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Understanding body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating in midlife adults
Abstract
Research on body image and eating behaviours is well established in young adults. However, less is known about body image and eating behaviours in women and men in midlife (30-60 years), and it is an age when certain biological, psychological, and social changes occur that can challenge body image. This study aimed to explore the gender similarities and differences in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in midlife with a convenience sample of 187 women and 48 men using an online survey. Midlife women had greater body dissatisfaction and disordered eating than midlife men, and obese women reported the greatest body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating. There was insufficient power to detect weight group differences for men, although a reasonable proportion of the men (8-17%) scored above the norms for body image dissatisfaction (compared to 28-41% of the women). Body image and eating concerns are important health issues for midlife adults that warrant further research, especially with regard to men.
... Nenormalne prehrambene navike, kao što je jedenje vrlo malo hrane, preskakanje obroka i po-većanog unosa pilula za regulisanje tjelesne mase među studentima su nezdrave metode kontrole tjelesne mase i tjelesne kompozicije [6]. Poremećaj ishrane često se odnosi na vlastitu predstavu slike tijela [7]. Slika tijela ima značajan uticaj na fizičko i mentalno zdravlje mladih ljudi. ...
... U poređenju sa meta-analizom, Trinidad i saradnici iz 2019. [24] koji su sačinili meta-analizu 33 studije u koju je ušlo 11 487 zdravih studentkinja različitih fakulteta prosječne starosti 21,6 i BMI od 22 kg/m 2 , pore-mećaji ishrane i ponašanja u ovom istraživanju su bili identičnih srednjih vrijednosti 16,7, a pri tom dijapazon meta-analize je imao širu varijaciju (11,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)7). Ukoliko poredimo naša istraživanja sa drugim zemljama nižeg ekonomskog statusa kao što je Nigerija, vidimo da se tamo odvaja 16,3% sa rizikom od poremećaja uz veoma sličan BMI= 22,17 kg/m2 [25], u Indiji sa 17,8 [26] u Maloj Aziji sa 11,5 od čega 10% u Indoneziji, Tajlandu i Vijetnam do 13,8% [27]. ...
... U poređenju sa meta-analizom, Trinidad i saradnici iz 2019. [24] koji su sačinili meta-analizu 33 studije u koju je ušlo 11 487 zdravih studentkinja različitih fakulteta prosječne starosti 21,6 i BMI od 22 kg/m 2 , pore-mećaji ishrane i ponašanja u ovom istraživanju su bili identičnih srednjih vrijednosti 16,7, a pri tom dijapazon meta-analize je imao širu varijaciju (11,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)7). Ukoliko poredimo naša istraživanja sa drugim zemljama nižeg ekonomskog statusa kao što je Nigerija, vidimo da se tamo odvaja 16,3% sa rizikom od poremećaja uz veoma sličan BMI= 22,17 kg/m2 [25], u Indiji sa 17,8 [26] u Maloj Aziji sa 11,5 od čega 10% u Indoneziji, Tajlandu i Vijetnam do 13,8% [27]. ...
Introduction. The transition to university education as a stressful period and the need to be likeable where physical appearance is concerned can be a trigger for a change in attitudes towards eating patterns. Body composition is an essential component of nutritional status and the most common parameter used as an indicator of physical appearance. An unobtrusive onset of eating disorder can easily lead to a preoccupation with eating and body weight. The aim of the paper is to determine whether the parameters of body composition can qualitatively detect respondents with eating disorders. Methods. The epidemiological observational and analytical study included a representative sample comprised of 408 healthy female students, aged 19-22 years. A short socio-demographic questionnaire, a standardized questionnaire for assessment of eating disorders-Eating Attitudes Test-26 were used in the study while Omron BF 510 was used for anthropometric measurements of body weight and BMI. Results. The sample consisted of female students: agedmean = 20.5 years, with average height 168.65 cm (SD = 6.01), body weight 63.09 kg (SD = 9.9) and BMI 22.1 (SD = 3.2). According to EAT-26 (Mean = 13.24 and SD = 7.97), 16.7% of respondents with risk factors for eating disorders were detected. Conclusion. The maximum value of the Youden index of 0.24 ROC analysis confirms that the body composition parameters are not reliable indicators of eating disorders and EAT-26 is not reliable and acceptable as an independent test for assessing risk factors by means of considering different attitudes and deviant eating behaviors. Therefore, in order to achieve detection, monitoring, and perform preventive action, it is necessary to conduct regular systematic examinations among the student population.
... Nenormalne prehrambene navike, kao što je jedenje vrlo malo hrane, preskakanje obroka i po-većanog unosa pilula za regulisanje tjelesne mase među studentima su nezdrave metode kontrole tjelesne mase i tjelesne kompozicije [6]. Poremećaj ishrane često se odnosi na vlastitu predstavu slike tijela [7]. Slika tijela ima značajan uticaj na fizičko i mentalno zdravlje mladih ljudi. ...
... U poređenju sa meta-analizom, Trinidad i saradnici iz 2019. [24] koji su sačinili meta-analizu 33 studije u koju je ušlo 11 487 zdravih studentkinja različitih fakulteta prosječne starosti 21,6 i BMI od 22 kg/m 2 , pore-mećaji ishrane i ponašanja u ovom istraživanju su bili identičnih srednjih vrijednosti 16,7, a pri tom dijapazon meta-analize je imao širu varijaciju (11,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)7). Ukoliko poredimo naša istraživanja sa drugim zemljama nižeg ekonomskog statusa kao što je Nigerija, vidimo da se tamo odvaja 16,3% sa rizikom od poremećaja uz veoma sličan BMI= 22,17 kg/m2 [25], u Indiji sa 17,8 [26] u Maloj Aziji sa 11,5 od čega 10% u Indoneziji, Tajlandu i Vijetnam do 13,8% [27]. ...
... U poređenju sa meta-analizom, Trinidad i saradnici iz 2019. [24] koji su sačinili meta-analizu 33 studije u koju je ušlo 11 487 zdravih studentkinja različitih fakulteta prosječne starosti 21,6 i BMI od 22 kg/m 2 , pore-mećaji ishrane i ponašanja u ovom istraživanju su bili identičnih srednjih vrijednosti 16,7, a pri tom dijapazon meta-analize je imao širu varijaciju (11,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)7). Ukoliko poredimo naša istraživanja sa drugim zemljama nižeg ekonomskog statusa kao što je Nigerija, vidimo da se tamo odvaja 16,3% sa rizikom od poremećaja uz veoma sličan BMI= 22,17 kg/m2 [25], u Indiji sa 17,8 [26] u Maloj Aziji sa 11,5 od čega 10% u Indoneziji, Tajlandu i Vijetnam do 13,8% [27]. ...
