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Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ)
... BI is a complex and multidimensional construct encompassing an individual's perceptions and attitudes toward physical appearance, bodily structure, and functional capabilities [6,7]. It includes aspects of physical appearance, fitness, and health [8]. A negative BI can lead to lower self-esteem [9], depression [10], social isolation [11], and eating disorders [12]. ...
... The dependent variables in this study were BI and QOL. BI was assessed using the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) [8] and QOL was evaluated using the Japanese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) [36]. The independent variables included gender, school level, type of disability, and ADLs. ...
... BI was assessed using Cash's [8] Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). This measure is widely used in several countries, including Japan, and comprises 10 domains and 69 items. ...
This study aimed to examine the levels, demographic differences, and associations between body image (BI) and quality of life (QOL) among Japanese adolescents with congenital physical disabilities. A self-report questionnaire was administered to 107 Japanese adolescents with congenital physical disabilities, which included demographic variables, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, and the Japanese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version. Data were analyzed using Cronbach’s α coefficient, descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The mean BI score was 2.96 ± 0.39. The domain-specific mean scores were as follows: health evaluation (3.49 ± 0.67), health orientation (3.11 ± 0.57), fitness evaluation (3.03 ± 0.93), fitness orientation (3.02 ± 0.70), appearance orientation (2.70 ± 0.61), and appearance evaluation (2.61 ± 0.61). The mean QOL score was 3.51 ± 0.50. The domain-specific mean scores were as follows: social relationships (3.61 ± 0.91), environment (3.60 ± 0.59), physical (3.46 ± 0.55), and psychological (3.42 ± 0.63). BI significantly varied by gender, school level, type of disability, and activities of daily living (ADLs), while QOL varied by school level and ADLs. All BI domains, except appearance orientation (investments for enhancing appearance), were positively correlated with QOL. Our findings suggest that school level and ADLs are key predictors of both BI and QOL among Japanese adolescents with congenital physical disabilities and that physical-fitness- and health-related BI are closely associated with QOL.
... negative feelings about the self; Rosenberg, 1965) and body dissatisfaction (i.e. feelings of discontent with one's physical appearance; Brunet et al., 2010;Cash, 2000;Edwards et al., 2014;Zarei, 2020). Initially, body dissatisfaction was thought to disproportionately affect females, leading to limited research on male body image (Ålgars et al., 2009;Fallon et al., 2014;Von Soest & Wichstrøm, 2009). ...
... Some data from this study were presented in a previously published manuscript (Ricketts et al., 2020) examining the psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale (McCreary & Sasse, 2000) among Jamaican male weight lifters. Though data from the DMS and the Body Areas Satisfaction Scale (Cash, 2000) were previously published in Ricketts et al. (2020), results from the present study may vary based on differences in data handling (e.g. missing data mechanisms & analytic procedures). ...
... The 9-item Body Areas Satisfaction Scale (BASS) of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ-AS; Cash, 2000) measures satisfaction with discrete aspects of one's appearance. Six items of the BASS assessing distinct body areas related to the drive for muscularity, specifically, the lower torso (buttocks, hips, thighs, legs), the mid torso (waist, stomach), upper torso (chest, shoulders, arms), muscle tone, weight, and height (Tiggemann, 2011), were used to compute body dissatisfaction scores in the present study. ...
This study examined a model of the associations among selfesteem, body dissatisfaction, and the drive for muscularity among Jamaican male weight lifters, and compared model relationships between weight lifters from rural and urban areas of residence. Using a purposive sampling approach, cross-sectional data were collected from 225 male weight lifters, ages 18–67 years (M = 28.16, SD = 9.52), from gyms in rural and urban areas of Jamaica. Participants completed the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSE), the Body Areas Satisfaction Scale (BASS), and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS). Results from path analysis indicated that self-esteem exerted a negative direct effect on body dissatisfaction (β = -0.32, p < .001). The direct effect of self-esteem on the drive for muscularity was negative and non-significant (β= -0.10, p = .172), however, body dissatisfaction exerted a positive direct effect on the drive for muscularity (β = 0.27, p = .001). Self-esteem exerted a negative indirect effect on the drive for muscularity through body dissatisfaction (β = -0.09, 95% CI [−0.16, −0.03]). Model relationships remained similar across both rural and urban weight lifting subgroups. These results highlight self-esteem and body dissatisfaction as contributors to the drive for muscularity among Jamaican male weight lifters, with the role of self-esteem being primarily indirect by way of body dissatisfaction.
... The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) [11] is a 69-item self-report inventory designed to assess the attitudinal aspects of body image construction (Cash, 2000). Most items measure agreement (from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), satisfaction (from 1 = very dissatisfied to 5 = very satisfied), or frequency (from 1 = Group NCS, consisting of 94 participants (33.5%), includes individuals who, at the time of completing the questionnaires, had not undergone any type of non-invasive or invasive cosmetic surgery procedure. ...
... The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) [11] is a 69-item self-report inventory designed to assess the attitudinal aspects of body image construction (Cash, 2000). Most items measure agreement (from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), satisfaction (from 1 = very dissatisfied to 5 = very satisfied), or frequency (from 1 = Group NCS, consisting of 94 participants (33.5%), includes individuals who, at the time of completing the questionnaires, had not undergone any type of non-invasive or invasive cosmetic surgery procedure. ...
... The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) [11] is a 69-item self-report inventory designed to assess the attitudinal aspects of body image construction (Cash, 2000). Most items measure agreement (from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), satisfaction (from 1 = very dissatisfied to 5 = very satisfied), or frequency (from 1 = never to 5 = very often). ...
The Bee Cosmetic Surgery Scale (BCSS) is a novel clinical tool designed to assess the psychopathological, psychosocial, and decision-making factors involved in accepting cosmetic procedures. This prospective, multicenter study aimed to propose and validate the BCSS, which considers aesthetic aspects, personal pathological history, and psychopathological implications leading to the acceptance of invasive or non-invasive aesthetic interventions. The study included 281 participants aged 18–66 years, divided into three groups: non-invasive cosmetic surgery (NICS), invasive and non-invasive cosmetic surgery (INICS), and individuals who had not undergone cosmetic surgery (NCS). Participants were randomly selected from patients visiting plastic surgery services and various medical services in Oradea, Romania, between October 2022 and March 2024. The BCSS comprises 20 items with Likert-type responses, ranging from one to five. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used to measure perceived social support. The BCSS aims to elucidate the patient’s desire for aesthetic procedures, whether it stems from an impulsive act, warrants a longer decision-making period, or necessitates addressing psychological or psychiatric conditions before scheduling the procedure. The scale enables cosmetic surgeons to assess whether the patient has been adequately informed and understands the risks and complications associated with the cosmetic surgical procedure.
... The self-completed questionnaire was composed of two parts: the respondents' demographic characteristics and the ratings of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) [29]. The demographic characteristics of the respondents include information on their age group, gender, weight, height (used to calculate body mass index (BMI) range), education, marital status, employment status, religious affiliation, time spent engaging in sedentary behavior per day, regular physical activity per week, and whether they attend any fitness clubs or classes. ...
... The MBSRQ is a self-report inventory for the assessment of body image. Permission to use the well-validated MBSRQ [29] was obtained from the author. The MBSRQ evaluates an individual's perceptions of their physical self, encompassing evaluative and cognitive-behavioral aspects, including physical appearance, body functionality, and biological well-being. ...
... Responses were rated on a five-point scale, ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree" for agreement-related items and "very satisfied" to "very dissatisfied" for satisfaction-related items [30]. The ten subscales' internal consistency varied between 0.70 and 0.91, while test-retest reliability ranged from 0.71 to 0.94 [29]. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has considerably impacted the health and lifestyle of various populations worldwide, leading to decreased physical activity, increased sedentary behavior, and increased health problems. This study aimed to investigate Hong Kong young adults’ physical activity, related behaviors, and perceptions of body image during the pandemic. A cross-sectional online survey of young adults aged 18–29 was conducted from February to March 2021 using the well-validated Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). Among 408 respondents, 52.5% had a normal weight in the BMI range, 45.1% engaged in ≥8 h of sedentary behavior daily, 77.2% engaged in no regular or inadequate physical activity (<2.5 h/week), and only 22.3% joined a fitness club. BMI, regular physical activity, and joining any fitness club/class were significantly associated with the most factors or additional subscales. A multiple linear regression model showed that the underweight respondents (reference group: normal) (β = −0.26, 95% CI: −0.41 to −0.12) were less likely to have high scores of fitness orientation. The respondents who engaged in regular physical activity <2.5 h/week (β = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.54), engaged in regular physical activity ≥2.5 h/week (β = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.14) (reference group: no regular physical activity), and joined a fitness club/class (β = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.45) were more likely to have a high score of fitness orientation. Local governments, non-governmental organizations, schools, and community centers should establish appropriate strategies and activities in order to sufficiently encourage and support young adults’ physical health and well-being.
