Available via license: CC BY 4.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Operational forecast of hydrophysical fields in the Georgian Black Sea coastal zone within the ECOOP
Ocean Science
Abstract
One of the parts of the Black Sea Nowcasting/Forecasting System is the regional forecasting system for the easternmost part of the Black Sea (including the Georgian water area), which has been developed within the context of the EU International projects ARENA and ECOOP. A core of the regional system is a high-resolution baroclinic regional model of the Black Sea dynamics developed at M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics (RM-IG). This model is nested in the basin-scale model of Marine Hydrophysical Institute (MHI, Sevastopol/Ukraine). The regional area is limited to the Caucasian and Turkish coastal lines and the western liquid boundary coinciding with the meridian 39.36° E. Since June 2010 we have regularly been computing 3 days' forecasts of current, temperature and salinity for the easternmost part of the Black Sea with 1 km spacing. In this study the results of two forecasts are presented. The first forecast corresponds to summer season and covers the prognostic interval from 00:00 h, 6 August to 00:00 h, 9 August 2010. The second one corresponds to autumn season and covers the prognostic interval from 00:00 h, 26 October to 00:00 h, 29 October 2010. Data needed for the forecasts – the initial and prognostic hydrophysical fields on the open boundary, also 2-D prognostic meteorological fields at the sea surface – wind stress, heat fluxes, evaporation and precipitation rates for our regional area are being placed on the MHI server every day and we are available to use these data operatively. Prognostic hydrophysical fields are results of forecast by the basin-scale model of MHI and 2-D meteorological boundary fields represent the results of forecast by regional atmospheric model ALADIN. All these fields are given on the grid of basin-scale model with 5 km spacing and with one-hour time step frequency for the integration period. The analysis of predicted fields shows that to use the model with high resolution is very important factor for identification of nearshore eddies of small sizes. It should be noted the very different character of regional circulation in summer and autumn seasons in the easternmost part of the Black Sea.
... A great achievement of the Black Sea operational oceanography is the development of the basin-scale nowcasting/forecasting system at the beginning of the XXI century, [18], [19]. One of the components of the system became the Black Sea regional forecasting system for the southeastern part of the Black Sea, [20]. The regional system is based on the regional model of the Black Sea dynamics (RM-IG) with a spatial resolution of 1 km, which is developed by adapting the basin-scale numerical model with a spatial resolution of 5 km [12] to the southeastern part of the sea basin. ...
... The formulas for calculating the factors of horizontal and vertical turbulent viscosity and diffusion were the same as in [20]. ...
In this paper, a numerical regional model of the Black Sea hydrodynamics with a spatial resolution of 1 km is applied to simulate and forecast the mesoscale circulation and thermohaline structure in the southeastern part of the Black Sea. The regional model is based on a nonlinear nonstationary system of differential equations in z coordinates, describing the evolution of three-dimensional fields of currents, temperature, salinity, and density. The solution of the equation system is based on the use of finite-difference methods, in particular, on the method of multicomponent splitting of the differential operator of the original problem into simpler operators. To illustrate the implementation of the numerical model, the paper presents the calculated fields of flow, temperature, and salinity for the summer season of 2020 under real atmospheric forcing derived from the atmospheric model SCIRON. The influence of basin-scale processes on regional processes was taken into account by boundary conditions on the liquid boundary separating the regional area from the open part of the sea basin. A comparison of the forecast results with available satellite data shows that the model reproduces well the basic peculiarities of hydrophysical fields.
... As envisaged by the EU projects ARENA and ECOOP the RM-IG was nested in the basin-scale model of Marine Hydrophysical Institute (Sevastopol) and is a core of the regional marine forecasting system for the southeastern part of the Black Sea, which covers Georgian coastal zone and surrounding water area [18,19]. ...
... The model results were compared with available observational datasatellite SST (sea surface temperature) derived from NOAA satellites (http://dvs.net.ru/mp/data/201806bs_sst.shtml) and the Geostrophyc currents reconstructed on the basis of satellite altimeter data [19,25,26]. These comparisons have shown the ability of the RM-IG to reliably predict hydrophysical fields in the southeastern coastal zone of the Black Sea. ...
The study and forecast of mesoscale dynamic processes in the coastal/shelf zones of seas and oceans is one of the main issues of physical oceanography, because these zones experience the most significant anthropogenic load. Circulation processes, which are closely related to temperature and salinity fields, make a significant contribution to the distribution of various impurities of anthropogenic and natural origin in the marine environment. In the present paper, a high-resolution numerical regional model of the Black Sea dynamics of M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (RM-IG) is used to simulate and study some peculiarities of regional hydrophysical processes occurring in 2010-2021 in the southeastern part of the Black Sea covering Georgian sector of the Black Sea and surrounding water area. The RM-IG is based on a primitive system of ocean hydro and thermodynamics equations in hydrostatic approximation written in the Cartesian coordinate system and is implemented with a spatial resolution of 1 km under real atmospheric forcing.
