Article

Public engagement with CEOs on social media: Motivations and relational outcomes

August 2016
Public Relations Review 42(5)

DOI:10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.08.001

Authors:

Linjuan Rita Men

University of Florida

Wanhsiu Sunny Tsai

University of Miami

This study provides one of the earliest empirical analyses to explore how and why publics engage with corporate CEOs on social media and why such engagement matters. It tested a conceptual model linking CEO-public engagement to the interpersonal communicative variables of perceived authenticity and approachability as well as organization-public relational outcomes. Through a web survey of 332 social media users, results showed that publics are primarily motivated by reasons of thought leadership and task attraction when they engage with CEOs on SNSs. CEO-public engagement showed significant positive effects on perceived CEO authenticity and approachability, which in turn, positively influenced public trust and satisfaction. Public engagement with CEOs on social media also directly influenced the quality of organization-public relationships.

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Research is emerging on the vital role that social media and content marketing (SMCM) plays in advancing B2B buyer/supplier relationships. But short of descriptive surveys and empirical studies on SMCM adoption, no models to date shed light on how SMCM strategies influence purchase decisions. This study examines how a B2B marketer’s content and engagement behaviors contribute to the online social capital and trusted authority recognition worthy of their buyer’s selective attention and patronage. From grounded theory, scale development and a survey of 171 leading social influencers, online thought leadership was operationalized in the context of its determinants and outcomes. Results show that a B2B marketer’s trusted authority recognition mediates the influence that thought leadership competencies have on the marketer’s social capital for content resonance. The latter is partially influenced by the operational helpfulness and entertainment value offered by the marketer’s content. Thought leadership, in turn, is influenced by the marketer’s helpfulness, market foresight and participative engagement behaviors.

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Linjuan Rita Men

This study examined how startup CEOs’ communication influences employees’ relational and behavioral outcomes. Specifically, it tested the influence of startup leaders’ communication responsiveness, assertiveness, and authenticity on employee-startup relationships and organizational citizenship behavior. Through an online survey of 744 startup employees across various industries in Mainland China, the study found that startup CEOs’ communication responsiveness, assertiveness, and authenticity all positively influenced employee relationships with the startups; though assertiveness showed much weaker impact on employee-startup relationships than the other two attributes. Assertive communication also showed a small significant positive effect on employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. The quality of employee-startup relationships mediated the effects of startup CEOs’ communication attributes on employees’ organizational citizenship behavior.

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Technological advances influence the way organizations communicate and build relations with the public. Previous studies have explored digital dialogic communication in different organizational contexts; however, there is a paucity of studies that focus on dialogic communication in public institutions. This current study extends the investigation of online relationship building by exploring how a state college uses Facebook to facilitate dialogic communication with stakeholders. Through quantitative content analysis and key informant interviews, a complete enumeration of Facebook posts from January to December 2020 examined the use of dialogic features within the Facebook profile as well as in-depth interviews with the directors, office heads, and stakeholders. Results showed that the state college used a variety of dialogic internet principles on Facebook. Yet, one-way strategies were still more commonly used. The principle of conservation of visitors and organizational engagement for creating an online dialogue enhances public engagement outcomes of users' reactions, likes, shares, and comments. Moreover, findings from qualitative data demonstrate that a state college relied on social media more to disseminate information rather than a dialogic and interactive medium for governance.

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Organizational leaders are increasingly expected to be visible and communicative on social media with organizations' public. Drawing theory and literature from dialogic communication and leadership communication, this study analyzed and compared how corporate and nonprofit executive leaders capitalized on various dialogic principles and social presence strategies for engagement purposes. We content‐analyzed Twitter posts from leaders in corporate and nonprofit sectors. Findings revealed notable differences in how corporate and nonprofit executives communicated with publics on Twitter. While leaders from both sectors posted information valuable to their stakeholders and used affective strategies to project a personable image and nurture relationships, nonprofit leaders focused on social influence, whereas corporate executives emphasized information dissemination. This study also showed mixed findings regarding the relationships between leaders' communication strategies and publics' social media engagement.

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Businessmen's marketing strategies that take advantage of the fame of celebgrams as influencers are incredibly appropriate in the social media era. The present study deals with the dynamics of celebgram trustworthiness and social interaction with their followers in relation to possession envy and consumer purchase intention. To test the proposed model, the researchers collected data from 181 respondents in Indonesia through an online survey and analyzed it using the Smart PLS. The results of the present study showed that celebgram trustworthiness had no positive effect on possession envy but it had a positive effect on consumer purchase intention. Furthermore, para-social interactions had a positive effect on possession envy and consumer purchase intention and possession envy had a positive effect on consumer purchase intention. The present study provides a theoretical contribution to the literature on retail and consumer services and offers managerial implications for instafamous-based marketing.

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The Power of Unrequited Love: The Parasocial Relationship, Trust, and Organizational Identification Between Middle-Level Managers and CEOs

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Previous studies have found that CEOs manage their firms through traditional methods such as leadership and management practices. In this study, we investigate how the parasocial relationship (PSR) between middle-level managers and CEOs affects the organizational trust and the organizational identification (OI) of middle managers. We find that the PSR between middle managers and CEOs has a positive effect on the OI of middle managers, which is mediated by the organizational trust of middle managers. Purpose: Middle managers and CEOs are the key components of a firm and are crucial to firm strategies and control systems. Middle managers play a vital role in information transmission like in the organizational hierarchy while CEOs influence low-level employees through middle managers. In this study, we investigate how the PSR between middle managers and CEOs affects organizational trust and OI. Design/Methodology: In this study, the data concerning OI, integrity perception, and organizational trust are derived from a survey conducted by the internal control research group of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). The research group began the survey on September 5, 2014, for the firms listed in the A-share market, accounting firms with securities and future practice qualifications, and institutional investors through the accounting department of the CSRC, the Shanghai Stock Exchange, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and the Asset Management Association of China. The research group members surveyed 2,536 A-share firms listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange. As of October 31, 2014, 2,154 sets of questionnaires with a total of 12,551 questionnaires were received, with a response rate of 84.95%. The financial and accounting data are from the China Stock Market and Accounting Research (CSMAR) database. Findings: We find that the PSR between middle managers and CEOs has a positive effect on the OI of middle managers, which is mediated by the organizational trust of middle managers. This study extends the application of the parasocial interaction (PSI) theory, organizational trust theory, and social identity theory in listed firms. Practical Implication: There are practical implications for internal relationship management, corporate governance, and performance management. CEOs should value the influence of organizational trust and improve his/her own social and work abilities on middle-level managers as the organizational trust of middle-level managers has a significant positive impact on their sense of responsibility, ethical behavior, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance. CEOs should adopt various methods to influence different managers because organizational trust mediates the relationship between the PSR and OI. Originality/Value: Our study is one of the first attempts to apply the PSI theory to the corporate world. Given the dynamics of present-day markets and changing stakeholder demands, there is little insight into how this relationship affects organizational health and functioning. Much less what a PSR between CEO and middle management looks like in practice. Our study attempts to fill the gap by investigating how CEOs might come to affect middle managers through their practices and behaviors.

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Social media is a new platform for CEOs to build their image and create a strong personal brand to represent themselves and their company. This research examines an outstanding Malaysian fashion icon and social media–savvy businesswoman with over a million followers on Instagram, Vivy Yusof, the youngest Malaysian e-commerce mogul and an example of a successful CEO who has used personal branding to build an empire in the fashion industry. The objectives of this research are to identify the type of messages Vivy Yusof communicates to her audience through her personal Instagram posts and to identify the ways Vivy Yusof’s audience engages with her posts on Instagram. Her Instagram post content is classified using the Honeycomb framework that comprises seven functional building blocks, namely, presence, relationships, reputation, groups, identity, conversations, and sharing. In this study, the content of Vivy Yusof’s Instagram posts is categorized by how she focuses on the various functional building blocks in her posts and the implications these blocks have on how her audience interacts with the posts. Her social media presence confirms the importance of CEO personal branding because of her role and influence on the masses evidenced by the willingness of her followers to interact (through likes and comments) and engage with her posts on any subject matter, relating either to her business or personal life. The study contributes to a growing body of literature on personal branding strategies by shedding light on the association between content strategies and engagement with social media content.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of some demographic characteristics of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) on Financial Reporting Timeliness (FRT) in Saudi Arabia. More particularly, this study aims to test whether or not CEO characteristics, namely, tenure, accounting financial expertise, and sociability are associated with FRT. The sample of this study consists of 119 non-financial firms listed on Tadawul Stock Exchange for a period of four years (2014-2017). We use panel regressions and two proxies of FRT. Our findings report that a long-tenured CEO is associated with timely financial reports when the IFRS transition is simultaneously considered. This result implies that companies with a long-tenured CEO reduce the period taken to prepare and disclose their financial reports in the period of IFRS transition. Our findings show that CEO accounting financial expertise is significantly associated with timely financial reporting. This result implies that companies with a CEO who is an accounting financial expert reduce the period taken to prepare and disclose their financial reports on the capital market website. Our findings also report that CEO sociability is significantly associated with timely financial reporting in all instances. This result suggests that companies with a more sociable CEO reduce the period taken to prepare and disclose their financial reports on the capital market website. This result implies that when the CEO is more sociable via social media, firms tend to be more active in disclosing their annual reports timely. Overall, findings report that CEO characteristics do matter regarding the timeliness of financial reporting. Results are robust to an alternative measure of financial reporting timeliness. Our findings should be of interest to policymakers and regulators in Saudi Arabia in formulating new policies as they need to play a role in ensuring the shorter gap of financial report delay. The findings of this research have also a practical implication for shareholders and boards of directors in selecting a new CEO by taking into consideration their accounting financial expertise and their sociability on social media. Findings of this research contribute to the growing literature by examining the effect of CEO characteristics on timely reporting in Saudi Arabia, an understudied and unique context. The present study also complements the recent literature on the determinants of financial reporting timeliness by providing evidence that the sociability and accounting financial expertise of top leaders improve the financial reporting timeliness.