... There are few studies on adolescents with physical disabilities and very few on adolescents with congenital physical disabilities. (Cash, 2018;Fernández García et al., 2022). ...
... The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) was used in this study (Cash, 2018). We used a revised Korean version based on the translation and verification by Kang (2003). ...
... This tool is reliable, valid, and widely used in many countries, including Korea. Researchers can select specific factors of the tool depending on their study's purpose (Cash, 2018 The HO domain of the MBSRQ was originally designed with eight items; however, two items were found to be inappropriate in the confirmatory factor analysis and were thus excluded from the final analysis (i.e., "I take my health for granted" ...
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the characteristics, levels, and relationships between body image (BI) and quality of life (QOL) among adolescents living with congenital physical disabilities in Korea.
Method: The web-based self-report survey was conducted with 135 adolescents with physical disabilities in Korea. The survey questions included demographic variables, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach's α, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis.
Results: The mean BI score was 3.00±.46. By domain, the mean scores were as follows: Health evaluation (3.28±.73), Health orientation (3.24±.63), Fitness orientation (3.07±.63), Appearance orientation (M=2.94, SD=.69), Fitness evaluation (M=2.85, SD=.93), and Appearance evaluation (M=2.63, SD=.75). The mean QOL score was 3.28±.61. By domain, the mean scores were as follows: Environment (M=3.43, SD=.71), Social relationships (M=3.36, SD=1.04), Physical (M=3.28, SD=.66), and Psychological (M=3.02, SD=.66). Furthermore, BI significantly differed according to gender, age, type of disability, and activities of daily living (ADLs), while QOL significantly differed according to gender, age, and ADLs. All domains of BI, except for appearance orientation, were strongly positively correlated with QOL.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the BI and QOL of Korean adolescents with physical disabilities are generally positive. Gender, age, and ADLs are significant predictors of both BI and QOL among adolescents with physical disabilities in Korea. Additionally, physical fitness and health-related BI are more strongly associated with QOL than appearance-related BI. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions that consider these factors to improve the healthy growth and development of this population.
... Adapun Cash (2000) mengkategorikan individu sebagai seseorang yang memiliki citra tubuh negatif apabila individu tersebut merasa tidak puas terhadap penampilan fisiknya dan merasa penampilan fisiknya tidak menarik ketika individu mengevaluasi penampilannya. Selain itu, individu menunjukkan ketidakpuasan terhadap sebagian besar area tubuh. ...
... Kemudian, individu merasa cemas terhadap kegemukan atau kelebihan berat badan, sehingga memiliki kecenderungan untuk melakukan diet guna menurunkan berat badannya dengan membatasi pola makannya. Selain itu, individu tidak mempersepsikan dan menilai bentuk atau berat tubuhnya sebagai bentuk atau berat tubuh yang ideal, namun mempersepsikan dan menilai bentuk atau berat badannya dengan dua kategori yaitu kurus maupun gemuk (Cash, 2000). ...
... Selain itu, narasumber menyatakan bahwa penampilan fisiknya tidak PSISULA : Prosiding Berkala Psikologi menarik karena tidak memiliki bentuk tubuh yang ideal dan merasa memiliki kelebihan berat badan. Hal ini sesuai dengan kategori citra tubuh negatif yang dipaparkan oleh Cash (2000) yang menyatakan bahwa seorang individu merasa tidak puas terhadap penampilan fisiknya dan merasa penampilan fisiknya tidak menarik ketika individu mengevaluasi penampilannya. Selain itu, individu yang memiliki citra tubuh negatif tidak mempersepsikan dan menilai bentuk atau berat tubuhnya sebagai bentuk atau berat tubuh yang ideal, namum mempersepsikan dan menilai bentuk atau berat badannya dengan dua kategori yaitu kurus maupun gemuk (Cash, 2000). ...
This research aims to determine the relationship between self-compassion and body image in generation Z. The hypothesis in this research is that there is a positive relationship between self- compassion and body image in generation Z. This research is quantitative research with a correlational research design. The participants in this study were 254 subjects belonging to generation Z, aged 11 to 26 years, born from 1995 to 2010, male and female, and residing in all regions in Indonesia. Body image variables were measured using The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) which refers to the theory explained by Cash. Meanwhile, the measurement of the self-compassion variable uses The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) which refers to the theory explained by Neff. The data analysis method used in this research is the Product Moment correlation test technique from Pearson with the help of SPSS 26.0 for Windows. The research results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between self-compassion and body image in generation Z with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.289 and a significance value (p) of 0.000 (p < 0.05), which means the research hypothesis is accepted. Self-compassion makes an effective contribution of 8.3% to body image in generation Z.
Keywords: body image, generation Z, self-compassion
... Finally, Breakey's patients were at least one year following amputation, whereas the patients in our research were more than six months after surgery and had worn prosthetic limbs for an average of more than six months. Wetterhahn et al. discovered a favorable link between physical exercise as measured by the MBSRQ comprises a 69-item self-report questionnaire designed to evaluate the attitudinal dimensions of body image, 59 and body image as measured by the ABIS in their study. 60 Lower-limb amputees who engaged in regular physical activity had a better body image. ...
... 60 Lower-limb amputees who engaged in regular physical activity had a better body image. Breaky found a strong link between lower limb amputees' perception of their body image and their psychosocial well-being, specifically the degree to which they experience life satisfaction, self-esteem, anxiety, and depression, As we have shown in our study, there is a relationship between negative body image and lower psychological well-being among men with physical disabilities and disfigurement, 59 According to our findings, Body image is negatively correlated with the psychological domain of QOL. Cash et al. found no significant correlation between body image and the age of the amputee subjects. ...
... Cash posed the theory that people change their standards of physical appearance as they age. 59 Frank et al. hypothesized that as amputees age, they may become more flexible in perceiving their bodies after losing limbs. 61 This study agrees with Cash and Frank and supports that chronology doesn't influence an amputee's perception of their body. ...
Background: Numerous military soldiers have lost limbs as a result of the Syrian War. While there are variations between trauma-related amputations in military and civilian populations, both scenarios result in life-changing injuries.
Objective: To explore the relationship between body image, self-esteem, and quality of life (QOL) domains following trauma-related major amputation. It will be the first study in Syria on the correlation between self-esteem and body image. It will help improve our quality of care to meet patient needs and increase well-being, which in turn will help to address body image, self-esteem, and QOL.
Method: A cross-sectional study that recruited 235 soldiers with amputations in two centers and two military hospitals in Latakia and Tartous. Patients were given an 81-item questionnaire that included the Amputee Body-Image Scale (ABIS), the Rosenberg Self-esteem (RSE) scale, the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, and unidimensional pain measures. The ANOVA test, a student’s t-test, multiple linear regression, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were utilized for statistical analysis.
Results: There was a strong relationship between body image, self-esteem, and QOL, with the presence of body image concerns significantly associated with lower self-esteem scores and lower QOL scores (p = 0.001). Patients with phantom pain sensation had significantly reduced self-esteem (p = 0.001), greater body image concerns (p = 0.001), and lower scores in all domains of QOL. We found that body im- age and self-esteem impacted the psychological, social, and environmental domains. After controlling for pain level and number of co-morbid conditions, body image and self-esteem did not predict WHOQOL- BREF scores, with the exception of the environmental domain, where no pain and low self-esteem predicted better environmental domain scores. Conclusion: Patients’ body image and self-esteem were greatly impacted by lower-limb amputations. Additionally, phantom pain further impacted self-esteem, body image, and QOL. The image of the body had a profound effect on psychological, social, and environmental domains, and self-esteem was influenced by almost all aspects of QOL
... In this study, the intensity of social media use was measured using the Social Networking Time Use Scale (SONTUS), which follows the multidimensional scale proposed by Olufadi (2016). In addition, body image dissatisfaction was measured through the multidimensional Body Image Dissatisfaction Scale (BID Scale) proposed by Cash (1990). The Sontus and Bid Scale are considered multidimensional because they encompass multiple aspects or constructs within the broader domains they are designed to measure (Olufadi, 2016;Cash 1990). ...
... In addition, body image dissatisfaction was measured through the multidimensional Body Image Dissatisfaction Scale (BID Scale) proposed by Cash (1990). The Sontus and Bid Scale are considered multidimensional because they encompass multiple aspects or constructs within the broader domains they are designed to measure (Olufadi, 2016;Cash 1990). Because these scales are multidimensional, each aspect or construct can be considered a variable. ...
... The reliability testing of items was conducted by Cash (1990), which was divided into four categories: male group, female group, and male and female groups combined after one month, summarized for each aspect as follows with the lowest alpha values taken. For the aspect of "appearance evaluation," the alpha value was 0.81. ...