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Kratak sadržaj Uvod. Tranzicija na fakultetsko obrazovanje kao stresno razdoblje, te po-treba za dopadljivosti u izgledu mlade žene može biti okidač promjene odnosa prema vrsti i načinu ishrane. Tjelesna kompozicija je bitna kompo-nenta nutritivnog statusa i najčešći parametar koji se koristi kao pokazatelj izgleda tijela. Neprimjetan početak poremećaja ishrane lako može postati preokupacija jelom i tjelesnom masom. Cilj ovog istraživanja je da utvrdi-mo da li parametrima tjelesne kompozicije možemo kvalitetno detektovati ispitanice sa problemima ishrane. Metode. Epidemiološka opservaciona analitička studija je obuhvatila re-prezentativan uzorak od 408 zdravih studentkinja uzrasta od 19 do 22 go-dine starosti. Za potrebe istraživanja koristili smo kratki socio-demografski upitnik, standardizovani Upitnik za procjenu poremećaja ishrane-Eating attitude test-26 za antropometrijsko mjerenje težine i indeksa tjelesne mase (BMI) vršeno je sa Omron BF 510 medicinskim uređajem. Rezultati. Uzorak studentkinja je bio starosne dobi od Mean = 20,5 godi-na prosječne visine 168,65 cm (SD=6,01), tjelesne mase 63,09 kg (SD=9,9) i BMI 22,1 (SD=3,2). Na osnovu EAT-26 (Mean=13,24 i SD=7,97) detektovano je 16,7% osoba sa rizikom poremećaja ishrane. Zaključak. Maksimalna vrijednost Youdenov-og indeksa od 0,24 ROC ana-lizom potvrđuje stav da parametri tjelesne kompozicije nisu dovoljni kao pouzdani pokazatelji postojanja poremećaja ishrane, te EAT-26 nema po-uzdanu i prihvatljivu vrijednost kao samostalan test za procjenu riziko fak-tora kroz različite stavove i odstupajuća ponašanja u ishrani. Stoga, za de-tekciju, praćenje i preventivno djelovanje potrebno je sprovoditi redovne sistematske preglede među studentskom populacijom. Ključne riječi: poremećaj ishrane, tjelesna kompozicija, studentkinje Uvod Poremećaji prehrane spadaju u grupu mentalnih i fizičkih bolesti koji mogu uticati na pojedinca bez obzira na uzrast, pol, etničku pripadnost i socioekonomsku grupu, što rezultira izmijenjenom potrošnjom ili apsorpcijom hrane, kao što su anoreksija i bulimija nervoza [1]. Niz nepravilnih i nenormalnih ponašanja u ishrani kao što je restriktivno jedenje, emocionalno jedenje, prejedanje, stroga kontrola ishrane i težine i oblika preko neprikladnog kompenzacijskog ponašanja su faktori rizika za poremećaj ishrane [2]. U svijetu jedna od tri osobe su direktno pogođene nedovoljnom tjele-snom težinom, nedostatkom vitamina i minerala ili prekomjernom težinom, gojaznošću i bolestima
... Mangweth-Matzek, Hoek, & Pope Jr, 2014). To date, the majority of research on eating disorders and body image disturbances in men has been conducted with clinical and non-clinical samples drawn primarily from younger populations, thereby limiting our understanding of the extent of these concerns and risk relevant factors and correlates in men in midlife and beyond (McGuinness & Taylor, 2016;Reas & Stedal, 2015). This is important, as the scant data available suggest that men in these age groups are vulnerable to body image concerns and disordered eating (e.g. ...
... This is important, as the scant data available suggest that men in these age groups are vulnerable to body image concerns and disordered eating (e.g. McGuinness & Taylor, 2016). A very recent study among the French general population reported that the prevalence of restrictive, bulimic, binge-type and other types of disordered eating were 0.2%, 1.1%, 5.0% and 1.7% respectively among men (Andreeva et al., 2019). ...
... A small number of studies have examined rates of body image concerns among adult men, and even fewer among midlife and older men. Among a small sample (n = 48) of midlife men aged 30-60 years, the prevalence of body image concerns was found to lie between 8 and 17% using cut-off scores on self-report questionnaires (McGuinness & Taylor, 2016). Among a larger sample of men aged 40-75 years, similar rates emerged, with 12% and 9.5% of the sample indicating dissatisfaction with their weight and shape respectively, and 23% reporting that their self-evaluation was related to their weight and shape (Mangweth-Matzek, Kummer, & Pope, 2016). ...
Etiological models of the development of eating disorders among midlife and aging men are lacking. The present study provides a review and integration of existing theoretical frameworks and empirical data relevant to the examination of eating pathology in this population and introduces an integrated model of risk and protective factors for the development of eating disorder symptoms. Several etiological models of eating pathology that have gained some empirical support, or present relevance to this population, are briefly reviewed including sociocultural theory, objectification theory, social identity theory, positive body image and the developmental theory of embodiment, and existential and terror management theory, and finally biologically based theories. In addition, these frameworks were extended to account for developmental and gender-specific factors that may influence the development of eating disorders. An integrated model of risk and protective factors that brings together critical elements of these extended theoretical frameworks is presented, with the goal of guiding and stimulating research in this neglected group.
... Older people are inclined to accept their bodies better than teenagers do, and they are also less prone to developing eating and image disorders, yet this does not mean that they do not experience image problems at all (Webster and Tiggemann, 2003;McGuinness and Taylor, 2016). Indeed, the so-called "maturity crisis" is related, among other things, to how time takes its toll on physical appearance, making people feel sadder and disappointed in how they look (Gubrium and Holstein, 2006;Zdenko and Geiger-Zeman, 2015). ...
... Regarding our first goal, the central hypothesis is that body satisfaction grows higher with age but not to the extent of making concern about physical appearance disappear (Webster and Tiggemann, 2003;McGuinness and Taylor, 2016;Sánchez-Cabrero et al., 2019). Regarding the second goal, the hypothesis is that, as suggested in previous literature on other age groups (Cash, 1997;Maganto et al., 2002;McCabe et al., 2017), the specific intervention on body image done in the experimental condition is going to have a positive influence on the evaluation of body satisfaction in the participants. ...
... Our results also support the conclusion of other studies showing how concerns about physical appearance do not disappear as people age (McGuinness and Taylor, 2016;Bouzas et al., 2019;Cameron et al., 2019). More specifically, we refer to the study of Mangweth-Matzek et al. (2006) and the longitudinal study of McLean et al. (2011). ...
Aging typically manifests itself in a variety of physical and cognitive alterations and challenges that are not always easily accepted. Feeling dissatisfied with these changes can also affect the mood and self-esteem of older people causing body image problems. The present study focuses on body satisfaction in Spanish older people (176 participants; M and SD = 64.03 ± 1 8.06; age range 50 to over 75) by employing experimental research to test whether psychosocial interventions may have a positive impact. Our aims are threefold: (1) To describe the body satisfaction of older people considering intervening variables, such as age, gender, having a stable partner, time of the year, and place of residence; (2) to compare body satisfaction improvement in older people participating in a specific body satisfaction program designed for this purpose versus a non-specific program run by the Spanish Red Cross; and (3) to examine the relationship between age, gender, having a stable partner, time of the year, place of residence, body satisfaction and participating in the experimental condition. The IMAGINA specific body image program yielded a significant improvement in body satisfaction when compared with the non-specific program in both men and women regardless of marital status and in some age groups: 50 to 54 years old, 60 to 64 years old, and 65 to 69. Male participants, as well as singles, were more satisfied with their bodies, and the contrary was true for divorced and separated. The IMAGINA program was particularly useful in participants with more body image problems. As shown, the pressure to fit beauty standards and related problems do not go away with age, a fact that is embodied and experienced differently in men and women.
... The results of this study align with Taylor et al. (2016) (29) in New Zealand ,who found that most older adults had a positive body image and were more accepting of their bodies compared to teenagers. Conversely, (30) in Brazil, who found that many older adults especially women were dissatisfied with their bodies. ...
... The results of this study align with Taylor et al. (2016) (29) in New Zealand ,who found that most older adults had a positive body image and were more accepting of their bodies compared to teenagers. Conversely, (30) in Brazil, who found that many older adults especially women were dissatisfied with their bodies. ...
Background: All individuals without exception will go through the aging process. Invariably, this process comes with a variety of losses, starting from physical to functional, psychological, and social loses. These losses can stimulate dissatisfaction with one's body image, lowering self-esteem and disturb self-concept as whole. So, it is important for older people to promote resilience to facilitate successful aging. Aim: to identify the relationship between body image, self-concept and resilience of academic emeritus and successful aging. Research design: a descriptive correlational research design was used.
... The results of this study align with Taylor et al. (2016) (29) in New Zealand ,who found that most older adults had a positive body image and were more accepting of their bodies compared to teenagers. Conversely, (30) in Brazil, who found that many older adults especially women were dissatisfied with their bodies. ...