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One of the core problems of misinformation and post-trust societies is, indeed, trust in communications. The undermining of the credibility of media as the backbone of democratic societies is becoming a serious problem that affects democracy, business and all kinds of public institutions and organizations in society(ies). This paper explores perceptions of trust in key stakeholders involved in communication on behalf of organizations. Findings are considered at the professional (macro), departmental (meso) and individual (micro) level as well as considering the trusted role of non-specialist communicators for organizations including internal and external spokespeople. Data were collected from an online survey of 2883 respondents from 46 countries across Europe. Key findings were at the macro level that: antagonism between management communication professionals and journalists remains. The lowest trust in the profession is felt to be by the general public. At the meso level, top executives are perceived to trust the department the most followed by journalists in second place. External experts such as professors and consultants are perceived to be the most trusted by the general public. Finally, at the micro level individuals are more trusted than organizations or departments and the communication profession more widely.

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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) orientation and its communication are becoming more essential for organizations. The influence of the CSR orientation of CEOs on the online reputation of the firm has received little research attention. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of CSR related messages posted by CEOs on Twitter, helpful in building social capital, which in turn impacts online reputation of the firm by analysing the themes of the tweets posted by CEOs on social media platforms such as Twitter. Using a sample of 1,99,748 tweets of Fortune and Forbes CEOs, themes of the tweets were identified with the help of topic modeling, and content analysis was performed using a five-point Likert scale to investigate the influences of CEOs’ orientation towards four dimensions of CSR—economic, legal, ethical and discretionary on online reputation of the firm. The findings highlight the importance of leading CEOs’ inclination towards CSR on online reputation of the firm. The findings revealed that CEOs’ orientation towards economic, legal, ethical and discretionary dimensions of CSR on social media significantly impacts online reputation of the firm. This study emphasises on critical aspects of CSR discussions on social media platform and provides several practical recommendations to firms and CEOs.KeywordsCSRTwitterSocial mediaSocial network sitesSocial media analytics

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Citizen engagement is a terminology that has changed in the current period, starting from citizen involvement until now known as citizen engagement. Citizen engagement is the willingness and ability of regular people to band together, negotiate, and take action on topics they perceive to be important. This paper focused on investigating citizen engagement on government social media. Related to this, the use of government social media is still experiencing difficulties in order to increase the attitude of public involvement towards government social media where the public get all information services and announcements related to the government. To overcome this problem, a citizen engagement model needs to be developed significantly to increase or promote CE on GSM. In summary, the citizen engagement model is able to become a significant guide in presenting all the important factors that need to be possessed in encourage citizen engagement attitudes towards GSM. This essay seeks to develop a model that includes all of these factors. These factors have been identified by the Systematic Literature Review analysis (SLR) method and then applied significantly to increase knowledge about the new contribution in the field of citizen engagement models from the point of view of government social media platforms which become very significant now days.KeywordsCitizen EngagementSocial MediaGSMCE Model on GSM

A Comparison Study of Machine Learning Algorithms for Credit Risk Prediction

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The banking industry performs credit score analysis as an efficient credit risk assessment method to determine a customer’s creditworthiness. In the banking industry, machine learning could be used for a variety of uses involving data analysis. A method of data analysis that is capable of self-regulation has been made possible by the development of modern techniques, such as classification approaches. The classification method is a form of supervised learning in which the computer acquires knowledge from the provided input data and then utilizes it to classify the dataset, which is used for training purposes. This study presents a comparative analysis of the various machine learning algorithms that are utilized to evaluate credit risk. The methods are used by utilizing the German Credit dataset that was collected from Kaggle, which consists of 1,000 instances and 11 attributes, all of which are used to determine if transactions are good or bad. The findings of data analysis using Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Gaussian Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors Classifier, Decision Tree Classifier, Support Vector Machines, and Random Forest are compared and contrasted in this study. The findings demonstrated that the Random Forest algorithm forecasted credit risk effectively.KeywordsCredit RiskBankingMachine LearningPredictionFeatures

