Menstrual Disorders: Causes and Natural Remedies

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307
J Pharm Chem B io l Sci, June-A ug us t 2016; 4(2): 307-320
Jo ur na l of P ha rmac eu ti ca l, Chemi cal and B io lo gi cal
Sciences
IS SN : 23 48 -7658
Im pa ct F ac to r (GIF ): 0 .6 15
Im pa ct F ac to r (SJI F): 2. 09 2
June-August 201 6; 4 (2 ): 307-320
Menstrual Disorders: Causes and Natural Remedies
Monawara Begum1, Sumit Das2*, H.K. Sharma1
1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
2Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Azara, Hatkhowapara, NH-37,
Guwahati- 781017, Assam
*Corresponding Author: Sumit Das, Assistant Professor, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of
Pharmaceutical Science, Azara, Hatkhowapara, NH-37, Guwahati- 781017, Assam
Received: 12 May 2016 Revise d: 29 Jul y 2016 A cc ep te d: 0 5 Au gu st 2016
INTRODUCTION
Menstruation, is the periodical flow of blood
from the uterus through the cervix and out
through the vagina, and it is also called a
"period". Menstruation occurs during the years
between puberty and menopause[1].Monthly
menstrual periods are a normal part of a
woman’s life. Menstruation is essential for the
renewal of the uterine lining in preparation for
pregnancy.The process of degeneration of
endometrial bed and removal of the same
though vagina occurs at regular interval andis
called the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle
provides important body chemicals, called
hormones, to keep healthy. It also prepares
body for pregnancy each month. A cycle is
counted from the first day of 1 period to the
Revi ew Arti cle
ABSTRACT
Menstruation often bring about a wide variety of uncomfortable symptoms Premenstrual
syndrome (PMS) encompasses the most common issues, such as mild cramping and fatigue, but the
symptoms usually go away when your period begins. However, other, more serious menstrual
problems may also arise. Menstruation that is too heavy or light, or a complete absence of a cycle, all
signal issues that can contribute to an abnormal menstrual cycle. Allopathic drugs have shown many
significant effect for the treatment of menstrual problem . Hence focus has been turned towards
home remedies. Medicinal plants play an important role in management of menstrual disorder like as
dysmenorrhea or Amenorrhea. The present review gives detailed information about various
medicinal plants and some home remedies used in the treatment of the disease.
Keyword: Menstruation; dysmenorrhea; amenorrhea; medicinal plants

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first day of the next period. The average
menstrual cycle is 28 days long. Cycles can
range anywhere from 21 to 35 days in adults
and from 21 to 45 days in young teen [2].
It is intended to discuss about this physiological
process and associated complications in detail
in the following sections including traditional
ways to get relief from such discomforts
highlighting the herbs and home remedies
commonly used.
Phases of Menstrual cycle
The entire duration of a Menstrual cycle can be
divided into four main phases (Fig. 1)such as -
Menstrual phase (From day 1 to 5) ,Follicular
phase (From day 1 to 13),Ovulation phase (Day
14) ,Luteal phase (From day 15 to 28).
Fig.1: Phases of menstrual cycle [3]
1. Menstrual phase (day 1-5)
Menstrual phase begins on the first day of
menstruation and lasts till the 5th day of the
menstrual cycle. The following events occur
during this phase [3]:
 The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft
tissue and blood vessels which exits the
body from the vagina in the form of
menstrual fluid.
 Blood loss of 10 ml to 80 ml is considered
normal.
 During these phase cramps may occur due
to the contraction of the uterine and the
abdominal muscles to expel the menstrual
fluid.
2. Follicular phase (day 1-13)
This phase also begins on the first day of
menstruation, but it lasts till the 13th day of the
menstrual cycle. The following events occur
during this phase [4]:
 The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that
stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to
grow. One of these egg cells begins to
mature in a sac-like-structure called follicle.
It takes 13days for the egg cell to reach
maturity.
 While the egg cell matures, its follicle
secretes a hormone that stimulates the
uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels
and soft tissue called endometrium.
3. Ovulation phase (day 14)
On the 14th day of the cycle, the pituitary gland
secretes a hormone that causes the ovary to
release the matured egg cell. The released egg
cell is swept into the fallopian tube by the cilia
of the fimbriae. Fimbriae are finger like
projections located at the end of the fallopian
tube close to the ovaries and cilia are slender
hair like projections on each Fimbria[3].
4. Luteal phase (day 15-28)
This phase begins on the 15th day and lasts
till the end of the cycle. The following events
occur during this phase[5]:

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 The egg cell released during the ovulation
phase stays in the fallopian tube for 24
hours.
 If a sperm cell does not impregnate the egg
cell within that time, the egg cell
disintegrates.
 The hormone that causes the uterus to
retain its endometrium gets used up by the
end of the menstrual cycle. This causes the
menstrual phase of the next cycle to begin.
Menstrual Disorders
There are a number of different menstrual
disorders. Problems can range from heavy,
painful periods to no periods at all. There are
many variations in menstrual patterns, but in
general women should be concerned when
periods come fewer than 21 days or more than
3 months apart, or if they last more than 10
days. Such events may indicate ovulation
problems or other medical conditions.
Dysmenorrhea (Painful Cramps)
Dysmenorrhea is severe, frequent cramping
during menstruation. Pain occurs in the lower
abdomen but can spread to the lower back and
thighs. Dysmenorrhea is usually referred to as
primary or secondary.
 Primary dysmenorrhea. Primary
dysmenorrhea is cramping pain caused by
menstruation. The cramps occur from
contractions in the uterus and are usually
more severe during heavy bleeding.
 Secondary dysmenorrhea. Secondary
dysmenorrhea is menstrual-related pain
that accompanies another medical or
physical condition, such as endometriosis or
uterine fibroids [6].
Menorrhagia (Heavy Bleeding)
Menorrhagia is menstrual flow that lasts longer
and is heavier than normal. The bleeding occurs
at regular intervals (during periods). It usually
lasts more than 7 days and women lose an
excessive (more than 80 mL) amount of blood.
Menorrhagia is often accompanied by
dysmenorrhea because passing large clots can
cause painful cramping.
Amenorrhea (Absence of Menstruation)
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation.
There are two categories: primary amenorrhea
and secondary amenorrhea. These terms refer
to the time when menstruation stops:
 Primary amenorrhea occurs when a girl
does not begin to menstruate by age 16.
Girls who show no signs of sexual
development (breast development and
pubic hair) by age 13 should be evaluated
by a doctor. Any girl who does not have
her period by age 15 should be evaluated
for primary amenorrhea.
 Secondary amenorrhea occurs when
periods that were previously regular stop
for at least 3 months.
Oligomenorrhea
Oligomenorrhea (Light or Infrequent
Menstruation)is a condition in which menstrual
cycles are infrequent, greater than 35 days
apart. It is very common in early adolescence
and does not usually indicate a medical
problem [7].
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of
physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms
that occur during the last week of the luteal
phase (a week before menstruation) in most
cycles. The symptoms typically do not start until
at least day 13 in the cycle, and resolve within 4
days after bleeding begins. Women may begin
to have premenstrual syndrome symptoms at
any time during their reproductive years, but it
usually occurs when they are in their late 20s to
early 40s.
Causes of Painful Menstrual Cramps
There could be some factors that lead to
menstrual cramps. Given below are a few of the

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health conditions that have been known to
cause severe menstrual pain and cramps:
 Hormonal imbalance is one of the most
common causes for menstrual cramps.
The prostaglandins, which are hormone-
like substances, trigger off contractions in
the uterine muscles, which also leads to
pain. The higher the level of
prostaglandin, the more severe the
menstrual cramps are likely to be
occurred [8].
 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), which
is a disease or rather an infection,
affecting the female reproductive organs
(Fig.2). PID is one of the most serious
complications of a sexually transmitted
disease in women: It can lead to
irreversible damage to the uterus,
ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other parts of
the female reproductive system, and is
the cause of cramps and also primary
preventable cause of infertility in women
[9].
Fig.2: Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases [9]
 Uterine fibroids are very common non-
cancerous (benign) growths that develop in
the muscular wall of the uterus (Fig.3). They
can range in size from very tiny (a quarter
of an inch) to larger than a cantaloupe.
Occasionally, they can cause the uterus to
grow to the size of a five-month pregnancy.
In most cases, there is more than one
fibroid in the uterus. While fibroids do not
always cause symptoms, their size and
location can lead to problems for some
women, including pain and heavy bleeding
[10].

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Fig.3: Uterine fibroids [10]
 Cervical Stenosis, where the opening of
the cervix is quite small because of which,
it impedes the flow of blood. This causes
the pressure in the uterus to increase,
along with the pain.
 Adenomyosis is a condition in which the
inner lining of the uterus (the
endometrium) breaks through the muscle
wall of the uterus (Fig.4). Adenomyosis
can cause menstrual cramps, lower
abdominal pressure, and bloating before
menstrual periods and can result in heavy
periods [11].
Fig.4:Adenomyosis [11]
 Endometriosis is a very painful health
condition, where the tissues that are
supposed to line the walls of the uterus
get implanted in other parts of the body,
mainly the fallopian tubes, pelvic tissues
and the ovaries (Fig.5) also cause
menstrual problem [12].

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Fig.5: Endometriosis [12]
 Pregnancy-related conditions are the
most common causes of abnormal
bleeding amongst women from the age of
20 to 40. Pain may accompany the
abnormal bleeding. A late and/or painful,
heavy period may be an early miscarriage
or a ‘blighted ovum’ where the foetus
fails to develop normally.
Few Symptoms of Menstrual disorder
Three most common symptoms present on
both days, that is, the day before and first day
of menstruation were lethargy and tiredness
(first), depression (second), and inability to
concentrate on work (third), other possible
symptoms are Nausea or vomiting, Excess
perspiration, Loose stools, Increase in the
frequency of urination, Dizziness, Loss of
appetite, Mood swings,Uneasiness.
Complication associated with menstrual
problem
 Anemia(reduction in red blood cells)
Menorrhagia is the most common cause of
anemia in premenopausal women. A blood loss
of more than 80mL (around three tablespoons)
per menstrual cycle can eventually lead to
anemia Most cases of anemia are mild.
Nevertheless, even mild anemia can reduce
oxygen transport in the blood, causing fatigue
and a diminished physical capacity. Moderate-
to-severe anemia can cause shortness of
breath, rapid heart rate, lightheadedness,
headaches, ringing in the ears (tinnitus),
irritability, pale skin, restless legs syndrome,
and mental confusion [13].
 Osteopenia (loss of bone density)
Amenorrhea caused by reduced estrogen
levels is linked to osteopenia. Conditions
that are associated with low estrogen levels
include eating disorders, pituitary tumors,
and premature ovarian failure.
 Osteoporosis (more severe bone loss that
increases fracture risk)
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by
progressive loss of bone density, thinning of
bone tissue, and increased vulnerability to
fractures. Osteoporosis may result from
disease, dietary or hormonal deficiency.
 Infertility
Some conditions associated with heavy
bleeding, such as ovulation abnormalities,
fibroids, or endometriosis, are important
contributors to infertility. Many conditions
that cause amenorrhea, such as ovulation
abnormalities and polycystic ovary
syndrome, can also cause infertility [14].
Ways to help treat Menstrual Cramping
1. Nutritional Considerations
Adequate nutrition is very important and since,
Dysmenorrhea is an inflammatory state in the
body, it is important to avoid foods that
increase inflammation response. High glycemic
foods are known to increase levels of
inflammatory chemicals in the body, including

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PGF2. Therefore, food containing an anti-
inflammatory activity or anti-inflammatory diet
is important.
The food habits that should be practiced to
avoid or to get relief from dysmenorrhea are
summarized in Table 1.
Table 1: Food habits or food supplement that should be practiced in case of dysmenorrhea
Avoid refined carbohydrates [15].
Stick to whole grains like oats, millet, brown rice,
quinoa, etc. Eat only 3 servings of grains at most a
day.
Eliminate sugary foods and processed sugar
[16].
Choose very limited amounts of honey or agave.
Choose Stevia as a sweetener when possible.
Consider eliminating dairy [17].
Dairy products are congesting to the body and
many doctors have seen a reduction in menstrual
cramp pain in women who eliminated dairy
products. If you choose dairy, try to purchase
organic or organic raw dairy only to avoid added
hormones
Reduce red meat and egg yolk consumption to
at most 2-3 times a week [18].
This is because both red meat and egg yolk are high
in arachidonic acid (AA). This has been found to
increase cellular inflammation
2. Important Nutritional Supplements:
Several studies have indicated that certain
vitamins are very effective in reducing the
severity of menstrual cramps. Following a
healthy diet is very important at all times and
not just during menstrual cycle. However,
healthy foods can help restore energy levels
and reduce lethargy, tiredness, weakness and
fatigue. Some of the foods that should be
included in a diet for menstrual cramps given in
Table 2.
Table 2: Daily requirement of nutritional supplements for menstrual disorders
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is an important nutrient in the growth and
development of adolescents and ensures healthy endometrial
growth. Women with normal menstrual loss appear to have
significantly better levels of vitamin A than women with
menorrhagia. When the women with heavy menstrual loss
were given vitamin A [19].
Magnesium
Magnesium supplements reduce PMS symptoms such as aches
and pains, depression, irritability, mood swings and fluid
retention. Magnesium helps to relax smooth muscle tissue. It
has been shown to reduce menstrual cramping greatly[20].
Omega-6 essential fatty acids
(EFAs)
Borage oil and Evening Primrose Oil are high in Omega-6 fatty
acids. Omega-6 fats can assist fertility by improving
reproductive cell structure, decrease risk of inflammation and
improve the condition of organs in the body. Borage and EPO
tone the uterus [21].
Fermented Cod Liver Oil
Provides many of the necessary building blocks for hormone
production including Vitamins A, D, and K. It also is a great
source of Omega-3s and beneficial fats [22].
Gelatin
Is a great source of calcium, magnesium and phosphate? It
supports hormone production and digestive health and helps
sooth inflammation, especially in joints [23].

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3. Herbal Support for Dysmennorhea:
Medicinal herbs are significant source of
dysmenorrheal drugs. Mono and poly-herbal
preparations have been used in various
disorders. According to one estimate, more
than 700 mono and poly-herbal preparations in
the form of decoction, tincture, tablets and
capsules from more than 100 plants are in
clinical use. A drug having beneficial effect on
the heavy bleeding during menstruation is
known as anti dysmenorrheal drug. There are a
number of herbs that can affect the activity of
the uterine muscle, someare listed in Table 3
Table 3: List of common herbs used in uterine disorder
Scientific name
Common
name
(English)
Parts
used
Method of use
RubusidaeusL;Rosaceae
Red raspberry
Leaf
Make a strong cup of raspberry leaf tea and
added into it the juice of an orange. Take 3 cups
of this mixture daily during menstruation if pain is
occured[24].
OcimumbasilicumL;lamiac
eae
Basil
Leaf
Add 15 ml of basil leaves extract to one cup of
boiling water. Cover tightly and allow it to cool.
Drink this every few hours to relif cramps[25].
Cinnamomumzeylanicumj
.presl;Lauraceeae
Cinnamon
Bark
Cinnamon is hot and aromatic herb, and it is
taken at a dose of up to 1 g three times per day as
an infusion, or as part of a herbal tea formula at a
dose of between 2–4 ml, three times daily[26].
Foeniculum vulgaris
Mill;Apiaceae
Fennel
Seeds
Adding 4 gm of fennel seeds to a cup of boiling
water simmer the mixture on low heat for five
minutes then removed from heat and strain the
tea and add honey and mix well. Drink this herbal
tea two times daily beginning three days before
the expected start date[27].
ZingiberofficinaleRoscoe;
Zingiberaceae
Ginger
Rhizo
me,
ginger
root
Ginger can be taken as a fresh or decoction of
rhizome or as tincture. The extract (tincture) is
taken at a dose of 2.5–3 ml depending on
strength. During menstruation lower doses
preferable [28].
ValerianaofficinalisL;Valer
ianaceae
Valerian
Leaves
2 ml ofvaleriana tincture is taken every 3-4 hours
as needed for pain[29].
Viburnum
opulusL;Honeysuckle
Cramps Bark
Bark
1ml of bark tincture takenevery 2-3 hours during
cramps [30].
Viburnum
prunifoliumL;Caprifoliace
ae
Black haw
Bark
Tincture of black haw is taken at a dose of 1ml
every 2-4hoursduring menstruation[31].
CimicifugaracemosaL;Ran
unculaceae
Black Cohosh
Dried
root
The usual dose ofBlack cohoshis between 1ml–2
ml of tincture, two to three times daily used
during menstruation [32].
LeonuruscardiacaL;Lamia
ceae
Motherwort
Fresh
/dried
leaves
The fresh or dried leaves of Motherwort is used in
the infusion form and the recommended dosage
is 2–6 ml of 1 in 5 tincture or 2–4 ml of 1:1 fluid
extract, and taken three times daily before