... The results of this study align with Taylor et al. (2016) (29) in New Zealand ,who found that most older adults had a positive body image and were more accepting of their bodies compared to teenagers. Conversely, (30) in Brazil, who found that many older adults especially women were dissatisfied with their bodies. ...
... 10 Sociocultural pressures and body image dissatisfaction are associated with irregular eating habits. 11,12 Eating habits are personal and affected by several factors, such as social factors, stress, gender, and expectations. 13 For instance, females have more body dissatisfaction and eating disorders than men. ...
... Obese women are more likely to experience body image dissatisfaction and eating problems. 11 Eating disorders appear relatively common in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. 14,15 It has been found that the frequency of undergoing rhinoplasty surgery is higher in individuals with anorexia, which is a body dysmorphic disorder. ...
This study was aimed to compare the relationship between social appearance anxiety, self-esteem, eating behavior, and body perception in individuals who applied to the Ear, Nose and Throat outpatient clinic for rhinoplasty and septoplasty. A total of 93 people were included, 44 patients in the rhinoplasty group and 49 patients in the septoplasty group. Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and Stunkard Scale (Body Image Scale) were applied to the individuals. Participants' body weight (kg) and height (cm) measurements were taken by the researchers. The data obtained were analysed using the statistical package program (SPSS). Rhinoplasty patients were found to have higher social appearance anxiety and lower self-esteem compared to septoplasty patients (p0.05). In both groups, a negative correlation was found between self-esteem and social appearance anxiety. However, this relationship was stronger in rhinoplasty patients (r=-0.579) compared to septoplasty patients (r=-0.331) (p
... The research concluded that improving the perceived body image of female students will increase their selfesteem and body satisfaction, which will ultimately help reduce symptoms of depression and eating disorder behavior. Another significant research was contributed that aimed to compare gender similarities and differences in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in midlife men and women, which resulted in the latter having greater body dissatisfaction and disordered eating than men (McGuinness & Taylor, 2016). Likewise, another research aimed to examine the differences, relationships, and predictability of body image satisfaction, exercise, eating habits, and social media, which showed that males have higher body satisfaction than females and established a positive correlation between body image satisfaction and exercise, which was linked with the social media usage (O'Reilly, 2018). ...
This study is conducted to investigate
Facebook usage and its relation to the
perception of male and female
university students about their body
image satisfaction and goals. The major
findings were to explore the differences,
relationships, and predictability of
Facebook usage, eating habits,
exercising habits, and physical fitness
goals of students. Using the uses and
gratification theory, the researcher
examined the student’s perception of
ideal body image satisfaction level and
eating behaviors. The findings of this
study show that there is a significant
relationship between Facebook usage
and student’s perception of their body
image satisfaction-related goals. A
significant difference is noted in male
and female students about their eating
habits while using Facebook dietary
pages. The study also reveals that
Facebook usage can be predicted in a
significant way through exercise habits
and physical fitness goals.
... This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. (Becker et al., 2019;Grogan, 2011;McGuinness & Taylor, 2016;Tiggemann, 2004). Researchers (Fardouly & Vartanian, 2016;Harriger et al., 2023;Holland & Tiggemann, 2016;Perloff, 2014) have suggested that further examination of the role social media plays in midlife and older women's body image would be a beneficial contribution to the literature. ...
Social media, which functions as a transmitter of sociocultural ideals defining constructs such as beauty and thinness, has been shown to negatively impact the body image of girls and young women. Because there has been a lack of research on whether this impact extends beyond young populations, this convergent mixed methods study investigated the impact of social media use on the body image of midlife women and older women. The results of this study indicated that social media use negatively impacts the body image of midlife and older women and demonstrated the complexity of age as a mediating factor for body image concerns in older women.
... The presence of surgical scars on the chest, arms, and legs did not necessarily lead to negative body image perceptions in this group. Older individuals often possess greater judgment, analytical skills, problem-solving abilities, and life experience, possibly contributing to their more favorable body image perceptions (McGuinness & Taylor, 2016). ...
Background:
Body image is a significant concern for patients who have undergone a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, as the presence of scars on the chest, arms, and legs can impact their self-perception. Difficulty accepting these scars may lead to negative body image, non-compliance with prescribed treatments, and potentially poorer health outcomes. However, the Body Image Scale, commonly used to assess body image, has not been validated for Thai patients.
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Body Image Scale in Thai post-CABG patients.
Methods:
This instrument validation study was conducted between April and July 2022. A total of 320 post-CABG patients were randomly selected to participate in the study. The scale was translated from English to Thai and adapted to address the concerns of CABG patients specifically. Validity and reliability were assessed using Principal Component Analysis and Cronbach's alpha.
Results:
The Thai version of the Body Image Scale demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, as indicated by a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.88. The factor analysis revealed a single-factor structure, and each component had communalities ranging from 0.63 to 0.76, explaining 70.07% of the variance in body image.
Conclusion:
The Thai version of the Body Image Scale exhibited good validity and reliability for assessing body image in Thai patients undergoing CABG surgery. Nurses and other healthcare professionals can effectively utilize this measurement tool to evaluate the body image concerns of Thai patients following a CABG procedure.
... [24] Previous studies focused on problems related to body image dissatisfaction in midlife adults. [25] Middle-age is a different age category consisting of adult and comparatively older people, when the age-related changes appear in terms of different physical and orofacial conditions. This is a critical age group concerned about their body image and may suffer from unhealthy standards. ...
Introduction: The success of implant therapy is strongly related to the perceptions and expectations of the patients.
Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of social appearance anxiety and oral health-related quality of life in middle-aged adults with implant-supported fixed prostheses and compare with individuals who have tooth loss without any prosthetic rehabilitation or who have natural teeth.
Materials and methods: The participants (n=292) were divided into three groups: group 1, individuals with implant-supported fixed dental prostheses; group 2, individuals with tooth loss; and group 3, individuals with totally natural teeth. A questionnaire form including basic questions, Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS), and Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) was distributed among patients.
Results: Group 2 showed a significantly higher level of SAAS and OHIP-14 scores compared with groups 1 and 3 (p<0.001). The SAAS scores were similar between groups 1 and 3, with no significant differences. The median OHIP-14 score was the lowest in group 3. For all groups, education was related to SAAS and OHIP-14 scores (p=0.037 and 0.002, respectively). The SAAS and OHIP-14 scores were significantly and positively related (p<0.001, r=0.501).
Conclusions: It was concluded that patients with tooth loss had higher levels of SAAS and OHIP-14 scores. Besides, the SAAS scores were similar for patients with implant-supported fixed prostheses and those with natural teeth. Middle-aged adults with higher educational levels tended to present better oral health-related quality of life and lower social appearance anxiety.
... Furthermore, several studies have revealed significant differences within men, which are less pronounced in women (Dahlenburg et al., 2020). Of note, similar levels of body dissatisfaction and its correlates have been found in samples of women, regardless of sexual identity, and some investigations have noted that levels of body dissatisfaction in women tend to exceed those in men (Basabas et al., 2019;McGuinness & Taylor, 2016). ...
Introduction While sexual minority people have been widely considered at risk for developing a range of body image concerns, evidence of body dissatisfaction and shame amongst LGB (lesbian, gay, and bisexual) individuals is mixed. This study investigated differences in body uneasiness, body dissatisfaction, and self-blaming/attacking attitudes between LGB and heterosexual individuals, as well as within LGB groups, while also examining the predictive role of body mass index (BMI).
Methods A sample of cisgender lesbian women (n = 163), gay men (n = 277), bisexual women (n = 135), bisexual men (n = 39), heterosexual women (n = 398), and heterosexual men (n = 219) completed an online survey assessing different aspects of body image between May and July 2020.