Entrepreneurial CEO’s Intended Public Language Clarity as a Strategic Tool for Corporate Communication: Linguistic Analysis of Automotive Industry Leaders

Article

Aug 2023

Sehoon Kim

Despite various efforts in management studies, the literature has neglected to explore the strategic use of public language, defined as the external communication by the CEO, in entrepreneurial settings. This study hypothesizes that entrepreneurial strategic intent leads to the intended clarity to achieve the desired business goals on a theoretical basis of upper echelons theory, sense-making and active audience theory. The analytical procedure included linguistic analysis for readability and simplicity of the public language of Tesla and four other incumbents based on the corpus spoken by CEOs under official settings. The findings reveal that Tesla’s CEO delivered intended clarity, delivering the most comprehensible information to the stakeholders, as hypothesized in the research design. This article contributes to the literature by suggesting a novel S-P-I model that investigates the ‘Strategic intent– Public language–Intended clarity’ flow. Managerial implications advise organizations adequately manage their public language to have desired results.

CSR Communication on Social Media as a Driver of the Non-financial Performance of the Firm: Role of Chief Executive Officers and Senior Executives in CSR Communication: A Viewpoint

Chapter

Jul 2023

Shivani Thakur

CEOs can improve the non-financial performance of the firm by posting CSR initiatives of their firms on social media. CEOs can enhance stakeholder support behaviours and their perspective towards them by disseminating information about their corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. A company’s reputation, stakeholder-company relationships, and other non-financial performance are all improved over time through these actions. This chapter highlights the necessity for CEOs to more actively involve stakeholders in CSR activities using social media because stakeholder’s inadequate awareness of and negative perception towards firm’s CSR activities continue to be significantly hampered in the firm’s attempts to maximize the non-financial performance of the firm through their CSR initiatives. This chapter highlights the importance of social media usage for CSR communication. This chapter presents five action plans that define how CEOs and senior executives can use social media platforms for CSR communication. The chapter highlights that the success of CSR communication can be influenced by many factors, including message content, social media communication platforms, and communication strategies (one-way or two-way communication).KeywordsCEOsSocial mediaNon-financial performanceCSRCommunicationSenior executivesManagers

What employees perceive as personal communication: results of a Q study on internal communication

Article

Jun 2023
J Comm Manag

Helena Stehle

Purpose Engaging with stakeholders in “a personal, intimate way” (Men and Tsai, 2016, p. 932) or “includ[ing] the ‘personal touch’” (Kent and Taylor, 1998, p. 323) is often seen as desirable in internal communication management. While the importance of personal communication is undisputed from the perspectives of internal communication, its communicators, and from internal stakeholders, this is not true when it comes to the dimensions and characteristics that constitute an experience of communication as feeling personal. The present study aims to explore what makes communication personal from the employees' perspective. Design/methodology/approach The study used the Q methodology and Q method, thus focusing on an individual's subjective perspective. The Q methodology was implemented in the form of a Q-sort survey exploring the perceptions of 32 German employees (selected from a representative cross-section of 400 employees in Germany, using a balanced-block design to maximize heterogeneity). Findings The results show that while direct and dyadic communication is often perceived as personal, many other dimensions and characteristics are also considered “personal” in both the literature and based on stakeholder perceptions. The Q-sort survey revealed four perception types whose perceptions of communication as “personal” vary widely, with all these types rejecting non-human communicators. Originality/value This study contributes to the limited understanding of employees' perceptions of internal communication as “personal.” It shows how the Q methodology and Q method—a rarely used perspective—can complement existing theoretical and empirical research on internal communication. For internal communication management, the findings show that a “one-size-fits-all” approach must be questioned and that a communication team's involvement in personal communication can have negative consequences.