Social media plays a significant role in the development of dissatisfaction with one's body image, primarily attributed to the proliferation of digital communication tools. Excessive engagement with social media platforms could contribute to a negative perception of one's body image and subtly impact an individual's perception of beauty ideals. This can be observed through the sharing of photos that strictly adhere to societal standards of flawlessness and perfection. This study examined the intensity of social media use on body image dissatisfaction in early adult women. This research focused on early adult women aged 18-25 in Indonesia. Data was collected from 304 women using the Social Networking Time Use Scale (SONTUS) and the Body Image Dissatisfaction Scale (BID Scale). Five aspects of social media intensity were analyzed to determine their impact on five dimensions of body image dissatisfaction. The result of regression analysis showed that the social media use intensity positively affects body image dissatisfaction. Active users of social media would develop body image dissatisfaction. This study suggests that the more frequently young women use social media, the more dissatisfied they become with their body image. Furthermore, social media use intensity influenced all dimensions of body image dissatisfaction, including appearance evaluation, appearance orientation, body area satisfaction, overweight preoccupation, and self-classified weight.
... Participants in this study were male undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory psychology class at a large university located in the northeastern USA who volunteered for this study in fulfillment of course requirements. Participants were grouped into three categories (Self-perceived Under-weight, Self-perceived Normal Weight, and Self-perceived Overweight) based on their responses to the Self-classified Weight subscale of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (Cash, 1990a). To maintain consistency in the self-perceived weight groups, participants were included in this study if they were congruent both in how they viewed themselves and in how they believed that others viewed them with regard to weight, for example, a participant who viewed himself as underweight and who believed others saw him as too thin as well. ...
... Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire.-This is a 69-item self-report inventory for the assessment of attitudes regarding aspects of body image (Cash, 1990a). This questionnaire was selected for inclusion as it represents the single most widely used measure of body image, the psychometric properties of which have been well established on a large, stratified sample of normal men (e.g., Brown, Cash, & Lewis, 1989). ...
157 undergraduate students (M age 18.6 yr.) taking introductory psychology courses participated in this study to assess if men's self-perceived weight status is associated with a disposition to engage in or to avoid activities that would expose the body to scrutiny of male and female observers. A second objective of this study was to examine whether willingness to expose the upper torso would be associated with self-reports of anxiety about physique and fear of negative evaluation. Analysis indicated that both self-perceived overweight and underweight men reported less intent than self-perceived normal weight men to volunteer for activities that would expose the body to scrutiny. Surprisingly, participants volunteered for more activities if the viewers of their bodies were women than if they were men. Finally, endorsed unwillingness to expose the upper torso to others was significantly associated with increased social physique anxiety and higher fear of negative evaluation.
... Both subscales have demonstrated good internal consistency in norm samples (α = 0.85-0.88; Cash, 2000) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.81-0.91; Cash, 2000). ...
... Cash, 2000) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.81-0.91; Cash, 2000). ...
Background
Appearance beliefs may negatively impact body image and psychological wellbeing. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop the Metacognitions about Physical Appearance Questionnaire (MPAQ).
Method
An initial 30-items were formulated after thematic analysis of clinicians’ (N = 23) reports regarding appearance-based metacognitive beliefs and feedback from laypeople. A cross-sectional design across two non-clinical samples (Sample 1 N = 370, Mage = 39.36, 79% female; Sample 2 N = 463, Mage = 30.88, 81% female) was then used to determine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the MPAQ.
Results
Initial factor analyses supported a reduced 20-item MPAQ across two subscales (positive and negative beliefs about worry or rumination on physical appearance). Correlated residuals and cross-loadings detected with confirmatory factor analysis further reduced the MPAQ to 15 items (seven for positive, eight for negative). Reliability and convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the MPAQ-15 were supported in both samples.
Conclusion
The current study provides preliminary support for the MPAQ as a reliable and valid measure of metacognitions about physical appearance. The measure may be beneficial for researchers and clinicians working with individuals with body image concerns. Further psychometric evaluation of the MPAQ is recommended, including test-retest reliability and validation of the measure in diverse populations.
... BI refers to how individuals perceive and feel about their own bodies, including thoughts and feelings about appearance, function, size, and shape (Cash, 2004). BI encompasses physical appearance, fitness, and health (Cash, 2018). It has been shown to be closely related to QOL (Demirdel & Ülge, 2021 ...
... The interview on BI was conducted from three perspectives-appearance, fitness, and health-as outlined in the study by Cash (2018 The questions were asked sequentially, addressing appearance, fitness, and health in turn (e.g., "How would you rate your current health?"). ...
... To assess appearance satisfaction, the 7-item Appearance Evaluation subscale of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ; Cash, 1990) was used. An example statement is, ("I like my looks just the way they are"). ...
... The subscale assesses individuals' satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their overall appearance with scores ranging from 1 (definitely disagree) to 5 (definitely agree). After reverse scoring two items, scores were averaged whereby higher appearance evaluation scores indicate greater satisfaction and a positive regard for one's appearance (Cash, 1990). Brown et al. (1990) reported high internal consistency (α =.88) among a sample of undergraduate students. ...
... Imagen corporal. Se aplicó el Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) de Cash (1990) 27 . Se trata de un cuestionario de auto-aplicación que evalúa aspectos actitudinales, cognitivos y conductuales en relación al constructo imagen corporal. ...
... Categoría (IMC) Frecuencia (%) IMC Sobrepeso (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)9) 14,8 Obesidad grado I (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)9) 42,6 Obesidad grado II (35- puntajes de población no clínica de adolescentes y jóvenes chilenos 31 , se encontró que los primeros presentan niveles significativamente menores de satisfacción con la apariencia (AE y BASS), con el estado físico (FE) y con su salud (HE), y de orientación hacia el estado físico (FO) (tabla 3). Además, reportan niveles significativamente mayores de orientación hacia la salud (HO) y hacia la enfermedad (IO), mayor preocupación por el sobrepeso (OP) y mayor auto-clasificación del peso (WCL). ...
La cirugía bariátrica es un procedimiento cada vez más utilizado por adolescentes y jóvenes, dada su efectividad en la baja de peso y mejora en la calidad de vida. Así, se hace necesario explorar variables psicológicas involucradas en el proceso pre y postoperatorio. Objetivos: Describir las características psicosociales y médicas de una muestra de adolescentes y jóvenes chilenos candidatos a cirugía bariátrica, y analizar
las relaciones existentes entre su IMC, imagen corporal y malestar psicológico. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo descriptivo-relacional de tipo transversal. Participaron 61 candidatos a cirugía
bariátrica entre 15 y 25 años de distintos centros de salud chilenos (cinco hombres y 56 mujeres). Se aplicaron los
cuestionarios MBSRQ y SCL-90-R para evaluar imagen corporal y malestar psicológico, respectivamente. Se las utilizaron pruebas Wilcoxon y rho de Spearman para comparar grupos y analizar
relación entre variables. Resultados: No se observó relación significativa entre el IMC y el MBSRQ o el SCL-
90-R. Los participantes presentaron mayores niveles de orientación hacia la salud y enfermedad, y de insatisfacción
con la apariencia, salud y estado físico que una muestra
adolescente no clínica de otro estudio. Además, se observaron
correlaciones significativas entre estos últimos tres constructos y dimensiones de malestar psicológico. La muestra reportó
niveles similares de orientación hacia la apariencia que adolescentes no clínicos. Conclusión: Se destaca la
importancia de focalizarse en aspectos evaluativos de la imagen corporal, especialmente en la apariencia, durante el acompañamiento psicológico pre y postquirúrgico, para complementar el foco médico y nutricional, y enfrentar posibles complicaciones psicosociales y emocionales.
... Subscale scores are calculated by dividing the sub-total by the number of subscale items, with the scores ranging from 1 to 5. The MBSRQ-AS was used to measure body image attitudes in people with BDD relative to the control group. The MBSRQ-AS (Cash, 2000) has been found to have adequate psychometric properties with various samples for these subscales (Brown, Cash & Mikulka, 1990). The subscales have been found to have acceptable levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and the full scale has demonstrated high levels of convergent, discriminant and construct validity (Cash, 2000;Cash, Counts, Hangen & Huffine, 1989). ...
... The MBSRQ-AS (Cash, 2000) has been found to have adequate psychometric properties with various samples for these subscales (Brown, Cash & Mikulka, 1990). The subscales have been found to have acceptable levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and the full scale has demonstrated high levels of convergent, discriminant and construct validity (Cash, 2000;Cash, Counts, Hangen & Huffine, 1989). The internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha) in the current sample, for each subscale, were as follows: AE, a The body comparison scale (BCS; Fisher & Thompson, 1998) was used to look at the frequency of A-RCs in people with BDD relative to the control group. ...
