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϬϬϬ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĨƌƵŝƚ ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐ
ůĞĂǀĞƐ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐĨĂƵŶĂů
ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ
ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐ
ŇŽǁĞƌ
ϮϬŬŝůŽ
WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨƐĐĂŶƐ
^ĂůůLJ>ĂŬĞ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϱŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƵƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨŐŝďďŽŶĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐŝŶ
ƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ
ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƵƐĞƐ

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2015 | 7(12): 7862–7869
Acvity budget of post released Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Roy et al.
7868

         

         
        
 
   



      

      

         

    

         
      
          
        
      

    




        

  




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   Hoolock leuconedys   Primate
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      
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Internaonal Journal of Primatology
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    
       Seasonality in Primates:
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 
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    
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Alouaa
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Studies in Avian
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 Gorilla gorilla gorilla)     
American Journal of Primatology 

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         
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

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2015 | 7(12): 7862–7869
Acvity budget of post released Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Roy et al.
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Journal of Threatened Taxa

Reddy, C.S., S. Babar, A. Giriraj, K.N. Reddy & K.T. Rao (2008).
       

Asian Journal of Scienc Research
Remis, M.J. (1994).      
   Gorilla gorilla gorilla   

Sayers, K. & M.A. Norconk (2008).Semnopithecus entellus
        
Internaonal Journal of Primatology
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Trends in Ecology & Evoluon
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
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Macaca silenus) to
  
Folia Primatologica 
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Primate Conservaon
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 American Journal of Primatology 

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       
American Journal of Primatology
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Tilson, R., U.S., Seal, K. Soemarna, W. Ramono, E. Sumardja, S.
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      

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 Great Apesociees

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gorilla beringei      
Internaonal Journal of Primatology
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
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(2007).  
Journal of Tropical
Ecology
Threatened Taxa
Author Details:      
          
     
            
          
     
   
        
        
       
  
   
          

Author Contribuon:      



           

Hindi Abstract: