TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR) ACTIVITIES IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNERS

Abstract

The paper studies the potential of the Total Physical Response (TPR) activities
to develop young learners’ foreign language skills and knowledge. Being a language
teaching method that uses movement/physical activity to teach language, TPR responds
favourably to the children’s need to be physically active, to learn by doing, and
to learn language in meaningful communicative contexts and stress-free atmosphere. The
paper gives a selection of TPR activities that cater to a variety of children’s language
levels (from early stages of instruction/acquiring receptive language, to higher levels of
proficiency/developing productive skills), respect their different physical ability (including
sensory impairments and physical disability), and assist several stages of developing
communication skills (from responding to commands to playing action games/acting out
stories). The activities are classified in relation to a function they can have in a lesson
(lead-in, warm-up, introduction, recycling, and wrap-up). The paper concludes that the
main potential of using TPR activities in language teaching is in creating conditions
similar to first language learning (making input meaningful and comprehensible), in reducing
stress and engaging children affectively, and in assisting retention through motor
movement.

Full text

ФАКУЛТЕТ ПЕДАГОШКИХ НАУКА УНИВЕРЗИТЕТА У КРАГУЈЕВЦУ, ЈАГОДИНА
Физичка култура и модерно друштво, пос. изд, књ. 17, 2014, стр. 447–454
vera.savic@open.telekom.rs 447
Vera M. Savić UDC 81'243-053.2
University of Kragujevac 159.954.5-053.2
Faculty of Education in Jagodina 371.3::811.111
Serbia
TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR) ACTIVITIES
IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNERS
Abstract: The paper studies the potential of the Total Physical Response (TPR) ac-
tivities to develop young learners’ foreign language skills and knowledge. Being a lan-
guage teaching method that uses movement/physical activity to teach language, TPR re-
sponds favourably to the children’s need to be physically active, to learn by doing, and
to learn language in meaningful communicative contexts and stress-free atmosphere. The
paper gives a selection of TPR activities that cater to a variety of children’s language
levels (from early stages of instruction/acquiring receptive language, to higher levels of
proficiency/developing productive skills), respect their different physical ability (includ-
ing sensory impairments and physical disability), and assist several stages of developing
communication skills (from responding to commands to playing action games/acting out
stories). The activities are classified in relation to a function they can have in a lesson
(lead-in, warm-up, introduction, recycling, and wrap-up). The paper concludes that the
main potential of using TPR activities in language teaching is in creating conditions
similar to first language learning (making input meaningful and comprehensible), in re-
ducing stress and engaging children affectively, and in assisting retention through motor
movement.
Key words: young learners, Total Physical Response, language activities, motor
skills.
1. INTRODUCTION
Total Physial Response (TPR) is a method of teaching a foreign or second language
(target language) by developing listening comprehension through a series of commands
to which students respond with physical activity. It was founded by James Asher, a pro-
fessor of psychology, in the late 1960’s and is still considered and used as a valuable
linguistic tool in teaching a target language, especially in initial stages of instruction. It
combines language and gesture, thus making language acquisition more natural and
memorable (Asher 2007; Curtain and Dahlberg 2010; Larsen-Freeman 2004; Morley
2001). Learners are not expected to speak while performing actions, which makes TPR
stress-free and suitable for teaching beginners, either young learners, teenagers or adults
(Asher 2007).
When teaching young learners, TPR can be very beneficial as it responds favourably
to their tendency to learn best by doing; it also respects children’s need to develop listen-
ing comprehension before speaking and to take as much time as necessary before they
feel ready to speak. As Peck (2001, 143) notices it, children „seem to learn language
quickly and thoroughly when the brain and body work together“. The physical aspect of
TPR learning process makes it possible to integrate physical exercise and play into lan-

Savić M. V: Total Physical Response (TPR) Activities in Teaching English to Young Learners
Физичка култура и модерно друштво, пос. изд, књ. 17, 2014, стр. 447–454
448
guage teaching quite naturally and to enhance children’s physical activity and engage-
ment outside Physical Education classes, contributing not only to their linguistic, but
also to their physical development. The paper will describe the basic characteristics of
the method and its possible application in a young learner classroom.
2. PRINCIPLES OF TPR
The basic principles guiding TPR method are drawn from developmental psychol-
ogy, theory of learning, brain research, and humanistic pedagogy (Richards and Rodgers
2006, 73). Asher believes that learning a target language should be similar to native
language acquisition: in learning a native language, comprehension comes before speak-
ing and a child first responds to commands physically, and only later verbally; as affec-
tive factors are very important in learning, teachers should create a comfortable learning
atmosphere to lower the affective filter and to help learning; gestures should be com-
bined with listening comprehension to increase long-term retention; since brain proc-
esses information faster and accepts it as reliable if listening is followed by movement
(right brain learning), without speaking or translation (left brain learning), learners
should be silent not to cause ’brain overload’: by silently responding to commands,
learners internalise the new language (phonology, vocabulary, grammar and semantics)
simultaneously, without any analysis, and speaking, reading and writing should follow
later, after a solid foundation has been created by TPR (Asher 2007).
Asher draws the above principles on three very influential learning hypotheses: 1.
there is an innate language learning bio-programme which involves the following steps
and processes: children develop listening comprehension before they start to speak;
children’s listening comprehension is acquired by responding physically to parents’
commands; solid listening comprehension enables speech to develop naturally, with no
effort; 2. TPR is directed to right brain learning (unlike most language teaching meth-
ods), and right brain activities make it possible for the left brain hemisphere to process
language for speaking, reading and writing; 3. first language acquisition happens in and
is fostered by stress-free environment, which means that similar conditions should be
created in target language learning: TPR reduces anxiety by sequencing the introduction
of skills and by focusing on meaning (by combining listening comprehension and physi-
cal response) instead of on language form and grammatical structures (Richards and
Rodgers 2006, 74–75).
However, the main aim of TPR method is to teach basic speaking and communica-
tion skill (ibid., 75), and it is achieved by exposing learners to carefully graded vocabu-
lary and grammar structures as „the material gradually increases in complexity so that
each new lesson builds on the ones before“ (Lightbown and Spada 2006, 146). TPR is a
form of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach, which was developed in
the 1980’s, proposing that learners learn a target languge best when using it for meaning-
ful communication, while grammar explanations are not needed. Although TPR can
enable learners to reach high proficiency levels and to build up considerable knowledge,
its potential is limited when it comes to developing speaking skills (Cameron 2008, 107).
Still, this method is widely used in teaching beginners and is quite effective when teach-
ing children: the complexity of the input is gradually increased, children are involved in
listening, responding to commands, and doing actions with a song or a story, and after
some time they take over from the teacher and give commands themselves (ibid.).

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3. TPR PROCEDURE
Language lessons based on TPR involve a series of teacher’s commands introduced
gradually and repeated until internalised by the class. The teacher first gives a command
and performs the corresponding action with four volunteers in front of the class (com-
mand: Stand up.), while the class just listens and watches them perform. New commands
are added one by one to a set of already internalised commands (Stand up. Sit down.
Turn around. Jump. Stop. Walk.), with the teacher modelling the corresponding activities
together with the volunteers, and frequently changing the sequence of commands (Lar-
sen-Freeman 2004, 109).
In the next stage, the teacher gives already introduced and practised commands
without performing the actions, and the volunteers respond, demonstrating their under-
standing of the language introduced and practised. After checking understanding with
volunteers, the teacher gives the first command (Stand up.) to the class, and after all
students show their comprehension, the teacher continues with other commands that the
class has observed being performed by the teacher and the volunteers (Sit down. Stand
up. Jump. Stop. Sit down. Stand up. Turn around. Turn around. Jump. Sit down.) (ibid.).
It is important that the commands are introduced at the right pace (three at a time, as
Larsen-Freeman suggests (ibid. 116)), so that all students can feel successful.
Once the class can perform all the commands without hasitation, the teacher intro-
duces new language through new commands that are more complex and contain not only
new verbs, but also nouns, adjectives and adverbs: Point to the door/the chair/the desk.
Walk to the door/the window/the chair. Touch the chair/the door/the desk. etc. In this
way, not only content words can be introduced and practised, but grammar words, as
well (articles, prepositions, pronouns, etc.). The sequence of commands should be varied
until all the students are able to follow the commands with no hesitation. Also, it is very
important to introduce the commands that are new to the students (e.g. Jump to the desk.
Sit on the desk.), and to give compound commands that require two or more actions (e.g.
Point to the door and walk to the door.): this helps students to develop flexibility in
understanding unknown utterances and keeps them motivated and attentive (ibid. 110–
114). Moreover, the teacher can give a series of connected commands and create an
action sequence related to everyday acivities, like giving instructions about writing a
letter: Take out a pen. Take out a piece of paper. Write a letter. (imaginary) Fold the
letter. Put it in an envelope. Write the address on the envelope. Put a stamp on the enve-
lope. Mail the letter. (ibid. 117). By responding to compound commands correctly, with
no hesitation, the students demonstrate that they have internalised the new language.
In the first few weeks of introducing and practising English through TPR, students
are not expected to speak, but only to observe and respond nonverbally. However, when
some students feel confident enough to give commands, they take over one by one, and
the class and the teacher respond with actions. Speaking is thus introduced at students’
individual pace, as an anxiety-free activity. The errors that appear when the students give
commands are part of the learning process and they should not be corrected until the
students become more proficient (ibid. 113). Evaluation can be easily performed by
giving commands to individual students or by having them create and perform skits in
pairs or groups (ibid. 115). The focus should be on vocabulary and grammatical struc-
tures that are embedded in imperatives as meaning, rather than form. Grammar is, there-
fore, learned inductively, which makes TPR particularly suitable for teaching English to
young learners. Moreover, TPR has the potential to create fun and enjoyment (e.g.