Results: Gay and bisexual men reported greater body image disturbance and self-blaming attitudes relative to heterosexual men. In contrast, lesbian women reported lower body uneasiness than their bisexual and heterosexual counterparts, but greater self-hate. Moreover, lesbian and bisexual women showed more body dissatisfaction than gay men, and bisexual individuals
reported more body uneasiness than individuals in other sexual minority subgroups. Higher BMI emerged as a significant predictor of body image concerns and dissatisfaction.
Conclusions Body image dimensions showed sexual identity–based differences. Determining the specific nuances of body image in LGB individuals can provide important information on potential risk factors that may impact mental health
outcomes.
Policy Implications In-depth knowledge of body dissatisfaction and uneasiness in individuals with LGB identities may have
critical implications for the development of personalized prevention and treatment strategies.
... Previous research reports differences between males and females regarding body image satisfaction, with women seeming to be more dissatisfied than men (Keating et al., 2016). Although disordered eating can occur even to older men (Mangweth-Matzek et al., 2016), women seem to be more dissatisfied, even in older ages (McGuiness & Taylor, 2016). Our results differentiated from our initial hypothesis, showing that differences between sexes in Body Shape Dissatisfaction and Body Areas Satisfaction were not significantly different across age groups, while differences in Overweight Preoccupation and Self-Classified Weight did vary with age, making interaction of age and sex a significant predictor. ...
The role of body dissatisfaction as a key factor in the development of eating disorders has been continuously attracting the attention of researchers in the field of Psychology. Preliminary research has shown that some existential factors have significant impact on body dissatisfaction. This study investigated whether and in which way Body Dissatisfaction is associated with Existential Anxiety, Meaning in Life, and Satisfaction with Life. Hypotheses developed concern the significance of relation between Body Dissatisfaction and Existential factors, differences between sexes regarding body image, predictive models for Body Dissatisfaction including the interactive effect of Age and Sex. Empirical results have been derived from a sample of 799 adolescent and adult participants from the general population in Greece, reporting on five well-known questionnaires - Body Shape Questionnaire - 8C, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales, Existential Anxiety Questionnaire, Meaning in Life Questionnaire and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Results indicated significant relations of Body Dissatisfaction variables with Existential Anxiety and Search for Meaning in Life. Explanatory models predicting Body Dissatisfaction were identified, which also showed that changes in Body Shape Dissatisfaction over Age were not differentiated by Sex, while changes in Overweight Preoccupation over Age were affected by Sex. The current study provides evidence that existential issues have an impact on Body Dissatisfaction; revealing a new perspective that could be integrated in counselling practice for better understanding of eating disorders, and consequently enrich and deepen the counselling process.
... Pregnancy and postpartum are periods when a woman's body experiences rapid changes in shape and size, and these physical changes can prompt women to reevaluate their body image potentially resulting in heightened levels of body image concerns (defined as negative perceptions and feelings about one's body shape, appearance, and attitudes toward weight gain) (McGuinness & Taylor, 2016;Noroozi, Poor, and Abedi (2010)). Body image is a multifaceted construct involving several aspects of one's relation to their body. ...
The current study evaluated the efficacy of a three-week self-compassion (SC) meditation intervention in improving body image and SC during pregnancy and postpartum. Participants (n = 71; age = 31.92 ± 3.98 years; white = 61, 85.9%; intervention = 35, 49.3%; pregnant = 33, 46.5%; postpartum = 38, 53.5%) were recruited from a health coaching program and 35 were randomly assigned into a three-week SC meditation intervention while 36 were randomly assigned to a waitlist control condition. Linear regressions using full-information maximum likelihood estimation examined the effect of intervention group on body image and SC outcomes controlling for baseline level of outcome, pregnancy or postpartum status, previous meditation experience, and physical activity. Results indicated women in the intervention group reported significantly reduced body shame and body dissatisfaction and improved body appreciation and self-compassion compared to women in the control group. Implementation of a brief SC meditation intervention during pregnancy and postpartum has potential to improve mental health outcomes related to body image. Future work should replicate this study with a larger, more diverse sample of women.
... Body dissatisfaction is described as a person's negative evaluation of feelings or perceptions about their body such as body weight [42]. Therefore, in order to mend their body dissatisfaction, transforming or improving their body appearance, people tend to proceed with other behavior such as taking cosmetic surgery which as stated by ISAPS (2017), liposuction (fat removal) procedure is the top two famous procedure in cosmetic surgery sector. ...
The non-surgical cosmetic procedure is defined by ISAPS as an effective and safer procedure for people that want a more subtle improvement, enhancing surgical results or minimize recovery time of a procedure, which often does not require extensive training to perform compared to the surgical sector as it has higher risks. ISAPS reported that the number of non-surgical cosmetic procedures has increased 51.4% from 2011 and 2017. Despite this growth, little is known about factors that prompt the willingness to consider non-surgical cosmetic procedures. Addressing this issue, this study focuses on facets of objectified body consciousness (i.e., body surveillance, body shame, appearance anxiety) and tripartite influence model features (i.e., appearance pressure, internalization through comparison, body dissatisfaction) combined with the Theory of Planned Behavior (i.e., attitude and intention) towards considerations of non-surgical cosmetic procedures. The study is conducted through online quantitative questionnares adopted from previous researches, on a sample size of 271 Indonesians based on Cochran’s formula, specifically those living in Jakarta. In line with previous research on similar practices of beauty industry (e.g., cosmetic surgery), analyses indicated that non-surgical cosmetic procedure consideration was related to the objectified body consciousness and most of the tripartite influence features. Findings highlighted that body shame and facial appearance concern is the strongest predictor. These findings will be able to help marketers to account for variability in willingness to consider non-surgical cosmetic procedure and aligned their strategies accordingly and effectively.
... In the clinical setting, poor body satisfaction is linked to the onset and maintenance of eating or dysmorphic disorders [13], depression [14], anxiety [15], and substance use [16]. It has also been found in several independent studies that women generally report significantly lower levels of body satisfaction [17][18][19], resulting in a greater vulnerability to these issues. ...
Recent literature has extensively examined sexual behavior during lockdown due to COVID-19. However, there are no recent studies that have considered the relationship between body image quality, sexual arousability, and sexual anxiety. The present study has two main objectives: (1) to examine gender differences in bodily and sexual experience; and (2) the comparison of bodily and sexual experience, before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. A total of 301 adult subjects (161 women and 140 men) aged between 16 and 73 years (Mean = 37.4; S.D. = 10.3) participated in the study. Data on biographical information were collected via an online panel. The Body Uneasiness Test (BUT) and the Sexual Arousability Inventory (SAI) were used for the assessment. Univariate ANOVA showed worse scores for women, compared with men, in terms of body image avoidance, depersonalization, overall severity of body image quality, sexual arousability, and sexual anxiety dimensions. When compared against time, only women showed significant correlations between the function of sexual arousal and all parameters concerning body image alteration. Interestingly, these correlations were weak and sporadic before lockdown, but strong and numerous during lockdown. This finding suggests that the impact of COVID-19 restrictions affected the female population more, with a profound repercussion on self-image and sexual and mental well-being.
... People with obesity, compared with normal weight individuals, have a higher body dissatisfaction (Cash, 1990;Friedman et al., 2002), such as negative perceptions and feelings about their own body (McGuinness et al., 2016;Slevic et al.,, 2011). This is the reason why the Stop App focus on the daily cares their bodies need to be healthy, instead. ...
The volume collects the papers presented at the conference “Stat.Edu’21 -New Perspectives in Statistics Education” which was held at the Department of Political Sciences of the University of Naples Federico II (25-26 March 2021). The conference was the final event of the “ALEAS - Adaptive LEArning in Statistics”, an ERASMUS+ project (https://aleas-project.eu) developed in the period 2018-2021 to design and implement an Adaptive LEArning system able to offer personalised learning paths to students, with the purpose to provide them remedial advice to deal with the “statistics anxiety”.