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expected date of menstruation [33].
PiscidiaerythrinaL;Fabace
ae.
Jamaican
dogwood
Root
bark
It is a Cooling herb and it is used at a dose of
between 2–8 ml three times per day during
cramps [34]
HypericumperforatumL;H
ypericaceae
St John’s wort
Leaf
The tincture of this herb is taken at a doses of
range from 2–8 ml per day during
menstruation[35].
Matricariachamomilla;Ast
eraceae
Chamomile
Leaf
One cup of boiling water is poured into a cup
containing a chamomile tea bag.Cover and let it
steep for 10 to 15 minutes. Squeeze out the tea
bag and add some lemon juice or honey as
desired.then drink at least two cups ofchamomile
tea a day during the week before menstrual
period [36].
PetroselinumcrispumL;Api
aceae
Parsley
Leaf
The fresh leaves of parsley is Pour in one cup of
boiling water and then it steep for five minutes.
Strain the solution and drink the tea
immediately.Drink this tea twice a day during
periods to minimize pain[37].
Pulsatilla vulgaris
L;Ranunculaceae
Pasque
Flower
Whole
herb
The herb pasque is as Warm with a Cooling
potential. The tincture (dried plant) is taken at a
standard dose of 1–2 ml of the daily during
periods[38].
Tanacetumparthenium L;
Asteraceae
Feverfew
Leaf
The effective dose of feverfew herb can use
quite low at 50–100 mg per day if pain is
occured[39].
Ligusticumstriatum
DC;Apiaceae
Cnidium
Rhizo
mes.
Cnidiumis acrid and warm herb and it is used as a
fluid extract it can be taken at doses of 2–6 ml,
one to three times per day during periods[40
AchilleamillefoliumL;Com
positae
Yarrow
Whole
Herb
Yarrow herb is taken by makeingtea and it is
prepared by covering 15 g of the dried herb with
boiling water and infusing overnight. After
straining, the tea is taken in divided doses over
the next day during times of heavy
menstruation[41].
Alchemilla vulgaris
L;Rosaceae
Ladies’
mantle
Root
or
herb
This herb should be used at the high end ofthe
dose range: 1.5–2.5 ml three times daily to
reduce menorrhagia[42].
Hydrastis Canadensis
L;Ranunculaceae
Golden seal
Rhizo
mes
The tincture of Golden Seal rhizome is used at a
dose of 1ml–2 ml, three times dailyto reduce the
pain [43].