... In this paper, our attention is focused on the upper layer of the Black Sea, many aspects of which in relation of dynamical processes (circulation, wind-driven turbulence, mixed layer forming, heat exchange, wave energy propagation) have been investigated by some authors on the basis of the various numerical models and by processing of measured data's (Friedrich and Stanev, 1988;Oguz et al., 1999a;Korotaev et al., 2003;Kara et al., 2005aKara et al., , 2005cStanev, 2005 The used physical models in context of the mixed layer study differ from each other by coordinate system, methods of solution, grid parameters, parametrization of turbulence and solar radiation penetration schemes (Friedrich and Stanev, 1988 Kvaratskhelia et al., 2018). Moreover, on the basis of BSM-IG at the Institute of Geophysics the high-resolution regional version (RM-IG) is successfully functioning in operational mode (Kordzadze and Demetrashvili, 2011;Demetrashvili et al., 2020), which was developed within the framework of international scientific projects ARENA and ECOOP (Korotaev et al., 2011;Kubryakov et al., 2012). The mentioned BSM-IG and RM-IG were operated in accordance to the constant values of vertical turbulent viscosity and diffusion coefficients and by modified Oboukhov formula (Marchuk et al., 1980), whose numerical values in the case of unstable stratication increasing 20 times, in the appropriate columns Kordzadze and Demetrashvili, 2011). ...
... Moreover, on the basis of BSM-IG at the Institute of Geophysics the high-resolution regional version (RM-IG) is successfully functioning in operational mode (Kordzadze and Demetrashvili, 2011;Demetrashvili et al., 2020), which was developed within the framework of international scientific projects ARENA and ECOOP (Korotaev et al., 2011;Kubryakov et al., 2012). The mentioned BSM-IG and RM-IG were operated in accordance to the constant values of vertical turbulent viscosity and diffusion coefficients and by modified Oboukhov formula (Marchuk et al., 1980), whose numerical values in the case of unstable stratication increasing 20 times, in the appropriate columns Kordzadze and Demetrashvili, 2011). ...
In this paper, the Black Sea upper mixed layer (UML) structures in mid-February by using a 3-D numerical model of the Black Sea dynamics (BSM-IG, Tbilisi, Georgia) are investigated. In order to present the turbulent mixing peculiarities more clearly, a new version of the classical Pacanowski-Philander parameterization formulated by Bennis et al. (2010) for vertical turbulent viscosity and diffusion coefficients is integrated in the BSM-IG. The Black Sea UML homogeneity is estimated using criterion of temperature (△T = 0.2 • C) and salin-ity (△S = 0.15 psu). Besides, mixed layer structures have been investigated according to both values of the Richardson number: Ri T and Ri S , respectively. As result analysis shows: in February UML structures in the temperature fields correspond to the Richardson number specificity, basically, but mixed layer homogeneity reduced in the salinity fields, when Richardson number changed in the following range 0.07 < Ri S ≤ 1, especially, in deep waters of the sea basin.
... The basin-scale model of the Black Sea dynamics is realized for the entire basin with 10 and 5 km spatial resolutions [1][2][3], but the regional model (RM-IG) -for the easternmost part of the Black Sea with 1 km resolution [4][5][6]. The regional water area is limited from the open part of the basin by the liquid boundary passing along the meridian 39.08 0 E. Both models are based on a primitive system of ocean hydrothermodynamics equations in hydrostatic approximation, which is written in z-coordinates for deviations of thermodynamic values from their standard vertical distributions. ...
... The model outputs (SST, currents) were compared with observational datasatellite SST and the Geostrophic currents reconstructed with use of satellite altimeter data [4], [5], [6]. ...
"At the modern stage of the development of Geosciences, the study of hydrothermodynamic and ecological processes occurring in the natural environment (sea, atmosphere, soil), their monitoring and forecasting become very relevant and are a necessary condition for sustainable development of society. The Caucasus region is one of the most difficult regions of the world from the point of view its physical and geographical features. These features include the Black and Caspian Seas and the complex terrain of the Caucasus. The Seas and the atmosphere are unified hydrodynamic systems, between subsystems of which processes of an exchange of energies, momentum and substances continuously take place. One of the most effective ways to study natural and environmental processes is methods of mathematical modeling, which allows reproducing these processes and phenomena and studying the quantitative contribution of various factors to the development of such processes. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the models of the Black Sea and atmospheric dynamics developed at M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, and some results of their implementation. The model of the Black Sea dynamics is based on a full system of ocean hydro-thermodynamics equations. Its high-resolution version, which is nested in the basin-scale model of the Black Sea dynamics of Marine Hydrophysical Institute (MHI, Sevastopol), is used to forecast main hydrophysical fields for the easternmost part of the Black Sea. The model of the atmospheric dynamics is based on a full system of atmospheric hydro-thermodynamics equations in hydrostatic approximation written in the terrain-following coordinate system and is realized for the extended territory including the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea and Black and Caspian seas and for the Caucasus region. These models, after some modification will form the basis of the coupled Black Sea-atmosphere limited-area modeling system."