Stat.Edu’21 aimed at stimulating discussions, solicitations and contributions around the central theme of ALEAS, the development of adaptive learning systems in the field of Higher Education as a complementary tool for traditional courses, and promoting a community of practice in this field.
The volume collects 12 papers reporting reflections and quantitative studies covering mainly three topics: the assessment of the effects of anxiety or more generally of a different attitude in the study of Statistics, tools and methods for the assessment of training paths and technology-based learning experiences.
... La falta de satisfacción con la imagen corporal en personas adultas se relaciona con cambios físicos propios del envejecimiento, ya que estos generan una disminución en la percepción de atracción física y capacidad funcional que impacta la salud mental; se ha hallado que adultos con insatisfacción corporal presentan depresión, ansiedad y disminución en su calidad de vida (Kim & Kang, 2015;McGuinness & Taylor, 2016;Valdez-Hernández et al., 2017). ...
This book presents investigative advances in psychology related to the lines of research of the Department of Psychology of the Catholic University of Colombia, whose central purpose is the generation of new knowledge with social repercussions. In this sense, the studies presented within the framework of the lines of Educational Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Health and Addictions, Psychobiological and Behavioral Processes, Legal Psychology and Criminology, Social, Political and Community Psychology, and Research Methods applied to the behavioral sciences, although oriented from different perspectives and methodologies, they unite in the same purpose: to strengthen their approach towards problems of social relevance without losing their contribution to psychological discipline. As a consequence, this book presents an enriched thematic variety directly related to the lines of research such as credibility of the testimony, adolescent domestic violence, cognitive training in older adults, family functioning and quality of life, emotional reparation in survivors of sexual violence in the middle of the Colombian armed conflict, dissatisfaction with body image, relational therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy in victims of the Colombian armed conflict, the relationship between physical activity and academic performance, and organizational change. The results of the studies can be problematized and vitalized in different application contexts.
... La falta de satisfacción con la imagen corporal en personas adultas se relaciona con cambios físicos propios del envejecimiento, ya que estos generan una disminución en la percepción de atracción física y capacidad funcional que impacta la salud mental; se ha hallado que adultos con insatisfacción corporal presentan depresión, ansiedad y disminución en su calidad de vida (Kim & Kang, 2015;McGuinness & Taylor, 2016;Valdez-Hernández et al., 2017). ...
This book presents investigative advances in psychology related to the lines of research of the Department of Psychology of the Catholic University of Colombia, whose central purpose is the generation of new knowledge with social repercussions. In this sense, the studies presented within the framework of the lines of Educational Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Health and Addictions, Psychobiological and Behavioral Processes, Legal Psychology and Criminology, Social, Political and Community Psychology, and Research Methods applied to the behavioral sciences, although oriented from different perspectives and methodologies, they unite in the same purpose: to strengthen their approach towards problems of social relevance without losing their contribution to psychological discipline. As a consequence, this book presents an enriched thematic variety directly related to the lines of research such as credibility of the testimony, adolescent domestic violence, cognitive training in older adults, family functioning and quality of life, emotional reparation in survivors of sexual violence in the middle of the Colombian armed conflict, dissatisfaction with body image, relational therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy in victims of the Colombian armed conflict, the relationship between physical activity and academic performance, and organizational change. The results of the studies can be problematized and vitalized in different application contexts.
... A partir do Século XIX, os meios de comunicação social começaram a divulgar imagens de indivíduos com figuras esbeltas (e.g., magro, esguio) (Amor, 2017) e o corpo perfeito começou a ser caracterizado por uma figura com um índice de massa corporal baixo, visto que um índice de massa corporal elevado estava associado a uma maior insatisfação corporal (McGuinness & Taylor, 2016;Mills et al., 2017). Ao propagarem este tipo de informação, os meios de comunicação social levam a que os indivíduos sintam uma maior preocupação com a sua imagem corporal, recorrendo a alternativas (e.g., cirurgias estéticas, excesso de exercício físico, prática de bodybuilding e dietas) com o objetivo de modificarem o seu corpo (Grogan, 2017). ...
Objective: This literature review aims to analyze how body image may fluctuate throughout the main life stages (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, aging) and how it may be influenced by a set of sociocultural factors. Method: A narrative literature review approach was chosen, using the B-On and Scholar Google search bases, through the search for the words: Body Image, Body Satisfaction, Body Dissatisfaction, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood and Older Person. Results: Body image appears to be most influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g., physical, psychological, and social) in the stages of the life cycle most marked by change, namely puberty and middle age. It was found that women tend to have higher levels of pressure about their body image than men. On the other hand, greater body dissatisfaction seems to correspond to greater rigidity and criticism from the media, parents, and peers. Conclusions: This study denotes the lack of research on this subject in certain age groups, namely the geriatric population, as well as in the male gender. The construction of a positive and stable body image throughout life may prevent associated psychopathologies, so it is important to invest more in education for self-acceptance and acceptance of the other.
... Body dissatisfaction is defined as the negative perceptions and feelings individuals have about their body and is influenced by factors such as body shape and appearance, attitudes towards weight gain, and cultural norms in relation to an ideal body (McGuinness & Taylor, 2016). It is a belief that specific body sites such as stomach, thighs, hips, and buttocks are too large. ...
... Body Dissatisfaction (BD) can be defined as the negative feelings and perceptions an individual has about his or her body, often influenced by various factors such as attitudes towards weight gain, body shape, appearance and cultural norms in relation to an ideal body (McGuinness and Taylor, 2016;Slevec and Tiggemann, 2011a). Findings have consistently shown that young females in industrialised and Westernised countries are dissatisfied with their body shape or weight (Grogan, 2016;Mond et al., 2013), to the point where BD is considered the norm rather than the exception (Tantleff-Dunn et al., 2011). ...
Investigating moderating effects of culture between body dissatisfaction (BD) and quality of life (QoL) is paramount, as BD affects psychosocial functioning. Participants include 866 females (18–25) years old from Australia ( n = 464) M (20.88) SD (3.38) and Malaysia ( n = 402) M (20.63) SD (2.05). Higher levels of BD predicted lower levels of QoL across all four domains. BD had the strongest effect on psychological QoL for both cultures. Culture moderated the relationship between BD and: (i) physical QoL and (ii) environmental QoL. The adverse impact of BD on all domains of QoL, highlights the importance of BD as a public health problem.
... Body dissatisfaction plays a part in the occurrence, continuation and relapse of eating disorders, especially in AN where individuals constantly over-estimate their body size and appearance [20]. These individuals are not contented due to differences between an actual body weight and what they deem as an ideal one [21]. This compromises their self-esteem and self-acceptance, leading to depression, anxiety, and diminished quality of life [22]. ...
Objective
This study aimed to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions on body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, depression and anxiety among individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN).
Methods
Published studies in English were searched using seven databases (such as PubMed). Grey literature was searched using ProQuest and Scopus. Studies were screened, appraised and extracted by two independent reviewers. Meta-analysis was performed and standardized mean difference was used as an effect measure. Heterogeneity was determined by I² statistics and Cochran χ² test. Publication bias was appraised using funnel plots. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also conducted.
Results
Nineteen RCTs from eight different countries were included in this review. Behavioral family system therapy (BFST) was found to enhance BMI while conjoint family therapy (CFT) was more effective in ameliorating depression. Studies implementing combined family and individual therapy and those with longer therapeutic durations produced larger effect sizes.
Conclusion
This review provided evidence to support BSFT, CFT and combined family and individual therapy for adolescents with AN.
Practical implications
Healthcare professionals may offer the two interventions to adolescents with AN in clinical settings. Future research may further investigate the effectiveness of BSFT and CFT on BMI and depression.