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4. Benefits of Aroma therapy for Painful
Menstrual Cramps
Essential Oil Massage blends or hot compress
are another form of pain relief for menstrual
cramps. The aromatherapy massage that should
be performed each day between periodslead
to a significant reduction in the number of days
of menstrual pain. Below are some of the best
aromatherapy for painful cramp.
 Heat
Applying heat on the lower abdomen is
the easiest way to control menstrual
cramps. Heat helps relax the contracting
muscles in the uterus. Alternatively Place
a heating pad over the lower part of
abdomen and lower back or alternatively
use a plastic bottle filled with hot water
and apply the heat until the pain is
reduced [44].
 German Chamomile
(MatricariachamomillaL; Asteraceae)
German chamomile oil is best known for
its ability to reduce inflammation. This oil
is a deep blue in color due to the
presence of azulene. It also has some pain
reducing effects, promotes calming of the
nerves, reduces anger, irritability and
depression which are very common
symptoms during menstruation [45].
 Sweet Marjoram (OriganummarjoranaL;
Lamiaceae)
This is also a great oil for menstrual
cramps it reduces pain on all levels. For
better result it is use with a hot compress
on the abdomen when menstrual
crampsoccur[46].
 Sweet Fennel (FoeniculumvulgareMill;
Apiaceae)
The essential oil of fennelhave the ability
to assist in promoting menstruation
(menses) and regulating the monthly
discharge, but although these oils are
very helpful in treating problems of pain
associated during menses.
 Lavender oil (Lavandulalatifolial;
Lamiaceae)
This essential oil obtained by distillation
from the flower spikes of certain species
of lavenderi,eLavandulalatifolia can
relieve anxiety, depression and pain
during menstruation [47].
 Clary Sage oil (Salvia SclareaL;Labiatae)
The Essential Oil of clary is extracted by
steam distillation from the buds and
leaves of the Clary Sage plant of Salvia
Sclarea, it regulated menstrual cycles, and
alleviated symptoms of menopause [48].
5. Physical activity for menstrual disorder:
Regular physical activity is very important for
promoting the flow of qi in the body. A lack of
exercise can increase the severity and
duration of symptoms associated with
dysmenorrhea. In addition to a regular
physical exercise regimen, a good moving
meditation can help balance the emotions,
reduce stress, strengthen the organs, and
regulate menstruation.Regular exercise,
including exercise right before and during
your menstrual cycle can and will help lessen
the severity of menstrual
cramping. Swimming can alsolessen
menstrual flow, and lessen cramps [49].
6. Self Acupressure for menstrual pain
Acupressure and reflexology are alternative
medicine techniques that are based on the
theory of holistic self-healing using solely
physical pressure. The pressure applied at
specific points helps in increasing the flow of
life energy through the meridians and clears the
blockages. PMS or premenstrual syndrome is a
batch of symptoms that are linked with the
menstrual it can surely disrupt normal life of a
woman for a few days. Acupressure therapy

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can be used to treat the symptoms of PMS
quite successfully. Below listed some of the
most important points ranging from various
parts of the body that are useful for
acupressure treatment of premenstrual
syndrome.
 Points on Abdomen
The most important acupressure treatment
points for relieving PMS symptoms is located in
the abdomen like Mansion Cottage( In the
pelvic area, in the middle of the crease where
the leg joins the trunk of the body ), Rushing
Door(In the pelvic area, in the middle of the
crease where the leg joins the trunk of the body
), Sea of Energy( Two finger widths below the
belly button).stimulating these points by
applying soft pressure using palms and fingers
can help in relieving menstruation related
discomfort[50].
 Points on the Back
A few of the acupressure points related to PMS
are located on the back of the body such as
Womb and Vitals (This pair of points are located
right outside the sacrum – the bony area at the
base of the spice, midway between the hipbone
and the base of the buttocks), Sacral
Points(These points are located in the sacrum,
right at the base of the pelvis),and stimulating
these points not only helps in relieving
abdominal cramps, but also soothes lower back
pain[51].
 Points on Legs
The reflexology points present on the legs
suchasThree Yin Crossing
(Four finger widths above the inner
anklebone close to the back of the
shinbone), Grandfather Grandson( In the
upper arch of the foot, one thumb width
from the ball of the foot ) are help in
improving blood flow to the lower part of
the body and helps in reducing bloating by
driving out excess fluid from the body[52].
 Point on Arms
One of the most important points of
acupressure therapy– the Union Valley
point, there stimulation of which helps in
treating a wide range of health
problems.Union Valley Point( This
acupressure point is located in the fleshy
joint between the thumb and index finger
on both hands). Stimulating this point by
applying pressure on the fleshy region helps
in normalizing delayed and irregular
periods, calms the uterine muscles and
treats infertility [53].
CONCLUSION
In this review we discussed about medicinal
plants and some alternative home remedies for
the treatment of menstrual disorder. Menstrual
problem (i.e Dysmenorrhea, Amenorrhea) is a
chronic disease which leads to various
complications on long standing. Allopathic
medicines are not effective in treating the
disease leading to various adverse effects.
Hence medicinal plants are the best alternative
for the treatment of menstrual problem. The
plant species have proved their efficacy in
reducing problem. Folklore medicinal plants are
mostly used for rural areas; because the
availability of lavish amount of medicinal plants
those areas.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare that they have no conflict
of interests.
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Cite this article as:
Monawara Begum, Sumit Das, H.K. Sharma. Menstrual Disorders: Causes and Natural
Remedies. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci 2016; 4(2):307-320.