... Such an achievement of the Black Sea operative oceanography became possible as a result of close cooperation of oceanologists from the Black Sea countries in the framework of the EU projects ARENA, ASCABOS, ECOOP. One of the components of this system is a high-resolution regional forecasting system for the easternmost part of the Black Sea based on the regional model of the Black Sea dynamics of M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (RM-IG) [9], [10], [11]. ...
... The simulated and predicted sea surface temperature (SST) and currents were compared with available observational data satellite SST derived from NOAA satellites and Geostrophyc currents reconstructed on the basis of satellite altimeter data. The comparison showed sufficient reliability of the model results [9], [10], [11]. ...
Modelling and forecasting of dynamic processes and distribution of various substances of anthropogenic and natural origin in coastal and shelf zones of the seas and oceans are of great interest due to the high anthropogenic load of these zones. The aim of this paper is to present some examples of modelling and short-term forecasting of dynamic fields – the current, temperature and salinity in the easternmost Black Sea covering Georgian sector of the Black Sea and adjacent water area using a high-resolution regional model of the Black Sea dynamics. The z-level regional model is based on a full system of ocean hydro-thermodynamics equations and is nested in the basin-scale model of the Black Sea dynamics of Marine Hydrophysical Institute (Sevastopol). To solve the model equation system, a numerical algorithm based on the splitting method is used. Calculations show that circulation processes in the easternmost water area of the Black Sea are characterized by a permanent alternation of different circulation modes with the formation of mesoscale and submesoscale eddies throughout the year, which significantly affect the formation of thermohaline fields; atmospheric wind forcing substantially determines not only the peculiarities of the sea surface horizontal circulation, also the vertical structure of the current field.
... A high-resolution RM-IG is developed on the basis of the basin-scale model of the Black Sea dynamics [10,11] and is based on a full system of ocean hydrothermodynamics equations written in Cartesian coordinate system for deviations of temperature, salinity, pressure and density from corresponding standard vertical distributions. The model takes into account [12] As envisaged by the EU projects ARENA and ECOOP, the RM-IG is nested in the basin-scale model of Marine Hydrophysical Institute (Sevastopol) and is a core of the regional marine forecasting system for the south eastern part of the Black Sea, which covers Georgian coastal zone and surrounding water area [13]. ...
The study of hydro and thermodynamic processes in the coastal and shelf zones of seas and oceans is one of the main issues of physical oceanography, because these zones experience the most significant anthropogenic load. Circulation processes, which are closely related to temperature and salinity fields, make a significant contribution to the distribution of various impurities of anthropogenic and natural origin in the marine environment. In the present paper a numerical regional model of the Black Sea dynamics based on a full system of ocean hydro and thermodynamics equations, is used to simulate and study some peculiarities of regional hydrophysical processes occurring in 2010-2021 in the south eastern part of the Black Sea covering Georgian sector of the Black Sea and surrounding water area. Atmospheric forcing is taken into account by given at the sea surface wind stress, heat fluxes, atmospheric precipitation and evaporation using the numerical models of atmospheric dynamics ALADIN or SKIRON. The analysis of numerical experiments shows that the Georgian sector of the Black Sea and the surrounding water area is characterized by significant seasonal and interannual variability of hydrophysical fields, which is accompanied by the formation and evolution of various mesoscale cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy structures. © 2022 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci. numerical modeling, circulation, thermohaline fields, system of equations The study of formation and variability of main hydrological characteristics-currents, temperature, salinity of the seas and oceans is of particular scientific and practical interest for coastal and shelf zones, which experience the most significant anthropogenic load. Modeling and forecasting of coastal circulation and thermohaline fields plays an important role in solving problems related to navigation and construction of coastal structures, in the spatial-temporal distribution different impurities of anthropogenic and natural origin, in assessing the state of the marine ecosystem. Many marine organisms are known to be very sensitive to thermohaline conditions [1, 2]. Sea water tempe
... During the last few decades, the occurrence and behavior of near-shore mesoscale eddies (NAEs) in different regions of the Black Sea received much attention [17,19,21,22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Despite the encouraging progress in this field, these studies were mostly limited to the registration and calculation of general statistical characteristics of these eddies, including their size, velocity, and existence time [32][33][34][35]. ...