... Further studies are necessary to evaluate and to understand the feelings and perceptions of body image according to gender and age and how these factors affect ED. If body dissatisfaction increases with gender and age, it will affect the physical and psychological health of the individual [75]. ...
Background
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender on eating disorders (restrained eating, binge eating, orthorexia nervosa, and emotional eating) among a sample of Lebanese adults.
Methods
This cross-sectional study, conducted between January and May 2018, enrolled 811 participants selected randomly from all Lebanese Mohafazat. The mean age of the participants was 27.6 ± 11.8 years. The majority were females (66.5%), had a high level of education (73.2%), and low income (77.9%). This study used the following scales: body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-second version, binge eating scale, Dutch restrained eating scale, orthorexia nervosa scale (ORTHO-15 scale), emotional eating scale, perceived stress scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
Results
Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated to restrained eating (r = 0.293, P < 0.001), emotional eating (r = 0.073, P = 0.042) and binge eating (r = 0.250, P < 0.001). The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with more restrained eating (Beta = 0.01, P < 0.001) and orthorexia nervosa (Beta = −0.09, P < 0.001), but not with emotional (Beta = −0.43, P = 0.103) and binge eating (Beta = −0.08, P = 0.358). When stratifying the analysis by gender, the results revealed that higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with more restrained eating in both genders, but particularly among women. Body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher emotional eating in men only and with higher orthorexia nervosa tendencies and behaviors in females only.
Conclusion
The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with orthorexia nervosa and restrained eating but not with binge or emotional eating. Higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher restrained eating, more pronounced in women, while it was significantly associated with higher orthorexia tendencies (lower ORTO-15 scores) in women only. Body dissatisfaction was associated with emotional eating in men only.
... However, gender variations regarding BID continue. For example, McGuinness and Taylor (2016) observed that in midlife women continue to have greater BID than men. ...
... However, gender variations regarding BID continue. For example, McGuinness and Taylor (2016) observed that in midlife women continue to have greater BID than men. ...
The term body image dissatisfaction (BID) describes the negative perceptions that a person carries about his or her own body. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of BID among youth in the UAE and how it is affected by three variables: sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Participants were 728 UAE federal university students who responded to the Body Shape Questionnaire. Results indicated that 36.7% of students are dissatisfied with their body image. Gender differences analysis showed a higher level of BID for men than with women. No significant differences were observed for BID among the four age groups. Significant differences were shown for BID among the four common BMI/weight categories (underweight, normal, overweight, obesity. On the light of the results, the study suggested offering awareness programs for youth about healthy practices in daily life and including health education in schools and colleges curriculum. The study discussed the findings in relation to the available literature in the area and suggested some directions and topics for future research.
... Further studies are necessary to evaluate and to understand the feelings and perceptions of body image according to gender and age and how these factors affect ED. If body dissatisfaction increases with gender and age, it will affect the physical and psychological health of the individual [75]. ...
Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender on eating disorders (restrained eating, binge eating, orthorexia nervosa, and emotional eating) among a sample of Lebanese adults.
Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted between January and May 2018, enrolled 811 participants selected randomly from all Lebanese Mohafazat. The mean age of the participants was 27.59 ± 11.76 years. The majority were females (66.5%), had a high level of education (73.2%), and low income (77.9%). This study used the following scales: body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory second version, binge eating scale, Dutch restrained eating scale, Orthorexia nervosa scale, emotional eating scale, perceived stress scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
Results: Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated to restrained eating (r=0.293, p<0.001), emotional eating (r=0.073, p=0.042) and binge eating (r=0.250, p<0.001). The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with more restrained eating (Beta=0.01, p<0.001) and Orthorexia nervosa (ON) (Beta=- 0.09, p<0.001), but was not associated with emotional (Beta=-0.43, p=0.103) and binge eating (Beta=-0.08, p=0.358). When stratifying the analysis by gender, the results revealed that higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with more restrained eating in both genders. More body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher Orthorexia nervosa tendencies and behaviors (lower ORTO-15 scores) in females only. Also, the association between body dissatisfaction and restrained eating was more pronounced in women than men.
Conclusion: The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with orthorexia nervosa and restrained eating but not binge or emotional eating. The results of the stratification analysis by gender showed that higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher restrained eating, more pronounced in women, while it was significantly associated with higher orthorexia tendencies (lower ORTO-15 scores) in women only.
... Even though not all versions of the MBSRQ and the MBSRQ-AS have shown the same factor structure as the original instrument, all these adaptations presented satisfactory evidence of reliability, stability and several types of validity [9,11,13,16,17]. Moreover, the MBSRQ and the 1 3 MBRSQ-AS have been successfully applied to several types of clinical samples (e.g., eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, and amputees) [18][19][20][21][22][23] and nonclinical samples (e.g., college students, adolescents, midlife individuals and elderly people) [24][25][26][27][28][29]. ...
Objective
The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the Brazilian adaptation of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales, a widely used instrument in body image research.
Methods
We translated the MBSRQ-AS and determined its psychometric properties among 2 community samples, totaling 387 men and 381 women, and 1 college sample of 104 men and 133 women, aged from 16 to 67 years old (totaling 1005 participants). Near half of the sample (n = 606) was recruited online (SurveyMonkey Database) and the other half was personally recruited from universities, technical schools and libraries.
Results
The translated version was similar to the original, and the items were easily understood. After the exclusion of the negatively worded questions, the Brazilian version had the same factor structure as the original MBSRQ-AS. Internal consistency ranged from .73 to .90 and test–retest reliability indices ranged from .76 to .92. The measure captured sex and weight status differences. Women reported significantly higher levels of investment in appearance, lower levels of satisfaction with specific parts of the body, higher concerns with being overweight, and classified themselves as heavier than men. Overweight and obese men and women reported lower satisfaction with specific parts of their bodies, higher concerns with being overweight, and classified themselves as heavier than their normal weight counterparts. Convergent validity was demonstrated by the significant correlations between the MBSRQ-AS subscales and investment in appearance, internalization of beauty ideals, disordered eating and self-esteem.
Conclusions
In summary, the Brazilian MBSRQ-AS appears to be a good option for researchers in the country. Furthermore, the study provides substantial parameters for comparison with other adaptations of the instrument around the world.
Level of evidence
Level V, descriptive study.
... However, a gender difference may still be in play as middle-aged women report greater body dissatisfaction compared to men in their age group (McGuinness & Taylor, 2016). ...
This study explores the lived experiences of non-dieting, middle-aged Western women classified as 'overweight' or 'obese' on BMI charts. Qualitative research that has focused on non-weight loss experiences with this population has been rare. This study aims to allow their experiences to be heard within the mainstream health literature. Four women from aged 4055 were interviewed about their early messages and experiences around food, body, health and weight. An interpretative phenomenological analysis was conducted. Three themes were identified: 1) family culture and body norms 2) thresholds of size and 3) action and outcome. Participants identified a range of influences upon their early body appraisal, with parents, extended family, peers and community members contributing to their understanding of what constituted as an acceptable size. The impact upon their sense of identity and emotional wellbeing is discussed. This study contributes to the role of the modelling and messages around size and value given by important others and the psychological ramifications these can have over time.
... Higgins, Bond, Klein, and Strauman (1986) determined that when an individual experiences high discrepancy in their value, the person tends to become emotionally vulnerable. Body dissatisfaction is negative perceptions and feelings that a person possesses about their body (McGuinness & Taylor, 2016), and various factors contribute to the adverse emotions about the body including body shape, appearance, attitudes toward weight gain, and cultural beauty ideal (Slade, 1994;Slevic & Tiggemann, 2011). Namely, in this study, the emotions evoked from having an experience of a virtual avatar were expressed in the form of body dissatisfaction. ...
This experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of having a virtual avatar experience on health outcomes in the context of body image and weight regulation. Ninety-three U.S. non-clinical participants (51 men and 42 women) were recruited, who were 18 years and older and had no history of chronic health problems or mental illnesses. Each experiment consisted of the three data collection phases, including the pre-experiment survey, an experience session of a virtual self-avatar, and the post-experiment survey. For the development of the virtual avatar protocol, this study employed 3D body scanning to create a participant’s virtual body model based on accurate anthropometric data, to simulate a virtual avatar closely matched with the participant’s actual physique. Overall, the data indicated an increase in perceived body image discrepancy and a decrease in body satisfaction after participating in a virtual avatar session, and those who showed higher body dissatisfaction exhibited a stronger intention regulated for weight control. Specifically in gender, the statistical results were generally intensified in the female group, but the male group showed a stronger intention to be involved in exercising after virtual avatar experience. The insights gained from this study suggested future directions for research and program development, and urged that practical applications of the virtual avatar approach must be implemented with caution when it uses clinical samples, because its risk-benefit assessment has not been sufficiently investigated yet.
... Incidence of eating disorders (EDs) is commonly associated with younger women, perhaps due to the relatively early typical age of onset and the gender disparity frequently seen (e.g., Fairburn & Harrison, 2003). However, studies of women in midlife (a commonly used range is 35-55 years, although definitions often vary) suggest that around 5% meet diagnostic criteria for an ED, with greater numbers falling within the spectrum of eating disturbance (Mangweth-Matzek et al., 2014; see also Larrañaga, Docet, & García-Mayor, 2012;Marcus, Bromberger, Wei, Brown, & Kravitz, 2007;McGuinness & Taylor, 2016;Slof-Op't Landt et al., 2017). Distinct symptoms, such as binge eating and fear of weight gain, have been found to occur in >10% of midlife women (e.g., Fairweather-Schmidt, Lee, & Wade, 2015;de Freitas, Appolinario, Souza, & Sichieri, 2008;Marcus et al., 2007) and a number of studies suggest that admission rates of midlife women to ED units have increased markedly in recent decades (e.g., Ackard, Richter, Frisch, Mangham, & Cronemeyer, 2013;. ...
Objective:
This study examined potential similarities and differences between women with eating disorders (EDs) in midlife and their younger counterparts.
Method:
Seven hundred and three women assessed by a specialist eating disorder service were divided into three groups based on age (18-25, 25-40, and 40+) and compared on a number of clinical and demographic measures. Distribution of ED diagnoses was also examined between groups.
Results:
Midlife women were less likely to receive a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and more likely to receive a diagnosis of binge-eating disorder than their younger counterparts. Duration of illness was longer and age of ED onset later in the midlife group but no differences were seen on measures of global ED pathology, psychosocial impairment, or psychological distress.
Discussion:
This study adds to the developing literature concerning EDs in midlife women, although further work is needed to support the findings presented here and to examine profiles of males presenting to treatment centers.
Книгата разглежда етимиологията на развитие на различните видове хранителните разстройства, като преди това се прави последователен и задълбочен изследователски обзор на храненето като процес от физиологочна и психична гледна точка. Приведени са многобройни изследвания, даващи обяснителен модел на храненето, като безусловна необходимост и различните фактори, водещи до развитието на хранителните разстройства.
В отделна глава е разгледан въпросът за физическата активност, като част от балансирания и здравословен начин на живот начин на живот. С обширното си теоретично изследване, авторката се опитва да обясни причините и в същото време начините за справяне с хранителната проблематика.
В края на книгата е поместен скрининг за изследване на хранителните разстройства и лична история на девойка, успяла да извърви трудния път на анорексията.
Body image encompasses individuals' perceptions and beliefs regarding their own physical appearance. It is shaped by personal and cultural factors and can manifest in either a positive or negative manner. Satisfaction with body image is associated with interpersonal success, happiness, healthier lifestyle, enhanced performance, and improved self-esteem. Dissatisfaction with body image stems from the gap between an individual's perceived and ideal physique. Factors such as media representations, social influences, and appearance-related ideal-type of teasing contribute to the development of negative body image, which can adversely affect both mental and physical health. The psychological construct of body image represents the underlying mental representation individuals possess regarding their bodies, shaping self-perception and their physical appearance. Individual perspectives on body image are expected to vary based on culture, race, age, education, profession, or social network; however, research reveals gender as the most significant factor. This paper presents the findings of primary research conducted with two dozen of young adults, who were interviewed regarding their satisfaction with their current body image and the underlying influencing factors. Body image satisfaction was found to be influenced by self-assessment of the body, health status, impression management, and other social factors. Participants' diverse perspectives underscore the complex interaction among social feedback and societal norms in shaping individual perceptions of beauty and attractiveness.
Several sociocultural female body ideals exist — thin, muscular/athletic, and, more recently, curvier ideals, which research specifically suggests are more prevalent among Black women. Two validated measures assess women’s desire for curvier bodies, but neither assess certain facets of curvy ideals (e.g., thick vs. slim-thick) separately. We developed and validated the Curvy Ideals Internalization (CII) Scale, to be used alone or alongside existing measures of appearance ideal internalization. Focus groups among racially/ethnically diverse women informed initial items. A sample of 897 White (37.1%), Black (34.2%), and biracial Black and White (28.7%) U.S. women completed the initial 37-item CII to determine factor structure, narrow the item pool, and examine validity and reliability. A separate sample (N = 366) of U.S. Black, White, and biracial women completed the CII to confirm the factor structure. The final CII has eleven items, with factors assessing thick/curvy ideal internalization and facets of slim-thick ideal internalization: thin waist and large breast size. The CII has adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and factorial validity. The CII is appropriate for use among Black, White, and biracial women to assess internalization of curvier body ideals and needs to be validated in more diverse samples.
يمكن تعريف الاهتمام بصورة الجسم بأنه: "التصورات والمشاعر السلبية التي يشعر بها الشخص تجاه جسمه وتتأثر بالعوامل مثل شكل الجسم ومظهره، والمواقف تجاه زيادة الوزن، والمعايير الثقافية فيما يتعلق بالجسم المثالي".
أستهدفت الدراسة التعرف على مدى الاهتمام بصورة الجسم لدى طلبة الجامعة، والفروق ذات الدلالة الاحصائية في الاهتمام بصورة الجسم لهم تبعاً لمتغير الجنس (ذكور – اناث) والتخصص(علمي- انساني), قامت الباحثة بتبني مقياس(2017). He et alالمكون من (24) فقرة موزعة على ستة مجالات ، وقد قامت الباحثة بمجموعة من الاجراءات لتهيئة المقياس لقياس هذه الظاهرة في البيئة العراقية, وتم استخراج الصدق والثبات, واستخراج القوة التمييزية بطريقتي اسلوب المجموعتين الطرفيتين, وعلاقة الفقرة بالدرجة الكلية، وللتحقق من أهداف البحث تم أختيار ((200 طالب وطالبة من طلبة جامعة بغداد, وبعد تطبيق البيانات ومعالجتها أظهرت النتائج ما يأتي:
ان عينة البحث يتصفون بأن لديهم إهتمام بصورة الجسم.
ليس هناك فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية في الاهتمام بصورة الجسم على وفق متغير الجنس، وهناك فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية في الاهتمام بصورة الجسم على وفق متغير التخصص ولصالح العلمي.
وفي ضوء نتائج البحث تضع الباحثة جملة من التوصيات والمقترحات، ومنها:
إجراء برامج تسلط الضوء على الطبيعة المثالية للصور والمحتوى الذي يتم تحميله على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي وتوعية الشباب حول التأثير الذي يمكن ان تحدثه المقارنات مع هذا المحتوى على اهتمامهم المفرط بأجسامهم ومظهرهم.