Appearance‐related comparisons (A‐RCs) in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are under researched despite their probable role in disorder maintenance. The present study therefore aimed to explore the nature (frequency, direction and automaticity), and functions of A‐RCs in BDD. N = 43 including people with BDD ( n = 23) and controls ( n = 20) matched approximately on age and sex were recruited. A mixture of standardized and devised questionnaires on body image and A‐RCs were completed. A‐RCs were significantly more frequent, generally more upward (to more attractive standards of comparison), and more automatic in people with BDD relative to the control group. People with BDD also held significantly stronger agreement with beliefs about A‐RCs as serving functions of: self‐evaluation, self‐improvement, self‐enhancement, and in particular, self‐loathing (a way to confirm beliefs about physical unattractiveness) and social threat management. This research presents evidence that the nature and functions of A‐RCs in BDD have a role in this disorder's maintenance. Clinical implications, limitations, and future directions for research are discussed.
... The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) is a self-report measure of body image attitudes created by Cash (2000Cash ( , 2018 and adapted by Schier, Rzeszutek, Topór, Matkowska, and Pasternak (Pasternak, 2018). It contains 69 items and includes 10 subscales. ...
... In the Body area satisfaction subscale, respondents assess their satisfaction with nine body areas on a five-point scale, ranging from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied). The MBRSQ has satisfactory psychometric parameters (Cash, 2000(Cash, , 2018. In the present study, Cronbach's α coefficient for the three subscales ranged between .81-.86. ...
The aim of this study (N = 713) was to adapt the Appearance Schemas Inventory–Revised into Polish and evaluate its psychometric properties. The ASI-R is a widely used tool for measuring appearance schemas, but it is currently not available in Polish. The adaptation of the ASI-R has the potential to fill this gap and encourage research in the Polish community. The validation of the scale was conducted on two separate samples of healthy adults. Although the results indicate that the Polish version of the scale, in contrast to the original one, exhibits a one-factor structure, its psychometric properties are robust. The scale demonstrates high internal consistency and sound construct validity, established through correlations with various aspects of psychosocial functioning, along with body image and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. The scale seems to be gender-invariant and can be utilized in future studies that adopt a cognitive-behavioral approach to appearance schemas.
... The scale comprises seven items, encompassing aspects such as the level of attention drawn to one's appearance, the necessity for behavioral interventions (such as dressing), the distress stemming from BI, the social and occupational problems arising from BI, the impact of BI on social life, its influence on learning, work or other role functions, and avoidance behavior prompted by BI concerns. Each item is scored on a scale from zero to eight, with higher scores indicating more severe BID [24]. ...
... These subscales include the body area satisfaction scale, self-classified weight, overweight preoccupation, appearance appraisal, and appearance orientation. [11] The appearance evaluation scale consists of 7 items and aims to assess feelings of physical attractiveness or unattractiveness, as well as satisfaction or dissatisfaction with one's physical appearance. Higher scores indicate a greater level of satisfaction with one's appearance, while lower scores indicate unhappiness or dissatisfaction with one's physical characteristics. ...
Introduction
The pervasive promotion of the “ideal body image” concept through various media outlets, including print media, visuals, and social media, has been directly or indirectly inciting young people and fostering an unhealthy obsession with thinness. Consequently, achieving a “zero figure” has become a popular aspiration among females, while males strive for a sculpted physique featuring “six-pack abs,” a V-shaped figure, and well-developed biceps, chests, and shoulders.
Aim and Objectives
To investigate the disparities in body image perception between readers and nonreaders of fashion magazines.
Materials and Methods
The research design employed in the present study was a cross-sectional survey. The sample consisted of 443 male and female students between the ages of 18–21 years, hailing from Guwahati City, Assam.
Results
Out of 443 college-bound students, this study found that 73.65% never read fashion magazines, while just 26.3% were avid readers. However, the study revealed that 21.7% of students occasionally read fashion magazines for <2 h per week, 3.4% for between 2 and 4 h, and only 1.4% for more than 4 h per week. Furthermore, students who read fashion magazines (mean rank = 255.27) substantially believed that “looks were important” in daily life compared to students who did not (mean rank = 210.06); (Mann–Whitney U = 15178.00, z = −3.281, P = 0.001), the group difference was significant. A greater number of students who read fashion magazines (mean rank = 251.96) exhibited higher overweight obsession, fat anxiety, and weight vigilance than another set of students who did not (mean rank = 211.25), (Mann–Whitney U = 15566.00, z = −2.963, P = 0.003).
Conclusion
The findings of the present study can offer important new perspectives on the potential consequences for the younger generation of fashion magazines’ promotion of thin ideals. It emphasizes how being exposed to these ideas could have a significant detrimental effect, resulting in conditions such as depression, eating disorders, and low self-esteem that can develop as a result of comparing one’s body to the ideals others have for it.
... The 7-item Appearance Evaluation subscale from the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire [48] was used to assess appearance satisfaction. The subscale has demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity in diverse samples, including older adults and those living with chronic disease [40,49]. ...
Objective
Using action research principles to address gaps in existing interventions, and in consultation with members and administrators of Wellspring Canada, the purpose of the current study was to adapt and examine the impact of a novel (concept, content, and inclusivity) positive body image program (Body Image Awareness Seminars; BIAS) on positive and negative body image in individuals living with cancer.
Methods
The project used a single‐group pretest–posttest design with a 6‐week follow‐up. Over the 6‐week program, 37 participants engaged in 90‐min weekly group sessions consisting of researcher‐led psychoeducation, group discussion, and activities grounded in positive body image research. Each seminar had a unique theme designed to promote respect, acceptance, and appreciation for the body. Participants completed the Body Image Scale, Body Appreciation Scale‐2, Functionality Appreciation Scale, Measure of Body Apperception, Appearance Evaluation subscale, and Self‐Compassion Scale anonymously using Qualtrics at the 3 data collection points. Homework assignments included optional readings and writing exercises based on the positive body image tenet taught that week.
Results
Participants reported statistically significant improvements in positive body image (i.e., body appreciation, functionality appreciation), self‐compassion, and negative body image (i.e., body image distress and disturbance, investment in body integrity and appearance evaluation), which were sustained at the 6‐week follow‐up in a subsample of participants (n = 11).
Conclusions
This study suggests that the adapted BIAS program can lead to improvements in both positive and negative body image in individuals living with diverse types of cancer. Results support the implementation of BIAS in the standard of care for those living with cancer to continue to affect positive change.
... This questionnaire was developed by Cash. The longform MBSRQ consists of 69 items with 10 subscales: appearance evaluation, appearance orientation, fitness evaluation, fitness orientation, health evaluation, health orientation, illness orientation, body areas satisfaction, subjective weight perception, and self-classified weight (17). The current study utilized the Persian version of this questionnaire which has confirmed reliability and validity, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.88 (18). ...
Background: Subjective weight perception significantly impacts overall health and is influenced by various factors. This study aims to develop predictive models using anthropometric indices to estimate subjective weight perception in women. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved a random sample of 287 women, aged 18-45, with a body mass index (BMI), ranging from 18.5 to 40.0 kg/m2 who were referred to a nutrition clinic in Ardabil city between May and September 2023. Weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body adipocyte index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), and conicity index (CI) were measured using standardized procedures. Subjective weight was assessed using a subscale of the Multidimensional Body Self-Relation Questionnaire. Regression analysis was employed to develop prediction models. Results: The predictive equation for subjective weight was 2.548 + (-0.303 × weight in kg) + (0.089 × BMI in kg/m2) + (27.773 × WHR) + (1.032 × WC in cm) + (-109.256 × WHR) + (0.540 × BAI in %) + (-0.260 × AVI in m2) + (-39.423 × CI in m3/2kg− 1/2). The model accounted for 78.50% of the variance and significantly predicted subjective weight perception (F (8, 279) = 104.604, and p < 0.001). Weight, WHR, WC, WHtR, BAI, and CI significantly contributed to the model (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of considering multiple anthropometric indices to understand individual differences in subjective weight perception. This understanding will be essential for developing more effective approaches to overall health.
... Description of tools 1. Socio-demographic data sheet: A sociodemographic data sheet was employed to gather information about age, gender, height, weight, and other relevant factors. [12] : The Body Area Satisfaction scale is a subscale of the Multidimensional Body Self Relations questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS). MBSRQ-AS was developed by Thomas Cash and fellow researchers. ...