The Northeast Caucasian Current (NCC) is the northeastern part of the cyclonic Rim Current (RC) in the Black Sea. As it sometimes approaches the narrow shelf very closely, topographically generated cyclonic eddies (TGEs) can be triggered. These eddies contribute to intense, along- and cross-shelf transport of trapped water with enhanced self-cleaning effects of the coastal zone. Despite intense studies of eddy dynamics in the Black Sea, the mechanisms of the generation of such coastal eddies, their unpredictability, and their capacity to capture and transport impurities are still poorly understood. We applied a 3-D low-dissipation model DieCAST/Die2BS coupled with a Lagrangian particle transport model supported by analysis of optical satellite images to study generation and evolution of TGEs and their effect on river plumes unevenly distributed along the northeastern Caucasian coast. Using the Furrier and wavelet analyses of kinetic energy time series, it was revealed that the occurrence of mesoscale TGEs ranges from 10 up to 50 days. We focused on one particular isolated anticyclonic TGE that emerged in late fall as a result of instability of the RC impinging on the abrupt submarine area adjoining the Pitsunda and Iskuria capes. Being shed, the eddy with a 30-km radius traveled along the coast as a coherent structure during ~1.5 months at a velocity of ~3 km/day and vertical vorticity normalized by the Coriolis parameter ~(0.1 ÷ 1.2). This eddy captured water from river plumes localized along the coast and then ejected it to the open sea, providing an intense cross-shelf transport of riverine matter.
... The BSCFS covers almost whole coast of the Black Sea, except for the northern coast of Turkey, and includes five regions: the southwestern basin along the shores of Bulgaria and Turkey, the northwestern shelf near the shores of Romania and Ukraine, the basin around the Crimean Peninsula, the northeastern zone near the shore of Russia, and the coastal zone of Georgia. Circulation in the coastal zone of Georgia is calculated using the model in z coordinates [25]; for other regions, the BSCM (BlackSeaCoastalModel) σ-coordinate model, which is in fact a version of the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) adapted to physical and geographical conditions of the Black Sea [20,[26][27][28][29][30]. The operational circulation model, which is a base of forecasting the state of waters in the northeastern region of the Black Sea near the coast of Russia (RuReM), is installed in the Zubov State Oceanographic Institute (SOI) [23]. ...
The relevance of studying and forecasting regional circulation and the spread of impurities in the shelf/coastal zones of the seas is determined by intensive human economic activity, which causes a large anthropogenic load on coastal marine ecosystems. The aim of this paper is to study the mesoscale circulation under real atmospheric forcing and its contribution to the oil slick transport in the southeastern part of the Black Sea using a regional model of the Black Sea dynamics (RM-IG) and a 2-D oil slick transport model, which is coupled to the RM-IG. The RM-IG with 1 km horizontal resolution is based on a z-level primitive equations system of ocean hydrothermodynamics. During the EC project ARENA (2003–2005) the RM-IG was nested in the basin-scale model of the Black Sea dynamics of Marine Hydrophysical Institute (Sevastopol, Ukraine) with 5 km horizontal resolution. The transport model is based on 2-D advection-diffusion equation for non-conservative substances. Atmospheric forcing is taken into account by prognostic meteorological fields derived from the atmospheric model SKIRON. Numerical experiments have shown that during all seasons there is a generation, deformation, and disappearance of anticyclonic and cyclonic meso- and submesoscale vortex formations, which have a significant impact on the pollutants dispersion process. Intensive vortex formations are observed during light winds. Strong winds have a smoothing effect and prevent the formation of vortex structures. In a number of cases, the unstable eddy formations with a diameter of 5–20 km are generated in a narrow strip along the Georgian coast presenting a width of about 20–30 km.
Tiene 58 citas:
1. Dzhioev, T.Z., and A.S. Sarkisjyan: Prognostic Calculations of Currents in Black Sea. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (USSR-U.S.A., Amer. Geophys. Union, American Meteorol. Soc.), 1976, 12 (2): 130-134 (217-223) (Citation Index SCI, 1976, p. 26580; Source Index SCI, 1976, p. 3233) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
2. Zalesnyi, V.B.: Solution of a Modified Dirichlet Problem in Sea Circulation Theory. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (USSR-U.S.A., American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society), 1976, 12 (6): 634-640 (217-223) (Citation Index SCI, 1976, p. 26580; Source Index SCI, 1976, p. 13624) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
3. Kordzadze, A.A.: Solvability of One Steady Problem of Baroclinic Ocean Dynamics. Doklady AN SSSR (USSR-U.S.A., American Mathematical Society), 1977, 232 (2): 308-311 (Citation Index SCI, 1977 (3), p. 31270) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
4. Teoman Norman: Coastal currents of Western Black 8ea using Landsat (Erts) imagery. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni (Bulletm of the Geoîogical Bodety of Turkey), v. 20, 55-62, February, 1977). Full text:
http:/eski.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/3173935ed8ac4bf_ek.pdf?dergi=TURKYEJEOLOJIBULTENI
5. Kordzadze, A.A.: Solvability of Ocean Dynamics Problems Taking Account of Wind Currents. Doklady AN SSSR (USSR-U.S.A., American Mathematical Society), 1977, 237 (1): 52-55 (Citation Index SCI, 1977 (3), p. 31270) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
6. Kordzadze, A.A.: Solvability of a 3-Dimensional Stationary Quasilinear Problem of the Baroclinic Ocean. Doklady AN SSSR, (USSR-U.S.A., Amer. Math. Soc.), 1979, 244 (1): 52-56 (Citation Index SCI, 1979 (4), p. 32764) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
7. Kordzadze, A.A.: Mathematical Aspects of the Solution of the Ocean Dynamics Problems. Computing Center, The USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, USSR, 1982, 148 pp.