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Staging or real commitment? CEO reputation management as a moderator of the influence of firm size on corporate social responsibility performance and controversies

Article

Apr 2023
J CLEAN PROD

The increasing importance of corporate social responsibility over recent decades has led research on its drivers to grow exponentially. However, the mystery of different levels of commitment despite comparable firm characteristics related to size, such as financial resources and similar external pressures, has still not been completely unravelled. Given that corporate engagement in social responsibility is not only shaped by firm characteristics but also – and even especially – by the preferences and motivations of its leaders, this study explores how CEOs’ reputational ambitions moderate the relationship between firm size and corporate social responsibility. We argue that CEOs who actively manage their reputation are more aware of the reputation-enhancing potential of corporate social responsibility. We test our ideas with a cross-sectional sample of 128 listed companies from seven Western European countries, operationalising CEOs’ reputation management with a novel measure based on their self-presentation and posting behaviour on LinkedIn. Our results show support for a weakening influence of CEOs’ reputation management on the positive relationship between firm size and corporate social responsibility controversies, but we do not find support for a strengthening effect on corporate social responsibility performance. In light of the fact that adequate corporate social responsibility performance involves more than just staying away from scandals, our findings indicate that CEOs who actively present themselves as environmentally and socially committed are more likely to do so in response to the pressure and current trend of being green and social than out of a real commitment.

People want to see people? Personalization on Facebook as a tool for corporate communications

Article

Oct 2022
Corp Comm Int J

Purpose Social networks were created to connect with friends. Therefore, communication in social networks allows addressing individual contacts of each user and is often rather private by nature. Organizations can use this to communicate frequently and personally with their stakeholders. Therefore, this study investigates how organizations use personalization in their social media communication. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative content analysis of Facebook posts from ten large companies ( N = 500). The posts were analyzed regarding the sub dimensions of personalization, individualization and privatization, as well as type of post, tonality, emotions, user reactions and topics. Findings Companies at least partially personalize their communication on Facebook. Overall, 28% of all posts were personalized. Personalized posts were almost always positive regarding tonality and mostly positive regarding emotions. While the personalized posts in this study have fewer user reactions than non-personalized posts, they still have a rather high absolute number of reactions. Regarding personal characteristics, results show that professional competence and appearance were mainly addressed. Concerning privatization, only very few posts showed an individual in a private setting. Originality/value The present work gives an overview of how personalized posts differ from non-personalized posts and looks at depicted individuals as well as the use of private elements. By applying the conceptualization of Van Aelst et al. (2012) and by looking at organizations’ use of personalization on the social media platform Facebook, it sheds light on an area that has not been the center of attention so far and helps to expand the current state of personalization research.

Institutionalizing corporate social responsibility disclosure: Historical webpages of the Fortune global 500 companies, 1997–2009

Article

Sep 2022

Management and organization scholarships have paid increasing attention to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Less is known about the historical processes leading to the institutionalization of CSR reporting. We bridge the gap by coding and analyzing a digital archive of multinational enterprises' historical websites between 1997 and 2009. Combining in‐depth case studies of detailed environmental disclosure histories of three companies with quantitative summaries of 263 such companies, we find that these companies learned to define the CSR term and adjust their disclosing behaviors gradually, from ad hoc mentioning of idiosyncratic themes to disclosing proliferating themes, often in the dedicated separate website section. Accompanying this change was the growth of global initiatives such as Global Compact and Global Reporting Initiatives and their disclosure guidelines. These findings not only illuminate a historical perspective but also epitomize the dialectical relationship between business and institutional pressures.

Measuring consumer digital engagement and political consumerism as outcomes of corporate political advocacy

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022
PUBLIC RELAT REV

Given the need for more research into consumer digital engagement in response to corporate political advocacy (CPA) within the public relations body of knowledge, this study examines CPA in the scholarly literature on business ethics and public relations. To advance the understanding of CPA, particularly how to measure behavioral outcomes of CPA, we develop and validate an original scale with four dimensions from two domains. The first domain of CPA outcomes is consumer digital engagement (CDE-CPA), which considers a variety of sociopolitical activities on social media and degrees of behavioral effort required for these activities. The second is political consumerism, which measures consumer political preference expression through purchasing behavior including buycotting and boycotting. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed.

Ε-Government, Dialogic Communication Principles and Social Media Engagement: An Empirical Investigation of Greek Smart Cities

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Canales de comunicación mediada por computador y sus efectos en la satisfacción de la comunicación

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Ever Bedoya

Las redes sociales son canales que se integran a la comunicación organizacional interna. De ahí que este estudio examine el uso de la comunicación mediada por computador, la frecuencia de su uso y su posible efecto en la satisfacción de la comunicación en pymes colombianas del sector de servicios. La muestra fue de 103 personas de 4 pymes colombianas. Los resultados muestran que WhatsApp, el correo electrónico y la Intranet institucional son los canales de comunicación interna más utilizados; y que Instagram, Facebook y YouTube son los de menos uso. Asimismo, se observa que la ausencia de la comunicación mediada por computador no impacta la satisfacción de la comunicación. Las implicaciones son importantes en este momento que la emergencia sanitaria global ha obligado a recurrir al trabajo en casa.