Background: Body image pertains to one's personal perception of their physical characteristics and appearance. However, as individuals, we tend to acquire knowledge by observing others, which can make us vulnerable to the influence of sociocultural messages related to physical appearance and beauty in our immediate environment, such as family, peers, and media. Aim: The primary objective of the current study was to examine the potential impact of sociocultural factors, namely gender, family, peer,
and media, on body image satisfaction. Method: The present study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional research design to examine body image concerns among college-going students in the Kamrup metropolis. The study comprised 400 participants, including both male and female students between the ages of 18 to 21 years. Convenience sampling was employed to select participants who expressed interest in taking part in the study. Tools: To evaluate body image satisfaction/dissatisfaction among the student participants, the Body Area Satisfaction scale was employed. In addition, the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4) was utilized to measure the impact of sociocultural pressure on body image. Results: Results showed that 66.3% of students were satisfied with their body image where whereas only 33.3% were dissatisfied. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that sociocultural factors such as family pressure, peer, and media were negatively correlated with body image satisfaction, and this correlation was found to be significant at 0.01 level. Significance
of gender was found in body image satisfaction among male (M=3.37, SD=.652) and female students (M=3.198, SD==.676), where t=2.642, p <0.01. Conclusion: The current study enhances the understanding of body image concerns among students in Guwahati city, Assam. The results indicate a noteworthy prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among students, with a discernible difference between genders. The study further suggests that sociocultural factors, such as family pressure, peer
influence, and media exposure, play a significant role in the development of distorted views pertaining to one's own body shape, size, weight, and other related factors. Therefore, the study highlights the criticality of considering sociocultural factors in understanding body image issues.
Keywords: Body image, dissatisfaction, family pressure, peer pressure, media pressure
... Other measures of feminist identity included the Composite Feminist Identity Scale (Dionne, 1992) and the Feminist Identity Scale (Petursson, 2014). Measures of feminist attitudes included the Liberal Feminist Attitude and Ideology Scale (Morgan, 1996), the Feminist Perspectives Scale (Henley et al., 1998), the (Cash, 2000); weight dissat = dissatisfaction with weight measure; BIDQ = Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (Cash, 2004); BISCS = Body Image Self Consciousness Scale (Wiederman, 2000); BPSS = Body Parts Satisfaction Scale (Berscheid et al., 1972); BSSS = Body Satisfaction Scale-Body subscale (Slade et al., 1990); EDEQ = Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire; BULIT-R = Bulimia Test-Revised; EDDS = Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale; SOQ = Self-Objectification Questionnaire; accept = Positive Rational Acceptance subscale of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory (Cash et al., 2005) Womanist Consciousness Scale (King & Fujino, 1994), the Feminist Attitude Scale (Callow, 2005), the Short Scale of Attitudes Towards Feminism (Smith et al., 1975), the Attitudes Toward Feminism and the Women's Movement Scale (Fassinger, 1994), and the Sex Role Ideology Scale (Kalin & Tilby, 1978). Other studies measured self-identification as a feminist. ...
Previous work has examined the relations between feminism, feminine gender roles, and body image concerns with inconclusive findings. The purpose of this study was to conduct an updated meta-analysis of the relation between feminist identity and negative embodiment, and to conduct new analyses to test how endorsement of femininity relates to negative embodiment. Through the technique of meta-analysis, we analyzed 80 studies (87 samples, N = 24,308) and 217 effect sizes to examine these associations. The predictor variables were measures of feminist identity and endorsement of femininity. The negative embodiment criterion variables were measures of body dissatisfaction, self-objectification, internalization of cultural body ideals, and disordered eating attitudes. Feminist identity was found to be negatively associated with negative embodiment, but only modestly, with small but significant effect sizes across most variables. Endorsement of femininity was found to be positively associated with negative embodiment, with mostly significant effect sizes ranging from small to large. These findings underscore the importance of considering the roles of feminist identity and traditional gender ideology in the etiology and prevention of women’s experiences of negative embodiment.
... Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS). The MBSRQ-AS (Brown et al., 1990;Cash, 2000;Bra-zilian Portuguese translation: Laus et al., 2019) has five subscales: (1) Appearance Evaluation, which refers to the feelings of physical attractiveness, and satisfaction with one's looks (e.g., I like my looks just the way they are), (2) Appearance Orientation, which refers to the extent of investment in one's appearance (e. g., Before going out, I usually spend a lot of time getting ready), (3) Body Areas Satisfaction Scale, which refers to satisfaction with distinct aspects of one's appearance (e.g., muscle tone, hair), (4) Overweight Preoccupation, which refers to fat anxiety, weight vigilance, dieting, and, eating restraint (e. g., I have tried to lose weight by fasting or going on crash diets), and (5) Self-Classified Weight, which refers to how one perceives and labels one's own weight [e.g., I think I am… (response Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). (Garner et al., 1982;Brazilian Portuguese translation: Nunes et al., 1994). ...
The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the Brazilian adaptation of the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised (ASI-R) with adults. We translated the ASI-R, and determined its psychometric properties among two community samples, totaling 843 participants (402 men and 441 women), aged from 18 to 67 years. Six hundred and six participants were recruited online (SurveyMonkey Database), and the remaining were personally recruited from universities, technical schools, and libraries. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 13-items Brazilian ASI-R had the same factor structure as the original ASI-R: Self-evaluative and Motivational investment. Internal consistency ranged from .83 to .89, and test-retest reliability indices ranged from .74 to .77. Concurrent and convergent validity was demonstrated by the significant correlations between the ASI-R subscales and body satisfaction, internalization of beauty ideals, disordered eating, and self-esteem. Availability of a Brazilian Portuguese translation of the ASI-R should help to promote greater understanding of body image investment in the Brazilian context.
... Body image perception is an individual's perception of how they view their body. Interpersonal relationships, gender, and mass media are factors in the emergence of body image perceptions (Cash, 2000). Everyone has their own assessment of their body shape. ...
Introduction: The developmental stage of late adolescence can cause changes in attitudes and feelings that can influence perceptions of body image and food consumption habits (especially fast food). This condition will affect nutritional status. This study aims to determine the relationship between perceived body image and frequency of fast-food consumption and nutritional status. Method: This research uses an observational research design with a cross-sectional approach and applies the Pearson product moment correlation test. The sample consisted of 82 students of Department of Nutrition Science Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta who were selected using the simple random sampling method. Data on body image perception and frequency of fast-food consumption were obtained using the Multidementional Body Self Relations Questionnaires-Appereance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) questionnaire and the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) form in the last 1 month. Nutritional status is obtained by measuring body weight and height. Results: The relationship between perceived body image and nutritional status has a p-value = 0.533 and the relationship between frequency of fast-food consumption and nutritional status has a p-value = 0.042. Conclusion: There is no relationship between perceived body image and nutritional status among UMS nutrition students, but there is a relationship between the frequency of fast-food consumption and nutritional status among UMS nutrition students. Respondents are expected to be able to adopt a healthy and balanced diet so that they can maintain normal nutritional status and create a positive body image perception. Pendahuluan: Mahasiswa merupakan individu yang sedang mengalami masa transisi dari remaja awal menjadi dewasa sehingga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan sikap dan perasaan. Status gizi dapat dipengaruhi oleh konsumsi fast food dan persepsi body image. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara persepsi citra tubuh (body image) dan frekuensi konsumsi fast food dengan status gizi pada Mahasiwa Ilmu Gizi UMS. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional dan menerapkan uji korelasi pearson product moment (PPM). Sampel terdiri dari 82 mahasiswa yang dipilih menggunakan metode simple random sampling. Data persepsi citra tubuh (body image) dan frekuensi konsumsi fast food diperoleh melalui observasi langsung dengan menggunakan kuesioner Multidementional Body Self Relations Quetionare-Appereance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) dan form Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) 1 bulan terakhir. Status gizi didapatkan dengan melakukan pengukuran berat badan dan tinggi badan. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 51,2% responden memiliki body image negatif, 45,1% frekuensi konsumsi fast food sering, dan 36,6% responden berstatus gizi underweight dan overweight. Hasil penelitian yaitu nilai p-value= 0,533 untuk persepsi citra tubuh (body image) dengan status gizi, kemudian nilai p-value = 0,042 untuk frekuensi konsumsi fast food dengan status gizi. Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara persepsi citra tubuh (body image) dengan status gizi pada mahasiswa ilmu gizi UMS, namun ada hubungan antara frekuensi konsumsi fast food dengan status gizi pada mahasiswa ilmu gizi UMS. Responden diharapkan dapat menerapkan pola makan yang sehat dan seimbang sehingga dapat mempertahankan status gizi normal dan menciptakan persepsi citra tubuh yang positif.
... Satisfaction Scale (MBSRQ -BASS; Cash, 1990). The BASS is a validated scale of state body satisfaction that asks participants to rate their satisfaction with nine aspects of their appearance (e.g., height) on a 1-5 scale from "very dissatisfied" to "very satisfied". ...