8. Marchuk, G.I., M.A. Bubnov, V.B. Zalesny, and A.A. Kordzadze: Mathematical Modelling of Sea Currents, Tidal Waves and Developing Numerical Algorithms. In: Actual Problems of Numerical and Applied Mathematics. The USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, Novosibirsk, USSR, 1983, 155-165.
9. Zalesny, V.B., A.A. Kordzadze, and A.G. Girgvliani: Numerical Study of the Seasonal Variability of Hydrological Characteristics of the Black Sea. In: Numerical Modelling of the Dynamics of the Oceans and Internal Reservoirs, Computimg Center, The USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, USSR, 1984, 73-87.
10. Djomin, Yu.L., and D.I. Trukhchev: Numerical Simulation of Currents Near the West Coast of the Black Sea. Sov. Meteorology and Hydrology (USSR - U.S.A., Allerton Press Inc./ New York), 1984 (2): 40-46.
11. Djomin, Yu.L., and D.I. Trukhchev: Nonlinear Model of Adaptation of Density and Current Fields in the Sea. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (USSR-U.S.A., Amer. Geophys. Union, American Meteorological Society), 1984, 20 (12): 1171-1182 (Citation Index SCI, 1985 (5), p. 46204; Source Index SCI, p. 5654).
12. Tolmazin, D.: Changing Coastal Oceanography of the Black Sea. II. Mediterranean Effluent. Progress in Oceanography, 1985, 15: 277-316 (Citation Index SCI, 1985 (5), p. 46204; Source Index SCI, 1985, p. 23584) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
13. Bogolyubov N.N., V.S. Vladimirov, A.N. Kolmogorov: Gurii Ivanovich Marchuk (on his sixtieth birthday)", Russ. Math. Surv., 1985, 40 (5), 1-21 (http://www.turpion.org/php/paper.phtml?journal_id=rm&paper _id=3681).
14. Logunov A.A. (Ed.). Gurii Ivanovich Marchuk. Materials to the Biobibliography of the USSR Scientists. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow, 1985.
15. Zalesny, V.B.: Numerical Model of Ocean Dynamics Based on the Splitting-Up Method. Sov. Journal of Numerical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling (Holand-Japan, VNU Science Press), 1986, 1 (2): 141-162.
16. Gorbunov, A.E.: Modelling of the Black Sea Circulation. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (Amer. Geophys. Union, Amer. Meteorol. Society), 1986, 22 (9): 997-1002 (Citation Index SCI, 1986 (6), p.47321).
17. Marchuk, G.I.: Splitting and Variable Direction Method. Department of Numerical Mathematics, The USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR, 1986.
18. Sarkisyan, A.S., and Yu.L. Demin (Eds.), Methods and Results of Calculating the World Ocean Circulation. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1986, 150pp.
19. Blatov, A.S., A.N. Kosarev, and E.V. Stanev: Numerical Experiments on Reconstruction of Hydrological Fields in the Deep Layers of the Black Sea. Soviet Meteorology and Hydrology (Allerton Press, NY), 1987 (7): 74-79.
20. Stanev, Emil V.: Numerical Study of the Black Sea Circulation. Eigenverlag des Instituts für Meereskunde der Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 1988
(http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=oRQeAQAAMAAJ&q=Numerical+study+on+the+Black+Sea+circulation&dq=Numerical+study+on+the+Black+Sea+circulation&hl=es&sa=X&ei=KQX6TtDhNYOHsgLGh525AQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA).
21. Климок В.И., К.К. Макешов, М.В.Перцев, В.А.Рыбалка: О численном моделировании течений на северо-западном шельфе Черного моря. Морской гидрофизический журнал, Киев: ″Наукова Думка″, 1989, 3, 20-27 (en Ruso).
22. Vinogradov, M.E., A.S. Monin, and D.G. Seidov (Eds): Modelos de los Procesos en el Océano. Nauka, Moscú, URSS, 1989 (p.350).
23. Stanev, E.V.: Numerical Modelling of the Circulation and the Hydrogen Sulfide and Oxygen Distribution in the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Research, Part A - Oceanographic Research, 1989, 36 (7): 1053-1065 (Citation Index SCI, 1989 (7), p.57871; Source Index SCI, 1989, p. 25078) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
24. Marchuk, G.I. (Ed.): Scientific Program Project on Investigation of the Role of Ocean Energy Active Zones in the Climate Variations (Sections). Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, USSR, 1989.
