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Antiviral and Immunostimulant Activities of Andrographis paniculata

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  • BRIN-National Agency for Research and Innovation

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Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees is a medicinal plant which was reported to have anti HIV, anti pathogenic bacteria and immunoregulatory activities. The research purpose was to investigate the activity of Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract as antiviral and immunostimulant. A. paniculata leaves oven-dried, then grinded and macerated with ethanol 90%, and the extract then analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to determine the content of active compounds andrographolide. The antiviral activity of the extract was determined by observing its ability on inhibiting virus load in A549 cells transfected with Simian Retro Virus (SRV) by Real Time – Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The immunostimulant activity of extract was determined by its ability to induce lymphocytes cell proliferation using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Our result indicated that the A. paniculata ethanol extract inhibited the SRV virus titer similar to the positive control Lamivudine, and it was not toxic to the A459 cell line. Furthermore, low concentration (1 μg/mL) of A. paniculata extract could stimulated lymphocyte cell proliferation about 38% compared to the control lymphocyte cell without any treatment.
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... Konstituen utama A. paniculata adalah diterpenoid, flavonoid, dan polifenol. Selain itu tanaman ini juga mengandung andrografolida, neoandrografolida, dan 14-deoksi-11,12didehidroandrografolida (Churiyah et al. 2015). ...
... Berdasarkan hasil studi literatur pada Tabel 2, diketahui bahwa kandungan senyawa aktif pada tanaman sambiloto memiliki banyak manfaat yang dapat digunakan untuk kegiatan budidaya ikan. Senyawa aktif pada tanaman sambiloto memiliki peran sebagai antistres (Chakraborty and Hancz 2011;Syahidah et al. 2015;Vaseeharan andThaya 2013), anti inflamasi (Innocent et al. 2012;Isje Lukistyowati 2012;Basha et al. 2013;Fithriani, Arimbi, and Sarudji 2013;Vallejos-Vidal et al. 2016;Awad and Awaad 2017;Geetha and Catherine 2017;Giri et al. 2020;Radhakrishnan Palanikani et al. 2020;Rosidah and Mulyani 2021), antioksidan (Basha et al. 2013;Fithriani, Arimbi, and Sarudji 2013;Vallejos-Vidal et al. 2016;Awad and Awaad 2017;Radhakrishan Palanikani, Soranam, and Chanthini 2018;Giri et al. 2020;Rosidah 2022) Basha et al. 2013;Syahidah et al. 2015;Vaseeharan and Thaya 2013;Darma, Sarjito, and Haditomo 2014;Churiyah et al. 2015;Radhakrishan Palanikani, Soranam, and Chanthini 2018;Radhakrishnan Palanikani et al. 2020;Rosidah and Mulyani 2021;Rosidah 2022). ...
... The ethanol extract was then analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC CAMAG Linomat 5 S/N 210989; Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland) to determine the content of the active compound andrographolide (Cat No. 365645; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). (19) Malnutrition Animal Model Forty-five male Wistar rats, aged between 4-5 weeks and with an average weight of 81.6±2.15 grams were selected from the farm stock. ...
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BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a global health concern that results in changes in nutritional status, as indicated by alterations in phenotypic markers, hematological and biochemical parameters, and increased susceptibility to infection, as shown by decreased interleukin (IL)-2 levels. Andrographolide, the active component of Andrographis paniculata, stimulates the immune system and exhibits antibacterial and antiviral activity. Therefore, A. paniculata may serve as a potential adjuvant therapy for malnutrition. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of A. paniculata as an immunomodulator against malnutrition with characteristics of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and a low-protein diet by examining phenotypic markers, hematological, biochemical, and IL-2 levels.METHODS: Forty-five male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. They were fed either a standard or a low-protein diet before receiving oral administration of various concentrations of A. paniculata leaf extract (APLE). APLE was administered 21 days after the initial low-protein diet. Hematological, biochemical, and phenotypic markers were assessed to determine the nutritional status of the rats. The protective effects of APLE were evaluated by measuring IL-2 levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: Malnourished rats exhibited slow body growth, physical and behavioral changes, reduced leukocyte count, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, and villi length. Malnourished rats treated with APLE showed a more effective and significant increase in IL-2 levels, with higher concentrations of APLE resulting in higher IL-2 levels.CONCLUSION: APLE, in a concentration-dependent manner, can increase IL-2 levels, suggesting that APLE may have potential protective effects in a rat model of malnutrition.KEYWORDS: Andrographis paniculata, environmental enteric dysfunction, interleukin (IL)-2, low protein, malnutrition
... A. paniculata, known in Indonesia as sambiloto, is the most commonly reported plant with metabolite compounds with biological and pharmacological functions that can reduce COVID-19 pathogenesis features, such as anti-inflammatory [8], immunomodulatory [9] and antiviral activities [10][11][12]. ...
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Andrographis paniculata Burm. F Nees used to treat COVID-19 in several Asian countries because it has metabolites with pharmacological activity that may decrease the pathogenesis features of COVID-19. The extraction solvent significantly affected the composition and concentration of the metabolites. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide of A. paniculata extract based on differences in extraction solvent concentrations were investigare and also identified its metabolite profile. The leaves of A. paniculata were extracted with three different solvents like water solvent, 50% ethanol and pure ethanol. Nitrite oxide (NO) inhibitory activity on LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract, the identification of metabolite profile using LC-MS/MS. Extract pure ethanol had the highest inhibition potential against NO at 91.02%, whereas water and 50% ethanol solvents had inhibitory potentials of 21.35% and -8.13%, respectively. The metabolites 14-deoxyandrographoside and 14-deoxy-17-hydroxyandrographolid were only identified in the pure ethanol extract. This study shows that differences in solvent concentrations play an essential role in enhancing the pharmacological potential of A. paniculata as an anti-inflammatory candidate for COVID-19 treatment.
... AP extract and its active diterpenoids have been extensively studied for their pharmacological activities such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, immunostimulatory, antihyperglycemic, and neuroprotective effects. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In 2019, the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China. The treatment strategies for critical COVID-19 patients are lacking, with the only use of available antiviral medicines and urgently approved COVID-19 vaccines. ...
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