Body image problems are associated with several mental health problems: low self-esteem, depression, and eating disorders. This study aimed to determine the rate of impaired body figure perception and its relation with eating habits in Turkish adults. This cross-sectional study was carried with 446 participants. To determine body figure perception Stunkart Figure Scale was used. Dutch Eating Attitude Questionnaire was
applied to determine the eating habits of all participants. Study data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 package program. The concordance between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Stunkart Figure Scale was 66% (r=0,660; p=0,000). The concordance between BMI and Stunkart Figure scale gradually decreases from weak to morbidly obese. The mean scores obtained by the participants from the DEAQ showed that only external eating and restrictive eating behaviors of the participants are affected by the compliance with the scale (p=0,000; p=0,000 respectively). Concordance of body figure perception with actual BMI was good level in more than half of the participants and only extrinsic and restrictive eating behavior is affected by this concordance. Individuals need to make healthy evaluations about their bodies in terms of individual and public health to control weight gain.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death among women. During midlife (ages 40–60), universal aging processes, sex-specific factors such as menopause, psychological distress, and conditions such as hypertension substantially increase women’s risk for CVD. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted employment, social interactions, caregiving responsibilities, and overall well-being worldwide; however, little research has investigated how COVID-19 has affected women in midlife. The present study was designed to determine how COVID-19 has affected women in midlife with elevated risk for CVD, by examining changes in their mental health symptoms and life domains across three time points: prior to COVID-19 (2019), during stay-at-home orders (April–June 2020), and during initial reopening (August 2020). Women in midlife with one or more CVD risk conditions (e.g., hypertension; n = 35) responded to questions related to COVID-19, changes in life circumstances, and mental health symptoms at each time point. Findings showed meaningful changes in caregiving, medical visits, and employment status, as well as significant changes in depression and sleep quality scores across time. However, the findings also showed that women were distressed prior to COVID-19 and did not exhibit changes in perceived stress, body dissatisfaction, or anxiety symptoms over time. Findings from this study highlight the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on an at-risk group of women, which may be used to help guide future health promotion efforts specifically tailored to this population.
Purpose: Body appreciation, conceptualized as a respectful, appreciative and balanced attitude towards one’s body appearance and characteristics, has been reported as a promising protective mechanism in face of body image and eating-related difficulties. However, the research about body appreciation, which may contribute to the development of more effective prevention and treatment programmes for eating problems, is still scarce. This study tested the moderator effect of body appreciation on the association between both external and internal shame with eating psychopathology.
Methods: This study included 701 women participants from within the general Portuguese population aged between 18 and 60, who completed an online survey using measures of shame, body appreciation, and eating disorder symptoms.
Results: Correlation analysis revealed that body appreciation was negative and strongly associated with external and internal shame, and with eating disorder symptoms. Path analyses’ results demonstrated that body appreciation moderates the effect of both external shame and internal shame on eating disorder symptoms. These moderation models explain 56% and 57% of the variance of eating psychopathology, respectively.
Conclusions: Findings seem to support that body appreciation may operate as a buffer against the pervasive effect of both external and internal shame experiences on eating psychopathology. Although this data is preliminary, this study seems to represent an important contribution to research and clinical practice by suggesting the relevance of promoting body appreciation competencies in prevention and treatment programs for eating–related difficulties.
KEY POINTS
(1) Body appreciation may operate as a buffer against the pervasive effect of both external and internal shame experiences on eating psychopathology.
(2) Findings revealed that, for any level feelings of shame, women who present higher body appreciation express lower tendency to engage in eating psychopathology-related behaviours.
(3) Data supports the relevance of promoting an attitude of respect and acceptance with one’s body, regardless of its features, to prevent eating–related difficulties.
Objektif: Pesan yang disampaikan oleh media mengenai bentuk tubuh kurus dan atletis yang dianggap sebagai tubuh ideal dan dijadikan sebagai prinsip penampilan dapat meningkatkan ketidakpuasan terhadap tubuh pada remaja. Ketidakpuasan tubuh merupakan perasaan dan pikiran negatif seseorang terhadap bentuk dan ukuran tubuhnya yang banyak dialami oleh remaja perempuan serta berdampak negatif (kecemasan dan depresi). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara ketidakpuasan tubuh dengan pesan yang disampaikan oleh media pada remaja.Metode: Merupakan penelitian korelasional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan Body Dissatisfaction Scale dan Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale-3 sebagai instrumen alat ukur. Partisipan penelitian merupakan kelompok remaja dengan jumlah partisipan 188 orang (43 laki-laki, 145 perempuan) dengan rentang usia 18-24 tahun.Temuan: Terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara ketidakpuasan tubuh dengan internalisasi media.Kesimpulan: Dapat menjadi acuan dalam membentuk program prevensi terhadap ketidakpuasan tubuh dengan merefleksikan diri dan membuka sudut pandang baru mengenai hal positif yang dimiliki oleh orang dengan berbagai bentuk tubuh, serta menyediakan konten, iklan dan sampul produk yang memberikan makna positif terhadap berbagai bentuk tubuh.
The purpose of this study involved assessing the predictive capacity of the body mass index (BMI), body image, positive and negative affect, attitudes toward obese individuals and quality of life (QL) related to the anomalous eating behaviors of administrative personnel of Mexico City’s health sector; aside from knowing gender differences and BMI in study variables. A total of 181 administrative employees took part in the study, divided according to their BMI (normal weight, overweight, obese) who filled out a personal data sheet and self-report questionnaires. Findings of this study indicate that body dissatisfaction, along with the perception of vitality and physical well-being may partially explain the presence of the anomalous eating behaviors that promotes excessive weight gain. Additionally, significant differences in positive affect were observed between sexes, aside from differences between the obese and normal weight groups regarding body dissatisfaction, negative affect, physical performance, physical role and social performance.
Body image concerns typically affect women more so than men, but there is reason to believe that this pattern may depend on sexual orientation. The present study examined differences in levels of body satisfaction among men and women who identified as heterosexual, plurisexual (bisexual and pansexual), gay, and lesbian, using data from a large-scale national probability sample from New Zealand (N = 17,005). As expected, heterosexual men reported higher body satisfaction than heterosexual women. Gay and plurisexual men reported lower body satisfaction than heterosexual men. Gay men also reported lower body satisfaction than lesbian women, and did not differ significantly from heterosexual and plurisexual women. Ratings of heterosexual, plurisexual, and lesbian women’s body satisfaction did not differ significantly. Results held when adjusting for a range of demographic covariates (including age and BMI), and highlight the importance of examining the psychological and health outcomes associated with poor body image among gay men. These findings emphasize the relevance of sexual orientation in understanding men’s body image-related issues.
This study investigates how men’s body image develops over time. A total of 14 men aged between 45 and 67 years completed in-depth interviews where they discussed their body image since childhood, prompted in some cases by photographs of themselves at different ages that they brought to the interviews. Transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. From the participants’ accounts, it was evident that body concerns did not steadily improve or worsen, but waxed and waned over time. Results are discussed in relation to understanding changing body concerns in men’s lives, and the implications of these for future research and practice.
This study used hermeneutic phenomenology to explore the meaning that seven Canadian midlife women give to the experience of their changing bodies in relation to food, body function, and leisure. Findings emerge from in-depth, semi-structured research conversations and reveal these women have a contentious relationship with eating that arises from an awareness that what they choose to eat today will impact how they will feel tomorrow. The women in this study experience fatigue as a consequence of their food decisions, which then negatively impacts their leisure participation. The current study underscores the impact of food and body function not only on physical activity for midlife women but also on other leisure pursuits such as socializing with friends. These findings highlight the complex relationship between food, body function, and leisure in the context of daily life for these midlife women.
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