Social capital, stakeholder engagement and the public sphere

Chapter

Feb 2022

Anna Oksiutycz

South Africa (SA) faces numerous challenges: a struggling economy, poverty, and income inequality. At the same time, corruption scandals, state capture, and a lack of progress with improving the lives of the vast majority of the population, decades after SA became a democratic state, suggest a need to rethink the modes of engagement by different actors within society if the government is to effectively serve its citizens. In particular, multi-stakeholder partnerships are the key to sustainable development, which is what SA needs. Positive change is possible when an engagement among citizens, government, and the private sector takes place, resulting in the reshaping of beliefs and influencing the governmental decision-making process and its outcomes. It is almost taken for granted that the government is solely responsible for solving the country’s problems. Constant change, ambiguity, uncertainty, and raising citizens’ expectations stretch the government’s ability to face these challenges almost to breaking point. Our everyday experiences indicate that government is struggling to provide the answers to all the pressing issues facing SA, such as unemployment, migration, poverty, and the growing divide between rich and poor. In these circumstances, in order to find the innovative solutions that work for all, the notions of government, governance, and the engagement of government with other stakeholders, including business and civil society, have to be redefined. In this chapter, we are going to explore strategic communication in the context of a broader society. In particular, we examine the relationship between the government and contemporary civil society. The chapter begins with an introduction to the concepts of civil society and discusses the role of the public sphere in a democracy, highlighting the importance of a robust societal dialogue and the need for participation of various social actors in societal discourses. Further in the chapter, we critically look at different meanings of power within society and introduce the concept of biopower as a positive societal resource. In order to understand the role of stakeholder engagement in building social capital, we first critically discuss what stakeholder engagement is and identify the necessary principles for true engagement, namely: dialogue, transparency, and the existence of suitable engagement spaces. Recognising the role of government as a powerful actor in any society, we look at the characteristics, objectives, and the changing nature of government communication.

Stepping into Ill-Fitting Shoes: Local Status Contrasts and Acquisitiveness of New CEOs

Article

Jan 2022

This paper asks what motivates new chief executive officers (CEOs) to engage in an acquisition spree despite the considerable risk it entails to themselves and their firms. Building on status theory and performance feedback theory, we theorized that status distance between new CEOs and their predecessors explains the empire-building behavior of new CEOs early in their tenure. Because of the uncertainty surrounding a CEO’s quality early in the individual’s tenure, status serves as a signal of quality for the new CEO. Hence, CEOs had to rely on status signals to maintain or close the status gap between them and their predecessors. Drawing on performance feedback theory, we theorized that new CEOs’ status contrast relative to their predecessor influences their acquisitive behavior. Our examination of the acquisition behavior of 429 new CEOs of S&P 500 firms in the United States revealed that relatively low-status CEOs engaged in risk-taking to improve their status, but relatively high-status new CEOs engaged in risk-taking to maintain their lead. It also revealed that new CEOs changed their risk-taking behavior when direct evidence of their quality or that of their predecessors deviated from the underlying quality expectations indicated by their relative status position.

Relational capital through strategic stakeholder engagement

Chapter

Dec 2021

This chapter aims to underline the relevance of utilising stakeholder engagement for shared meaning, collective decision making and a bottom-up approach to developing solutions. Stakeholder engagement is regarded as a way to build relational capital.

Beyond Business: A Poster Contrasting CEO Activism on Social Media in India and the United States

Conference Paper

Jun 2021

The Impact of Transformational Leadership and Transparent Communication on Employees' Openness to Change by Explaining the Mediating Role of Organizational Trust

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

In recent years, as a result transformation of leadership in higher education, in order to meet global changes and challenges, there has been a growing interest in the jobs of leaders in the field of higher education institutions. Selection of expert leaders affects the growth and development of higher education institutions and is considered a key factor in achieving university standards and enhancing performance. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of transformational leadership and transparent communication on employees' openness to change, by explaining the mediating role of organizational trust in the Kerman police force. The present study is a descriptive and correlational study in terms of the purpose of an applied research and also based on how to obtain the required data. The statistical population of this research is 220 police officers in Kerman, the sample size of which was randomly selected based on Cochran's formula equal to 140 people. A standard questionnaire with appropriate validity and reliability was used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equation modeling and SPSS 16 and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that organizational trust has a significant positive effect on employees' acceptance of change. Transformational leadership has a significant positive effect on organizational trust, employee acceptance of change and transparent information. On the other hand, transparent information has a significant positive effect on organizational trust and employee acceptance of change. Organizational trust also plays a mediating role in influencing transformational leadership and transparent information on employee acceptance of change. In summary, the emergence of different leadership behaviors by university leaders is important, but transformational leadership allows them to play their role more competently in the current dynamic environment.