25. Stanev, E.V.: On the Mechanisms of the Black-Sea Circulation. Earth-Science Reviews, 1990, 28 (4): 285-319 (Citation Index SCI, 1990 (7), p. 60767; Source Index SCI, 1990, p. 26664) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
26. Klimok, V.I., K.K. Makeshov, M.V. Pertseva, and V. Rybalka: On Numerical Modelling of Currents over the North-West Shelf of the Black Sea. Sov. J. Physycal Oceanography (USSR -U.S.A., American Geophysical Union), 1990, 1 (4): 271-278 (http://www.springerlink.com/content/p0321200t613269t/)
27. Stanev, E.V., Milenova LI, Roussenov VM, et al.: Dynamics of Western Black Sea - Remote Sensing and Modeling. Sov. J. Remote Sensing (USSR–Harwood Acad. Publ. GMBH, Reading), 6 (1): 25-31, 1990.
28. Balkas T., G. Dechev, R. Mihnea, O. Serbanescu & U. Unluata : State of the Marine Environment in the Black Sea Region. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies, 1990, 124, 1-44.
(Full text online: http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publications/Reports/RSRS/pdfs/rsrs124.pdf).
29. Oguz, T., Latif, M. A., Sur, H. I., Ozsoy, E., and Unluata, U. : On the dynamics of the southern Black Sea. In Black Sea Oceanography, NATO/ ASI series, 1991, pp. 43–64. Ed. by E. Izdar, and J. M. Murray. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 486 pp.
30. Eremeev, V.N. & S.V. Kochergin: Chislennoe Modelirovanie Gidrodinamiki Chernogo Moria Dlia Reshenia Ecologicheskich Zadach. Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal (Ucrania), 1992, No.2, 10-16.
31. Oguz, T., P.E. Laviolette, and Ü. Ünlüata: The Upper Layer Circulation of the Black Sea. - Its Variability as Inferred from Hydrographic and Satallite Observations. J. Geophysical Research, Oceans, 1992, 97 (C8): 12569-12584 (Citation Index SCI, 1992 (7), p. 67625; Source Index SCI, 1992, p. 22597); doi: 10.1029/92JC00812.
(http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/92JC00812/references).
32. Kordzadze, A.A., S.K. Behera, and H.J. Sawant: Numerical Model for Dynamics of Baroclinic Ocean: Experiment for North Indian Ocean. In: Physical Processes in Atmospheric Models (D.R. Sikka and S.S. Singh, Eds.), 1992, John Wiley & Sons, p. 405-421.
33. Blatov, A.C., and B.A. Ivanov: Hydrology and Hydrodynamics of the Black Sea Shelf Zone (Using the South Crimea Coast as an Example). Naukova Dumka, Kiev, Ucraine, 1992 (p.237).
34. Eremeev, V.N., and S.V. Kochergin: Numerical Modelling of the Black Sea Hydrodynamics with Application to Ecological Problems. Physical Oceanography (VSP, Netherlands-Japan, 1993, 4 (2): 95-102.
35. Sur, H.I., E. Ozsoy, and Ü. Ünlüata: Boundary Current Instabilities, Upwelling Shelf Mixing and Eutrophication Processes in the Black Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 1994, 33 (4): 249-302 (Citation Index SCI, 1994 (7), p. 73535; Source Index SCI, 5D, 1994, p. 6414) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
36. Oguz, T., P. Malanotte Rizzoli, and D. Aubrey: Wind and Thermohaline Circulation of the Black Sea Driven by Yearly Mean Climatological Forcing. J. Geophysic. Research, Oceans, 1995, 100 (C4): 6845-6863, (Citation Index SCI, 1995 (7), p.76750) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
37. Nilgün Kiran N., O. Yenigün, E. Albek & O. Borekçi: Wind-induced circulations of the Black Sea. Water Science and Technology, 32 (7), 1995, 87-93
(http://scholar.google.com.mx/scholar?start=20&q=Yu.+N.+Skiba&hl=es&as_sdt=0
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBB-3YKKY3V-4T&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1995&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5ac7348c91a18854d1e789cde6d8e2f1&searchtype=a).
38. Trukhchev D. & A.S. Sarkisyan: A Hydrodynamic Diagnosis of Climatic Fields of Temperature, Salinity, and Currents in the Black Sea. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (USSR-U.S.A., American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society), 1996, 776-786 (Full text online in ps format).
39. Еремеев В.Н., & С.В. Кочергин: Идентификация параметров модели переноса пассивной примеси в Черном море. Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal (Ucrania), 1996, No.1, 46-55 (en Ruso).
40. Ибраев Р.А. и Трухчев Д.И.: Диагноз климатической сезонной циркуляции и изменчивости холодного промежуточного слоя в Черном море. Изв. АН СССР, Физика Атмосферы и Океана (Ruso), 1996, 604-619.
41. Sur, H.I., E. Ozsoy, Y.P. Ilyin, and Ü. Ünlüata: Coastal Deep-Ocean Interactions in the Black Sea and Their Ecological/Environmental Impacts. Journal of Marine Systems, 1996, 7 (2-4): 293-320, (Citation Index SCI, 3B, 1996, p. 19449; Source Index SCI, 3D, 1996, p. 8261) (http://wos.isitrial.com). Full text:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VF5-3VWF85W-D&_user=945819&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1121420597&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000048981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=945819&md5=20143b1ba644b6b989d2f30bd4567cc3
42. Bulgakov S.N.: Formation of the Large-Scale Circulation and Stratification in the Black Sea. The Role of Buoyancy Fluxes. Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Sebastopol, Ukraine, 1996, 1-243.