... Global body satisfaction measures aim to assess an individual's overall satisfaction with their appearance (Thompson et al., 2012), with some of the most common global satisfaction measures being the Appearance Evaluation subscale of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relationship Questionnaire (Cash, 2000) and the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (Cash, Morrow, et al., 2004;Cash, Phillips, et al., 2004). Cognitive body image measures aim to assess the thoughts and beliefs an individual has about their appearance, as well as their perceived importance of their appearance (Thompson et al., 2012). ...
... The concept of body image is multifaceted, encompassing individuals' perceptions and feelings about their physical appearance. Body image involves self-perception, beliefs, attitudes, and emotional responses tied to one's appearance (Cash, 2002). It revolves around two fundamental aspects: assessment, such as body satisfaction, and investment, which pertains to the psychological value attached to one's appearance. ...
This research examines how TikTok creators construct and present identities through symbolic interactionism and the Communication Theory of Identity (CTI). Analyzing a series of TikTok videos featuring Pakistani creators, the study explores how attire, gestures, settings, and props are utilized to perform and negotiate identities. Drawing on Identity Theory, which posits that identity is shaped through social roles and interactions, and CTI, which emphasizes the multifaceted nature of identity across personal, relational, enacted, and communal layers, this research reveals how digital platforms like TikTok facilitate identity expression and negotiation. Through semiotic analysis, the study uncovers how symbols and cultural codes convey nuanced meanings, influencing audience perceptions and interactions.
... Therefore, we chose to use this measure to explore state body satisfaction, as opposed to trait body satisfaction, as we aimed to assess change in body satisfaction over time, in relation to perfectionistic Instagram use. However, as state body image is considered to be partially predictable from trait body image, correlations have been conducted to compare this measure with various trait measures, such as the Body Areas Satisfaction Scale from the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (Cash, 2000) and the Appearance Schemas Inventory (Cash & Labarge, 1996), and found that women with greater trait body dissatisfaction reported less favourable body image states, suggesting these measures have good convergent validity and criterion validity, as expected. Furthermore, this measure was standardized on women aged 17-54 years from a variety of backgrounds (Cash et al., 2002) and was thereby appropriate for the sample we recruited. ...
Perfectionistic self-presentation (the desire to appear perfect to others) is related to decreased body satisfaction and intrusive (e.g., addictive or problematic) social media use in young women. Instagram, a highly visual social media platform, may serve as a medium for heightened body image concerns among this population. Exploring perfectionistic self-presentation on Instagram, by examining the extent to which women promote a perfect image on Instagram (perfectionistic self-promotion) and avoid presenting an imperfect image on Instagram (non-display of imperfection and non-disclosure of imperfection), may help to further understand its role in these issues. To test this idea, we recruited two non-clinical samples of young women (Sample 1: cross-sectional, N = 392; Sample 2: two-wave longitudinal, N = 176) to examine the relationships between perfectionistic self-presentation on Instagram, Instagram intrusion and body satisfaction. Findings revealed that dimensions of perfectionistic self-presentation on Instagram were negatively associated with body satisfaction, both cross-sectionally and over time and positively associated with Instagram intrusion, cross-sectionally. Non-display of imperfection appeared to be the most important dimension. Overall, our findings offer initial support for examining perfectionistic self-presentation on Instagram, and its utility in understanding the body satisfaction of young women.
... The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) is a reliable, valid 34-item questionnaire that assesses body image (Brown et al., 1990;Cash, 2000). The MBSRQ-AS was presented as reliable for Latina undergraduates (Smith & Davenport, 2012). ...
An understanding of patterns of food consumption that are theorized to be “weight-related eating”—routine restraint, compensatory restraint, susceptibility to external cues, and emotional eating—among Latino college students may help with efforts to understand elevated rates of higher weight and combat risk of diet- and obesity-related diseases seen in Latino men. It was hypothesized that body-image variables, acculturation, enculturation, and acculturation–enculturation interaction would predict weight-related eating in Latino college students. Survey data from 96 U.S. college students who self-identified as male and Latino were analyzed. Approximately 60% of participants were people with higher weight. Correlations indicated that body mass index, acculturation, and enculturation played minimal roles in the prediction of weight-related eating in Latino college students. Logistic regressions revealed that Overweight Preoccupation was often the sole variable that contributed significantly to weight-related eating. However, higher levels of acculturation to Anglo culture were positively related to caring about appearance, whereas higher levels of enculturation to Latinx culture were positively related to satisfaction with appearance among Latino college students. Although body image is a multifaceted construct, preoccupation with being overweight may be a key phenomenon in weight-related eating among Latino college students. The results suggest the need for empirical attention to the importance of targeting Overweight Preoccupation to reduce weight-related eating in Latino college students. Implications also include the need for investigation of the relationships among body-image variables, acculturation, and enculturation. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
... Moreover, post-CABG patients have a low body image perception due to the changes in their bodies ( ˙I yigün et al., 2017 ). The reflection of one's emotive, cognitive, and behavioral attitudes toward one's own body is the definition of body image in this study ( Cash, 2015 ). Some studies reported that a low level of body image perception in patients causes a decrease in their self-esteem and daily living activities, and an increase in mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression ( Hartmann et al., 2017 ;Masoumi et al., 2017 ;Miranzadeh et al., 2020 ). ...
... Consequently, the interpretation and generalization of findings become intricate tasks. Regarding the measurement of body image, the majority of studies utilized subscales of larger scales (Lindberg et al., 2011;Cash, 2015). It is worth noting that tools to measure body dissatisfaction are also varied and assess different facets of body image. ...
In recent years, the widespread adoption of social media has immersed users in content dominated by conventional beauty ideals and the relentless pursuit of perfection. This pervasive influence has significantly altered the perceptual landscape for young individuals, particularly pre-adolescents and adolescents, shaping their self-evaluations and contributing to distorted notions of beauty. The virtual realm, saturated with carefully curated and idealized images promoting unattainable beauty standards, has intensified concerns about body image. This study aims to comprehensively examine the intricate interplay between social media use and the body image of preadolescents and adolescents. Through a meticulous systematic review of 16 studies, a consistent consensus emerges, highlighting a noteworthy correlation between key variables such as the duration of social media usage, problematic engagement patterns, specific activities within these platforms, and heightened levels of body dissatisfaction.
Body compassion is a multidimensional construct related to body image and self-compassion and refers to one’s dispositional attitude towards oneself. Although the overall protective role of body compassion on body image issues, there is a lack of understanding in the oncological field. This exploratory study assesses the impact of body compassion, and metacognition on body image in breast cancer survivors, and how it is affected by cognitive and emotional issues. 79 breast cancer survivors filled in socio-demographic data and standardized online questionnaires. Results evidenced that body compassion has a significant effect on body image. Defusion and acceptance subscales negatively impact body image distress, while negative beliefs about worry as metacognition subscales positively predict body image distress. Indeed, promoting body compassion and decreasing a metacognition tendency can be a therapeutic target to promote a better body image in breast cancer survivors.
Introduction
Eating disorders (EDs) are complex psychological and physiological disorders that often co-occur in the presence of other mental health difficulties. Mentalisation-based therapy (MBT) offers a promising therapeutic approach for treating comorbid difficulties by fostering individuals’ capacity to understand their own and others’ mental states. More specifically, MBT is a novel approach for treating EDs that recognises the intricate interplay between psychological factors and disordered eating behaviours, targeting the underlying cognitive and emotional processes implicated in ED pathology. The possible value of MBT in treating EDs has been proposed, but the existing research on the topic has not yet been synthesised. This review aims to examine the effectiveness of MBT across diverse ED presentations through analysis of the peer-reviewed literature.
Methods and analysis
This systematic review protocol adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols checklist. The review will include peer-reviewed studies on MBT for EDs without geographical restrictions. A systematic search for the published literature will be conducted using the following databases: Medline, Embase, PsycInfo and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. For articles to be included, documents must describe and evaluate MBT for EDs and be a quantitative study. There will be no restrictions on publication date. The two authors will independently screen titles, abstracts and full-text articles. A meta-analysis will be conducted for data synthesis if at least three studies with comparable designs, populations and outcomes are identified. If studies are too heterogeneous, a narrative synthesis will summarise the results. The findings may contribute to a more nuanced understanding of MBT’s role in ED treatment, with potential implications for clinical practice, policy development and future research endeavours.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval is not required as all data are available from public sources. The results of this systematic review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.
PROSPERO registration number
CRD42024421136.