The Dark Side of Social Media: Spreading Misleading Information During COVID-19 Crisis

Chapter

Jan 2022

Noor Aamer Al Shehab

The Internet has heralded a new era of information technology and facilitated communication through different platforms. Several governments, organizations, and individuals recognize that social media has yielded significant advantages to their practices and easily delivers their messages. For the first time in their history, some governments and businesses offer jobs related to the social media landscape, such as Social Media Specialist, due to the technological and information revolution. Certainly, social media enables its users to distribute information and reach a mass audience irrespective of their geographic and demographic boundaries. Therefore, social media could breed new challenges when misused and exploited in dispensing rumors and misleading facts to the public, especially in crises. This chapter aims to underscore social media's existence and how it paves the way to smooth the flow of information and communication worldwide. By employing social media tools in their practices, both governments and businesses witness exceptional outcomes and acknowledge that social media laid the foundation for more effective communication. This chapter will also highlight social media’s disadvantages in increasing false information and inadequate facts that drive more uncertainty, sadness, anger, and lack of confidence among the public. It will also address the concept of crisis in general and focus on crisis management and crisis communication. Moreover, some countries will clarify the actions relevant to information filtering via prohibiting some popular websites and social media platforms. Furthermore, it will identify how governments and businesses deal with rumors in crisis, for example, COVID-19 outbreak, wars, financial scandals, business interruptions, and the like. Finally, the chapter will deliver the best practices that manage and control the fake information in social media and determine the best ways to spread accurate, reliable, and sufficient facts.

Tweeting About Business and Society: A Case Study of an Indian Woman CEO

Chapter

Jan 2021

This chapter examines the social media content posted by a woman Indian chief executive officer (CEO) on Twitter. The active involvement of CEO in communication activities influences the business effectiveness, performance, and standing of the business headed by her. Rstudio and Nvivo, two analytical tools, were used for different analysis such as tweets extraction and content analysis. The findings show the various themes in CEO communication which are categorized in different sectors in terms of her personal views (feelings and status updates), political views, and social concerns (ranging from education, women empowerment, governance, and policy support). The chapter extends the theoretical and empirical arguments for the importance of CEOs' social media communications. Finally, this research suggests that with a well-planned and strategic social media use, CEOs can create value for themselves and their businesses.

When public relations meets social media: A systematic review of social media related public relations research from 2006 to 2020

Article

Nov 2021
PUBLIC RELAT REV

This study examines the patterns and trends of social media-related public relations research published in 14 journals from 2006 to 2020. It analyzes the theoretical trends (i.e., research topics, theories and theoretical models, hypotheses, and research questions), methodological trends (i.e., types of sample, sampling methods, and research methods), and social media platforms used in 445 published journal articles. The findings are compared with the publication trends of social media-related public relations articles by journals in interdisci-plinary areas, which include communication, public relations, and new media. The results reveal the trends of public relations research across three stages of social media development. In addition, this study provides directions for future public relations research involving social media and calls for more studies on fake news on social media, artificial intelligence on social media apps, and social media influencers. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are also discussed.

Legitimacy, autonomy and trust: a recipe for organizations to operate in the public interest

Article

Jun 2021
Corp Comm Int J

Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of publics' legitimacy evaluations on Arthur W. Page's conceptualization of “reasonable freedom of action” by breaking it into two parts: (1) perceived organizational autonomy and (2) trust in the organization. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted an online experiment using a 2 (legitimacy: low, high) × 2 (legitimacy type: institutional, actional) between-subjects design. Measured variables included perceived organizational autonomy and trust. Findings Organizations acting in their own self-interest while ignoring community norms and expectations were perceived to be exercising higher levels of organizational autonomy and have lower levels of trust. The interaction between legitimacy type and level had an effect on perceived organizational autonomy and trust. Research limitations/implications Public's view their relationships with organizations from a perspective that prioritizes responsibility and conformity to community norms and expectations. Also, organizations have more to lose by acting in their own self-interest to resolve institutional legitimacy concerns and more to gain by handling them in a way that includes the public interest than when they are managing an actional legitimacy situation. Practical implications Societal norms, values and beliefs, which may have accommodated, or even supported, an organization's approach to doing business in the past, can change over time, calling into question an organization's legitimacy and its ability to operate in the public interest. As a result, organizational leaders need the Chief Communication Officer to help them understand current societal norms, values and beliefs. Originality/value This study addresses a core assumption of the organization–public relationship paradigm that has not yet been studied empirically. It also expands the understanding of organizational autonomy from a public perspective and examines the effect of legitimacy on organizational autonomy and trust.