43. Ibraev, R.A., and D.I. Trukhchev: A Diagnosis of the Climatic Seasonal Circulation and Variability of the Cold Intermediate Layer in the Black Sea. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (USSR-U.S.A., American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society), 1996, 32 (5): 655-671 (Citation Index SCI, 1997 (1b), p. 17005; Source Index SCI, 1997 (1d), p. 3026) (http://wos.isitrial.com).
44. Eremeev, V.N., and S.V. Kochergin: The Identification of Parameters of Model Passive Impurity Transport in the Black Sea. Physical Oceanography (VSP, The Netherlands-Japan, 1997, 8 (1): 39-46 (Full text: http://www.springerlink.com/content/k17x43h362793321/fulltext.pdf).
45. Ozsoy E., and Ü. Ünlüata: Oceanography of the Black Sea: a Review of Some Recent Results. Earth-Science Reviews (Elsevier Science), 1997, 42 (4): 231-272 (http://wos.isitrial.com). Full text of paper:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V62-3T7F3RC-2&_user=945819&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1121377766&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000048981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=945819&md5=cd7e609ff18f9b869ae229c6ed572e7f
46. Ozsoy E., and Ü. Ünlüata (1997): Oceanography of the Black Sea: a Review of Some Recent Results. Course on Shallow Water and Shelf Sea Dynamics, SMR/989-9, 7-25 April, 1997. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, P.K. 28 Erdemli – Icel 33731 Turkey, 52 pp. Full text: http://indico.ictp.it/event/a02346/contribution/8/material/0/0.pdf
47. Bulgakov S.N., V.M. Kushnir, and A.Z. Martínez: Black Sea vertical circulation and extremums of the hydrochemical and hydrooptical parameters. Oceanologica Acta, 1999, 22 (4), 367-380.
48. Gokay M. Karakas1, Alec E. James and Alaa MA Al-Barakati: An Isopycnic Model Study of the Black Sea. In Proceedings of the 6th …, 2000 - Amer Society of Civil Engineers: Estuarine and Coastal Modeling
(http://scholar.google.com.mx/scholar?hl=es&lr=&cites=12541308215662677226).
49. Demyshev S.G.: Numerical Modeling of the Black Sea Baroclinic Circulation for Different Values of the Turbulence Coefficients. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (USSR-U.S.A., American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society), 2001, 37 (3): 382-388.
50. V.V. Knysh, S. G. Demyshev and G. K. Korotaev: A Procedure of Reconstruction of the Climatic Seasonal Circulation in the Black Sea Based on the Assimilation of Hydrological Data in the Model. Physical Oceanography (Springer New York), 2002, 12 (2), 88-103 (http://www.springerlink.com/content/ n3ugxgg6pd1gd07u/; http://scholar.google.com.mx/scholar?hl=es&lr=&cites=7236338597687770184).
(http://www.springerlink.com/content/n3ugxgg6pd1gd07u/; http://scholar.google.com.mx/scholar?hl=es&lr=&cites=7236338597687770184).
51. Campos de la Rosa R. (Ed.) Obras del Dr. J. Adem, V.3, El Colegio Nacional, México, 2002, ISBN: 970-640-202-0.
52. Demyshev S.G.: Modeling the seasonal variability of the Black Sea hydrophysical fields with harmonic and biharmonic parametrizations of the horizontal friction force. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (USSR-U.S.A., American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society), 2003, 39 (2): 248-258.
53. Ryan W.B.F., Major C.O., Lericolais G., Goldstein S.L.: Catastrophic Flooding of the Black Sea, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 31: 525-554, 2003.
(http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141249)
54. Tuzhilkin V.S.: General circulation. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry (Springer), 2008, Vol.5: Water Pollution 5Q, 159-194 (Full text: http://www.springerlink.com/content/75k1835478176q5r/fulltext.pdf; http://www.scopus.com).
55. Kordzadze A.A., D. I. Demetrashvili, A. A. Surmava: On the Black Sea circulation with very strong and weak winds. Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, 32 (9), 2007, 588-592 (http://www.scopus.com).
56. Kordzadze A.A., D. I. Demetrashvili, A. A. Surmava: Numerical Modeling of Hydrophysical Fields of the Black Sea Under The Conditions of Alternation of Atmospheric Circulating Processes. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (Russia-U.S.A.), 44 (2), 2008, 213-224 (Full text:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/pn312073661w5108/fulltext.pdf)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/pn312073661w5108/fulltext.pdf?page=1
http://www.maikonline.com/maik/showArticle.do?auid=VAFE1A7B5C&lang=ru
57. Kordzadze A.A. & D. I. Demetrashvili: Modelling of dynamical processes in the Black Sea. GESJ: Physics, 1(3), 2010, 25-45.