Aim: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group reality therapy in improving the self-esteem, uniqueness, and body image of cosmetic surgery applicants. Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was a pre-test-post-test with a control group and a 45-day follow-up period. The statistical population consisted of 150 cosmetic surgery applicants who visited Espadana Cosmetic Surgery Center in Isfahan in 2016. After screening, we selected 30 individuals using convenience sampling and randomly divided them into two groups, control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups. The experimental group was treated in 10 sessions for 90 minutes. At the pre-test and post-test stages and the follow-up period, both groups responded to self-esteem (Eysenck, 1976), body image (Cash et al., 1997), and uniqueness (Şimşek and Yale Einstein, 2010) questionnaires. We analyzed data using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The results indicated that group reality therapy had effects on self-esteem (F=20.10, P=0.001), uniqueness (F=69.78, P=0.001), and body image (F=35.80, P=0.001) of applicants for cosmetic surgery and the effect was stable in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Given the research findings, reality therapy increased the uniqueness and also improved the body image in participants and the therapy was recommended for cosmetic surgery applicants in the Iranian society.
Perceived fitness and health changes were not significantly correlated with corresponding physiological changes in 26 formerly sedentary women during a 16-wk. moderate cardiovascular exercise.
Sociocultural factors play a significant role in the development of body image distress and disordered eating behavior in diverse populations, including men. One group which seems to be at increased risk, is sexual minority men. However, these factors have rarely been studied outside of Western populations. The present study sought to explore these factors in Greek and Greek-Cypriot men. Greek and Greek-Cypriot men (N = 367; n = 162 gay; n = 205 straight) completed measures of sociocultural pressures, appearance comparisons, body dissatisfaction, body appreciation and disordered eating. Results indicated that gay men were more likely to have disordered eating habits than straight men. Additionally, gay men had significantly lower scores on measures of body-image related wellbeing (i.e. satisfaction and appreciation), and higher on measures of societal pressures and appearance-related comparisons, appearance-related anxiety and disordered eating. Greek and Greek-Cypriot gay men had lower levels of muscularity internalization than straight men. Our findings extend research on body image distress and disordered eating in gay and straight men to Greek and Greek-Cypriot populations.
Digital technologies have had disruptive effects on self, self-identity, community, race, and ethnicity imaginations. Where the conception of the digital communities have moved beyond the immediate geographic locations to group of networked persons across the geographies, race and ethnicity identification as such have also become sharper as evident from the increased identification of people with similar physical or racial attributes.
Os transtornos alimentares (TA) geralmente têm seu início na adolescência, período mais intenso do ciclo de vida e parecem ser uma reação às demandas sobre esses adolescentes. Os TA têm forte tendência a se associarem à depressão que se caracteriza por humor deprimido e altas taxas de suicídio; existem fatores de risco como idade, histórico de depressão e estresse. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão integrativa sobre os transtornos alimentares em adolescentes, sintomas depressivos e ideação suicida nos últimos 10 anos, a fim de entender se existe uma associação entre essas temáticas. A busca foi realizada em todas as bases disponíveis na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Foram triados 11 estudos, mas após seleção ficaram apenas 06 estudos. Estudo caracterizou-se como transversal, analítico, com coleta de dados por meio de revisão de literatura. Amostra total foi de 4.470 adolescentes, os estudos pertencem aos EUA, Israel, Turquia e Austrália. Os resultados mostraram que TA e depressão são fatores de risco para o suicídio, o que permite uma aproximação entre TA, sintomas depressivos e ideação suicida, e esses fatores são mais comuns em adolescentes do sexo feminino. O referido trabalho envolveu as ciências Nutrição e Psicologia. Observou-se que há evidências de associação entre transtornos alimentares, sintomas depressivos e a ideação suicida, de modo que essa sintomatologia está entrelaçada. Sendo um resultado recorrente na população mundial, se fazendo necessária uma investigação desse fato para que se chegue à prevenção e tratamento desse constructo multifacetado que acarreta sofrimento aos adolescentes.
The goal of the study is to describe variables contributing to body image concerns among breast cancer survivors to foster positive body image. Participants for this qualitative study were recruited through convenience sampling ( N = 10). The participants' ages ranged from 48 to 80, with an average of 64 years old. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Four themes concerned with body image were age at diagnosis, intimate partnership, preparedness for physical changes, and mental fluidity. Results from this study were used to develop strategies that can be adopted to improve the body image of cancer patients and survivors.
Due to the high rates of overweight and obesity in Mexican and Puerto Rican women, interventions that target these groups are in great need. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to explore the role of four cultural variables (acculturation, acculturative stress, ethnic identity, and cultural values) that may help to explain ethnic disparities in correlates of obesity (diet, physical activity, and body image) among Mexican and Puerto Rican women. This paper describes the study design, measures, and initial analyses of participant characteristics, as well as implications for the development of an obesity intervention.
A total of 552 participants contacted the study staff, with 368 completing the oral script and initial eligibility interview. From these, 227 completed the written consent, 199 completed the “Health and Culture” interview, and 186 completed all study components; 42 women completed the qualitative interview. Data for the current study is from the 199 participants who completed the “Health and Culture” interview.
Mexican women were younger, more likely to have completed less than a 9th grade education, and more likely to prefer to complete the interview in Spanish (vs. English) compared to Puerto Rican women. In addition, Mexican women were more likely to be in the normal-weight group, be a non-smoker, and not have health insurance compared to Puerto Rican women.
Results revealed key initial differences between Puerto Rican and Mexican women which should be considered when developing interventions that address overweight and obesity.
Background
The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has increased in the last decade, resulting in enduring psychological effects, including negative body image. This study explored the effect of mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT) on body image in women with PCOS.
Methods
In a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial conducted in Kerman, Iran, women of reproductive age (18–45) who were diagnosed with PCOS and met specific inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to either the MBAT intervention group or a control group placed on a therapy waiting list. The main focus of the study involved evaluating alterations in body image scores as the primary measure. Additionally, the study assessed secondary outcomes, which encompassed various domains of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention. The trial is registered with www.irct.ir (Registration code (25/01/2020): IRCT20170611034452N9).
Results
Between August 2020 and January 2021, 66 participants were randomly assigned to the MBAT or waiting list group, and the study was completed by 60 women. At the end of the intervention, body image (adjusted mean difference from baseline (AMD) of 29.22 [95% CI 19.54, 38.90], P < 0.05) and at the one-month follow-up (AMD of 34.77 [95% CI 24.75, 44.80], P < 0.05) were greater in the MBAT group than in the waiting list group. At certain time points, some MBSRQ domains, including body area satisfaction (BASS) (p < 0.05), appearance evaluation (p < 0.05), fitness orientation (p > 0.05), health orientation (p < 0.05), and self-classified weight (p > 0.05), had higher scores than did the control group. However, only BASS had a conclusive effect size (large). Additionally, appearance orientation (p > 0.05), illness orientation (p > 0.05), health evaluation (p < 0.05), fitness evaluation (p > 0.05), and overweight preoccupation (p < 0.05) had lower scores with variable and inconclusive effect sizes.
Conclusions
The MBAT has potential as an effective approach for enhancing body image in women with PCOS. However, some MBSRQ domain results were inconclusive, likely due to the small sample size. Therefore, further research with a larger sample size is recommended.
The rapidly growing body of research investigating media influence on body image in Latin America has not been previously comprehensively synthesised. We systematically reviewed studies of the relationships between media use/influence, body image, and sociocultural appearance ideals in Latin America (CRD42021254607). We searched PsycINFO/Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, ERIC, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations, SciElo, and LILACS for quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed articles and doctoral theses in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Research conducted in Latin America, published 1991–2023, measuring a) media use/influence, and b) body image or appearance ideals was included. 68 articles met inclusion criteria, and quality appraisal concluded that most were of medium/high quality. A narrative review found consistent quantitative relationships, stronger in women than men, between media use/internalisation of media ideals and both body dissatisfaction and thinner appearance ideals. In contrast, participants in qualitative studies acknowledged media influence on their body image, but perceived greater influence from family and peers. Limitations included a predominance of cross-sectional research from Brazil and Mexico with adolescents and young adults. Additional longitudinal, experimental, and interventional work from elsewhere in Latin America is needed, recruiting more diverse samples and assessing more culturally salient appearance aspects (e.g., skin tone and hair texture).
Obesity is a non-communicable disease that is associated with a number of serious physical and mental health conditions. The present study examines the effect of recreational physical activity and the Mediterranean diet on body image dissatisfaction and propensity for eating disorders. It is based on 1311 participants categorized by body mass index (BMI) into a normal BMI group (NBG; N = 513), an overweight and obese BMI group (OBG; N = 492), and a control group (CG; N = 309). All participants completed the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDietScore), and Fitness Evaluation and Fitness Orientation subscales from the original Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that the overall prediction of the variables was statistically significant. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) demonstrated the existence of significant interactions between groups and gender across a range of scales. Despite higher body image dissatisfaction in the OBG group, they maintained positive self-esteem and did not exhibit eating disorder tendencies. Notably, women reported greater dissatisfaction than men across all three groups. Our findings have practical implications for public health promotion strategies, policymaking, future research, and clinical practice. Encouraging regular exercise and adherence to the Mediterranean diet could improve body satisfaction and reduce eating disorder risk. Policymakers can advocate for community-based policies promoting physical activity and healthy eating habits.