Savić M. V: Total Physical Response (TPR) Activities in Teaching English to Young Learners
Физичка култура и модерно друштво, пос. изд, књ. 17, 2014, стр. 447–454
450
through humorous commands and skits), which further makes language learning more
effective when teaching children. TPR thus satisfies the need for comprehensible input
and reduction of stress, which Krashen considers to be the keys to successful language
acquisition (Richards and Rodgers 2006, 78–79) and makes it highly applicable with
young learners.
Although Asher’s research with German, Spanish and Japanese learners shows that
students can develop rather advanced levels of comprehension of vocabulary and gram-
mar structures, without any oral practice (Krashen 1998), linguists agree that the main
aim of TPR is the development of basic speaking skill and that it should be supple-
mented with other methods to be able to contribute to the development of other language
skills (Lightbown and Spada 2006, 149; Richards and Rodgers 2006, 79). Listening
comprehension lessons are seen as “a vehicle for teaching elements of grammatical
structure and [they] allow new vocabulary items to be contextualized within a body of
communicative discourse“ (Morley 2001, 70). Listening in TPR activities requires both
understanding and performing actions like hand or body movement, thus responding
well to the needs of children as learners.
4. TPR ACTIVITIES FOR TEACHING ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNERS
Children are holistic learners and they need to use language for meaningful purposes
and real communication. Therefore, the activities in the classroom should cater for their
language learning needs: focusing on meaning, instead of on accuracy; stressing the
value of activity, not the value of the language; involving collaboration and social devel-
opment; providing a rich context, a lot of movement and activities that are interesting
and fun, like songs, chants, poems, rhymes, stories or games that involve a lot of move-
ment and gesture in response to rhythmic and repetitive language (Peck 2001, 140–145).
Moreover, TPR activities appeal to kinesthetic learners and support their learning of a
foreign language.
TPR activities, especially action games, can be used to introduce new language in a
very effective way. The teacher interacts with children in the following sequence: giving
commands, modelling the desired behaviour, removing the model after a few repetitions
(when children respond confidently), combining commands in unexpected and creative
ways, or turning them into stories and competitive games. Curtain and Dahlberg (2010,
63–64) describe the procedure as specific steps to be followed by the teacher, and give
the following examples:
• Raise your hand. Put your hand on your foot. Turn around. Put your hand on the
floor.
• Put your hand on your elbow. Raise your knee. Turn around. Jump backwards
three times.
• Put your elbow on your knee and turn around.
• Raise your hand. Walk backwards to the map, put your left hand on your head
and put your right elbow on South America.
• Angie, hold the (stuffed animal) monkey with your right hand. Mario, put your
right elbow on the monkey’s head. Kim, put your elbow on the monkey’s nose.
Class, take out your (imaginary) cameras and take a picture of the monkey and
his friends. Smile!