58. Karydis M. & Kitsiou D. (2014): Eutrophication in the european regional seas: A review on impacts, assessment and policy. In: Phytoplankton: Biology, Classification and Environmental Impact. Nova Science Publishers, pp. Inc.,167-243.
1] TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS altimeter data comprising the period from May 1992 to May 1999 are assimilated into a shallow water model for providing a dynamically consistent interpretation of the sea surface height variations and estimation of the temporal and spatial characteristics of the upper layer circulation in the Black Sea. These 7-year-long observations offer a new capability for interpretation of major transient and quasi-permanent features of the upper layer circulation. The instantaneous flow fields involve a complex, eddy-dominated system with different types of structural organizations in which the eddies and the gyres of the interior cyclonic cell interact continuously among themselves and with meanders, and filaments of the Rim Current. The circulation possesses a distinct seasonal cycle whose major characteristic features repeat every year with some year-to-year variability. An organized two-gyre winter circulation system disintegrates gradually into a series of interconnecting eddies in the summer and autumn months, which are also characterized by more pronounced and complex mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow system. Our analyses suggest a revised schematic circulation picture of the major quasi-permanent and recurrent elements of the Black Sea. Citation: Korotaev, G., T. Oguz, A. Nikiforov, and C. Koblinsky, Seasonal, interannual, and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C4), 3122, doi:10.1029/2002JC001508, 2003.
The hydrological regime of the Black Sea in the conditions of permanent alternation of atmospheric circulation processes was
investigated on the basis of a baroclinic prognostic model of the sea dynamics. In the model, variations in the wind action
were expressed as permanent alternation of 24 wind types characteristic of the Black Sea basin throughout the year. Thermohaline
impact of the atmosphere was taken into account by specifying the annual trends of temperature and salinity at the sea surface,
which was established from multiyear means of these parameters. The problem was solved numerically on the basis of the method
of two-cycle splitting with the use of the grid with a horizontal spacing of 5 km. Results of the numerical experiment showed
that, under the influence of a strong nonstationarity of atmospheric processes, the water circulation in the upper layer of
the Black Sea changes qualitatively and quantitatively. The upper 20–30-m layer of the sea is particularly sensitive to atmospheric
circulation variations. For any character of atmospheric circulation, the Black Sea circulation below this layer is nearly
always cyclonic with internal cyclonic rotations.
Some results of simulation of the Black Sea circulation with consideration of forcing of different averaged wind types by using 3-D prognostic baroclinic model are presented. The results allow us to consider all depth of the sea basin consisting of some relatively homogeneous sub-layers. Within each of them general circulation processes practically do not change by depth, but essentially change from layer to layer. Such character of changeability interpreted by us as a steepness of the Black Sea general circulation takes place in majority cases of climatic atmospheric wind forcing. In the present paper results are analyzed on an example of forcing of January atmospheric cyclonic vortex with ~250 km diameter. Under such forcing the Ekman surface layer of ~12 m thickness is created. The cyclonic vortex formed in the east part of the Black Sea, which is Taylor-Proudman potential vortex with vertical cylindrical configuration, is described in detail. The vertical distribution of vortex characteristics are given in figures: Brunt-Väisälä frequency and Richardson number taken near the vortex wall with maximal velocity. The viable vortexes are characterized by introduced the universal Reynolds number Re•.
Circulation features of the Black Sea are presented based upon a basin-scale survey carried out in September–October 1990. The circulation pattern for the upper 300–400 dbar consists of a cyclonically meandering Rim Current, a series of anticycloniceddies confined between the coast and the Rim Current, and a basin-wide, multi-centered cyclonic cell in the interior of the basin. In contrast to prior investigations, although the currents are much weaker as compared with those in the upper layer, the intermediate depth (defined here between 500 and 1000 dbar) circulations reveal considerable structural variability. This involves counter-currents, shift of eddy centers, coalescence of eddies, and associated sub-basin-scale recirculation cells separated by the meandering Mid-Basin Current system. A descriptive synthesis of the upper layer circulation, combining the present results with earlier findings, identifies the quasi-permanent and recurrent features even though the shape, position, strength of eddies and meander pattern, and the bifurcation structure of currents vary.
Method of climatological calculation of the net radiation
- G G Berlyand
Berlyand, G. G.: Method of climatological calculation of the net
radiation (in Russian), Meteorologia i gidrologia, Moscow, 6, 9-12, 1960.
Mathematical modelling of sea currents (theory, algorithms, numerical experiments)
- A A Kordzadze
Kordzadze, A. A.: Mathematical modelling of sea currents (theory,
algorithms, numerical experiments), Moscow, OVM AN SSSR,
218 pp., 1989 (in Russian).
On the correctness as a whole of a 3D problem of ocean dynamics
- V I Sukhonosov
Sukhonosov, V. I.: On the correctness as a whole of a 3D problem of
ocean dynamics, in: Mechanics of Inhomogeneous Continuous
media, Computer Center, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy
of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 52, 37-53, 1981 (in Russian).