Background: Body image is a transdiagnostic construct which appears poorly understood in the context of psychosis. Poor body image is associated with paranoia, which makes it a theoretically meaningful treatment target for psychosis. We systematically reviewed associations between body image and psychosis symptoms in both the typical population and people living with psychotic disorders, synthesised known correlates of negative body image in people living with psychotic disorders and performed a meta-synthesis to understand the life experience of body image in people with psychotic.
Method: Ovid MEDLINE, OVID Embase, OVID APA PsycINFO, EBSCOhost Cinahl, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched in January 2024. The methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.
Results: 20,565 participants were included from 31 studies, of which 2127 (10.3%) were living with psychotic conditions, 18,294 were from the general population, 129 people with other conditions were compared to psychosis (such as bipolar disorder) and 15 carers. There were 25 quantitative studies (24 cross-sectional, 1 prospective), five qualitative studies, and one mixed-methods study. Cross-sectional evidence suggests associations between negative body image and psychotic symptoms, especially paranoia, as well as wider mental and physical health outcomes. Potential factors contributing to the persistence of poor body image include psychosis symptoms, worries about appearance-related judgements, negative self-concept, body ambivalence, appearance-related safety-seeking behaviours, and traumatic memories
Conclusions: Negative body image is relevant to the lives of people with psychosis spectrum conditions. Recommendations to guide andimprove future research are reported.
Background
Body dissatisfaction is a common and important issue, especially for college students. It can lead to a number of negative outcomes. However, existing researches still lack attention to cultural background differences, gender differences and grade differences in body image dissatisfaction and related depression and anxiety among college students.
Aim
This study aimed to examine cultural, gender, and grade level differences in body dissatisfaction with depression and anxiety in a population of college students in China.
Methods
This study was conducted with students from a college in southern China. Three hundred twenty-nine questionnaires were administered through a random sampling method, and 150 students (67 male and 83 female) with body image dissatisfaction were finally screened. Data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient, regression analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, and homogeneity of variance test.
Results
Findings showed that body satisfaction was negatively correlated with depression and anxiety, and predictive of depression and anxiety, with no gender differences among Chinese college students. However, regarding grade level differences, body image dissatisfaction showed a significant difference in freshman and senior years.
Conclusion
The relationship between body image dissatisfaction and depression and anxiety is universal in the Chinese cultural context. Future research and college mental health education are recommended to focus on gender and grade level differences in body image dissatisfaction.
To understand conditions such as body dysmorphic disorder, we need to understand healthy individuals’ perceptual, conceptual, and emotional representations of their bodies. Not much is known about the differences in these representations across body districts, for example, hands, feet, and whole-body, despite their differences at sensory and functional levels. To understand this, we developed more implicit and explicit measures of body satisfaction for these body districts. Sixty-seven participants (age M = 30.66, SD = 11.19) completed a series of online Implicit Association Tests (IAT) and a Body Image Satisfaction Visual Analogue Scale (BISVAS; explicit) for each body district (hands/feet/whole body). The results show no differences in the more implicit level of awareness in hands, feet and whole body, while differences are apparent at a more explicit level of awareness, with higher scores for body image satisfaction for the hands than the whole body and marginally significant lower scores for feet than hands. Those findings suggest that visual attention, level of concern attributed to a body district, and disgust drivers are possible factors affecting the experience of attitudinal body image satisfaction.
Behavioral obesity treatments are typically unable to facilitate meaningful weight loss beyond the short term. Implications of malleable psychosocial factors are unclear, which limits behavioral intervention contents. The current aim was to inform obesity treatments to improve their foci on psychosocial factors leading to resilient behavioral changes and maintained weight loss.
Based on pre-planned analyses, women participating in a community-based obesity treatment emphasizing self-regulation and exercise, and who lost at least 3% of their initial weight (N = 89), were measured on eating-related self-efficacy, negative mood, emotional eating, body satisfaction, and self-regulating eating at baseline, Month 3, and Month 6; and on weight change over 12 months.
From baseline to Month 6, there was a significant overall improvement in each psychosocial variable. In separate multiple regression equations, scores at (1) Month 6, (2) change from baseline to Month 6, and (3) change from Month 3 to Month 6 were entered as predictors of maintained weight loss from Month 6 to Month 12. Using a backward elimination process, only negative mood was retained in the final Month 6 model, and significantly predicted maintained weight loss (R2adjusted = .03, p = .050). Changes in self-efficacy, mood, emotional eating, and self-regulation were retained in the final baseline to Month 6 model, and significantly predicted weight loss maintained over 12 months (R2adjusted = .30, p < .001).
Findings add to research on obesity treatment development by suggesting an enhanced focus on facilitating changes in self-efficacy, mood, emotional eating, and self-regulation may enhance maintenance of lost weight (or increase weight loss).
Body image disturbance is considered a core characteristic of eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), however its definition has been unclear within the literature. This study examined the multidimensional nature of body image functioning among individuals with either anorexia nervosa (AN; n=35), bulimia nervosa (BN; n=26), or BDD (n=56), relative to female (n=34) and male (n=36) psychiatric controls. Participants were recruited from 10 treatment centers in the United States and England and completed psychometrically validated and standardized self-report measures of body image. Overall, the AN, BN, and BDD groups were characterized by significantly elevated disturbances in most body image dimensions relative to their gender-matched clinical controls. There was variability, however, in the comparisons among the three groups of interest, including foci of body dissatisfaction and body image coping patterns. On omnibus indices of body image disturbance and body image quality of life, patients with BDD reported more body image impairment than those with eating disorders. Although AN, BN, and BDD are characterized by body image disturbances, similar and partially distinctive cognitive, behavioral, and emotional elements of body image functioning exist among these groups. The study's empirical and clinical implications are considered.
Body-image dissatisfaction is not uncommon and can adversely affect individuals' psychosocial functioning and quality of life. Various oft-cited surveys and a meta-analysis implicate a worsening of body image over the past several decades, especially among women and possibly among men. The present cross-sectional study examined changes in multiple facets of body image among 3,127 college students from 1983 through 2001; the same standardized assessment was used in 22 studies conducted within the same university. Results confirmed non-Black women's increasing body-image dissatisfaction until the early or mid-1990s, after which significant improvements occurred in terms of overall body-image evaluation and overweight preoccupation among both non-Black and Black women, despite heavier body weights. A reduction over time in women's investment in their appearance was also evident. Men's body image was relatively stable during the 19-year period. Explanations, limitations, and implications of the findings are discussed.
This investigation was a representative survey, conducted in 1993, of the body images of 803 adult women in the United States. Included in the survey instrument were selected subscales from the standardized Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, which had been used in a U.S. survey in 1985. The results indicated substantial levels of body dissatisfaction, possibly surpassing levels observed in the 1985 survey. Nearly one-half of the women reported globally negative evaluations of their appearance and a preoccupation with being or becoming overweight. Whereas age effects were minimal, significant race/ethnicity effects were found, with clearly more positive body images among African American than Anglo or Hispanic women. The social and clinical implications of the findings were discussed.
Abstract A sample (N=114) of adolescent female binge-pursers were among the respondents to a nationwide survey on body-image. Relative to female controls (N=114) who were matched on age, height and weight, binge-purgers evaluated their physical appearance, fitness and health much less favourably. However, they reported being man? appearance-oriented and fitness-oriented than controls. Regardless of actual weight, binge-purgers more often distorted their body size as heavier than did controls, displayed more anxious preoccupation about their weight and weight gain and reported much more frequent eating restraint to lose weight, Binge-purgers also considered themselves to be more poorly psychosocially adjusted, with a reported childhood history of appearance-related conflicts. Discriminant function analysis indicated that the above variables were very accurate in classifying the two groups.
Body dissatisfaction is a prevalent problem in our society, especially among women, and is clearly associated with a range of psychosocial difficulties and disorders. In the psychotherapeutic treatment of a negative body image, several controlled studies confirm the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) relative to no or minimal treatment. The present investigation involving 23 extremely body-dissatisfied women compared the effectiveness of Cash's (1991) body image CBT administered in group therapy versus a self-directed format having only modest therapist contact. The two equally credible, 11-session treatments produced statistically and clinically significant improvements in affective/evaluative, size/weight-related, and cognitive behavioral aspects of body image. Favorable outcomes generalized to multiple facets of psychosocial functioning and were sustained at a 2-month follow-up. There was no evidence of differential efficacy of group and modest contact treatments. The utility of body image CBT warrants further research with more diverse populations, varying formats, and longer follow-ups.
Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention
- T F Cash