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Useful vocabulary for beginning TPR should involve action verbs like stand up, sit
down, lift/raise, lower, point to, lay/place, take, pick up, jump, skip, walk, turn around,
clap, open, shut, hold, drink, eat, wave, then adjectives and adverbs such as fast, slow,
(three) times, (to the) left/right/front/back, high, low, backwards, forwards, sedeways,
above/over, below/under, in, on, next to, and nouns denoting body parts, classroom ob-
jects, parts of the room, colours and numbers (ibid., 62). Children should be given the
possibility to employ their imagination when using their bodies as a resource for obeying
the teacher’s command like Make your body like a pair of scissors/a car/a bicycle/a ball
(Moon 2005, 141). Children’s understanding of a concept is supported by their under-
standing of an object’s shape and function, which helps them to associate body move-
ment with the concept. A similar task is Body Spelling, in which children use their bod-
ies to shape letters necessary to spell a given word.
Learning new concepts through the body helps children understand the meaning
without the teacher’s explanation or translation. Such learning can easily be assessed by
giving commands in new, unpredictabe sequences and observing how fast and confi-
dently children respond to them. It is very important that the teacher should not give any
commands that can embarrass children. However, intriducing funny commands is usu-
ally greatly appreciated by children, like in this example: Walk, walk, walk. Walk to the
left, walk to the right. Drink, drink, drink. Drink to the left, drink to the right. Even giv-
ing outrageous commands, such as Put your elbow on the ceiling. can be useful in
strengthening children’s understanding of what is possible/impossible (Curtain and
Dahlberg 2010, 64).
4.1 Commands
The most usual TPR activities involve teacher’s commands to which students re-
spond physically, demonstrating comprehension. Some commands require using large-
motor skills, while others involve interaction with classroom objects, like desks, chairs,
maps, the whiteboard, board markers, or pictures and charts (ibid., 61–62). Here are
some example TPR activities based on commands.
1. Depending on the topic of the lesson, the teacher can prepare commands that
will strengthen vocabulary learning using hand movement to manipulate any set
of pictures or flashcards: Point to / Touch / Pick up (an apple / a pear / an or-
ange / a strawberry). The activity can become more physically demanding if
carried out as a competitive game in which the speed of running and the ability
to understand commands are combined: the pictures or flashcards can be stuck
on the whiteboard and individual members of two groups of children run to the
whiteboard to touch or pick up the picture with the word the teacher uses in
his/her command; the group that collects more flashcards is the winner. This ac-
tivity can be done as a lead-in for introducing new vocabulary, or as a practice
activity for reviewing vocabulary.
2. A more demanding activity will be the one requiring children to act out the
verbs appearing in a story. A good example is the story Susan Laughs by
Jeanne Willis (2000). There are 14 action verbs in the story in two categories:
sports and hobbies - dance, paint, ride, row, sing, swim, trot, and activities done
in the park - fly, hide, spin, splash, swing, throw, wave. Children can mime the
verbs, either while listening to the story or responding to teacher’s commands.

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Hearing impaired children can be scaffolded with flashcards showing the pic-
tures of activities, while physically impaired children can respond by holding
up a flashcard showing the action that corresponds to the teacher’s command.
Further, the verbs can be practiced by playing the game Susan says (similar
to the well known action game Simon says): Susan says laugh! Susan says
swim! Susan says wave! Susan says laugh! Children are supposed to perform
only the activities introduced with Susan says. If children mime the action when
the teacher says Laugh! without saying Susan says, they are out (Ellis 2008, 3–
4). The commands can be made more challenging if given with increasingly
faster speed. These activities can be used as practice or wrap-up activities, or at
any time during the lesson if a change of pace is needed.
3. For lessons ouside the classroom, more action can be introduced with com-
mands like: Run forward. Take three teps to the left. Jump up and down. Throw
the ball. The sequence of commands should be prepared in advance so that they
are given fast, for the amusement of children (Lee 1986, 102).
4.2 TPR Storytelling
TPR storytelling is another method that uses pantomime and physical activity: each
word in a story has its own gesture, which can be drawn from Sign Language for hearing
impaired students (Peck 2001, 146). After children have learned the vocabulary appear-
ing in the story by responding to it with gestures or pantomime, the teacher tells this
mini-story and the students act it out: Tammy has a cat in the chair. The cat runs away.
Tammy looks everywhere for the cat. She comes back and sits down. Oh! The cat is
asleep in the chair. (Seely and Romijn 1998, 42, cited in Peck 2001, 146).
4.3 Miming and role-playing
This group of activities/games are usually related to a traditional song and focus on
bringing language of the songs to life with simulation. Using simulation and dramatisa-
tion children act out the traditional songs, like The Mulberry Bush. When listening to the
song, children join hands and run round a ring, and then stand still to mime washing
their hands, cleaning their teeth, brushing their hair, cleaning their shoes, or going to
school (Lee 1986, 151–152). Another well-known action song is Head, shoulders, knees
and toes, in which children touch respective body parts, thus performing physical exer-
cise that requires them to bend forward and croach down.
What is more, movement and actions are often naturally embedded in stories for
children. Actions can be introduced and practised before storytelling, and after that done
during the storytelling (Shin 2014, 221). In this way, storytelling is more active and
enjoyable, and actions meaningful and contextualised. Shin (ibid.) gives an example of
performing physical actions of the story Five Little Monkeys (Jumping on the Bed) by
both the teacher and the children during storytelling: changing into their pajamas, brush-
ing their teeth, jumping, falling, calling and sleeping. These activities can make the story
memorable.

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5. CONCLUSION
The paper has focused on TPR activities appropriate for teaching a foreign language
to young learners, and on the potential of such activities to develop not only children’s
listening comprehension, but also a solid vocabulary and grammar foundation for speak-
ing and communication activities. The paper has explored a number of benefits of using
TPR method in teaching a foreign language to children: body movement (large-motor
skills) can reinforce language learning and potentially strengthen physical development
of children; enjoyment created in stress-free activities that focus on physical movement
can further foster children’s engagement, inhance motivation for participating in action
games, and make foreign language learning truly effective.
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19. Slattery, M. & J. Willis (2001). English for Primary Teachers. Oxford: Oxford University
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20. Willis, J. (2000). Susan Laughs. Red Fox. Story notes (Gail Ellis) and worksheets (Jo Ber-
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plans/susan-laughs)
Вера M. Савић
Универзитет у Крагујевцу
Факултет педагошких наука, Јагодина
ПРИМЕНА МЕТОДА TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR) У НАСТАВИ
ЕНГЛЕСКОГ ЈЕЗИКА НА МЛАЂЕМ УЗРАСТУ
Сажетак. У раду се анализирају могућности примене метода Total Physical Res-
ponse (TPR) у настави енглеског језика на млађем узрасту. Овај савремени метод за-
снива подучавање страног језика на повез ивању покрета/физичке активности са го-
вором кроз физички одговор на говорну наредбу. Total Physical Response има велики
потенцијал у раду са децом млађег узраста јер задовољава њихову потребу да буду
физички активна, да уче кроз практично ангажовање, и да страни језик усвајају у ра-
зумљивом комуникативном контексту и пријатној атмосфери у настави. У раду су
приказане активности засноване на примени метода Total Physical Response. Све ак-
тивности су класификоване према могућностима примене у зависности од језичког
знања деце (од почетних фаза учења енглеског језика и развоја рецептивног језика до
фазе развијеније флуентности и унапређивања продуктивних језичких вешптина),
њиховим физичким способностима (уз поштовање сензорних сметњи у развоју и фи-
зичких оштећењ а), као и степена развоја комуникацијских вештина (од физичког
одговора на вербалну наредбу до учествовања у играма и глуми уз помоћ покрета,
мимике и гестикулације). Такође, рад нуди класификацију TPR активности према
фазама часа у којима се свака од њих може користити (уводне активности, презента-
ција новог градива, вежбање и понављање, и закључне активности). Закључује се да
метод Total Physical Response у великој мери задовољава савремене захтеве наставе
страног језика на млађем узрасту јер омогућава да се створе услови налик оним у ко-
јима се усваја матерњи језик (разумљив језички инпут и поступност у усвајању јези-
ка), умањује стрес и анксиозност, задовољава афективне потребе деце, и унапређује
ефикасност наставе асоцијативним везама између говора и физичке активности.
Кључне речи: ученици млађег узраста, метода Total Physical Response,
језичке активности, моторне вештине.