“People are More than Just a Statistic”: Ethical, Care-based Engagement of Marginalized Publics on Social Media

Article

Jun 2021

Katie R. Place

The purpose of this qualitative study is to answer calls to examine social media, ethical engagement, and marginalized publics. Findings suggest that strategic communication and public relations professionals ethically engage marginalized individuals on social media by a) embodying an ethic of care emphasizing compassion and respect, b) listening with sensitivity, c) considering marginalized individuals’ unique privacy and anonymity needs, d) ensuring transparency and accuracy of messaging, and e) forging trusting relationships through an embodiment of authenticity. Ultimately, this study suggests that social media practice must continue to advance care-based ethical social media engagement of marginalized publics in ways that relate to them as unique individuals deserving of compassion and empathy – beyond mere codes of ethics or universal, duty-based philosophies.

Authentic Leadership in a Digital World

Chapter

Feb 2021

Danica Myers

The business environment abounds with turbulence, seeing that new technologies and the global pandemic have disrupted traditional business operations. Advanced technologies and rapid modes of communication along with the shift to virtual environments in response to the global pandemic have acted as catalysts for change. Communication technologies that include Web 2.0 technologies shifted the ways individuals communicate. For this collaboration to take place, leaders must adopt new skills that are relevant and effective in a digital environment. Due to the shift in information access, more people are demanding that leaders demonstrate authentic leadership. Stakeholders expect organizations and leaders to demonstrate a higher level of authenticity and transparency. This chapter examines the evolution of digital business strategies. As well as the components of digital transparency and authenticity along with challenges to digital transparency and authenticity.

Evolution of Social Media Marketing

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2017

Social Media is a platform where people socialize virtually. There are several social media platforms such as Facebook, whatsapp, Twitter, Quora, LinkedIn, YouTube and many more which are all used to acquaint with people across the globe by sharing their lifestyle status, Opinions, interests and also to create Awareness amongst each other. Social Media has impacted modern World on a very high scale. It can also be called as a first ever virtual creation that has revolutionized the world by Toppling governments; by keeping people on toes regarding day to day news, fashion, trends; by Sharing information's, bold facts which never reached common man in the recorded history. It is also providing a voice to common man which he/she never realized that he/she ever had. Human race has never been this aware; never pushed its potential to this extent. Never were our lives this easier, aware and revolutionary. Although there are several factors that made this world as it is today, it's evident that Social Media is to be thanked the most. As people are sharing pretty much everything about themselves with each other over the servers using social media platforms, their data's are stored in the databases which are hawked by corporate companies to promote their products by Mining, analyzing, predicting the data in the database. Sports Brand like Nike, Adidas, Under Armour and Puma use this data from different social media such as Facebook, Instagram to promote their product using the users search site records. This paper proposes a framework to develop a Social Media which is exclusively staunched to a distinct domain such as Sports, Fashion, Music which makes mining of data and promoting of products efficient without much hassle. Proposed Framework is further narrowed down to Sports domain for better understanding of the framework that's been explained. Keywords: Social Media, Facebook, Instagram, Advertisement, Promotion, Platform, data Mining, Interests, Hassle Free, Under Armour, Nike, Sports, Tournament Bizz, Sponsor.

Exploring consumer motivations for creating user-generated content

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2010

The advent of Web 2.0 technologies has enabled the efficient creation and distribution of user-generated content (UGC), resulting in vast changes in the online media landscape. For instance, the proliferation of UGC has made a strong impact on consumers, media suppliers, and marketing professionals while necessitating research in order to understand both the short and long-term implications of this media content. This exploratory study (n = 325) seeks to investigate consumer consumption and creation of UGC and the attitudinal factors that contribute to these actions. The data confirm the established relationship between attitude and behavior and indicate attitude serves as a mediating factor between the use and creation of UGC. With regard to the creation of UGC, the ego-defensive and social functions of attitude were found to have the most explanatory power.

Attracting Facebook 'fans': The importance of authenticity and engagement as a social networking strategy for professional sport teams

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012

Assessing stakeholder engagement

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2010

Perceptual, Attitudinal, and Behavioral Outcomes of Organization–Public Engagement on Corporate Social Networking Sites

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2014

This study proposes and tests a conceptual model that not only measures public engagement with corporate pages on social networking sites, but also evaluates the influence of such engagement on important perceptual, relational, and behavioral outcomes. Study results provide empirical evidence of the positive effects of public engagement on perceived corporate authenticity, organizational transparency, organization–public relationships, and public advocacy. Findings underscore the importance of public engagement via social media on enhancing perceived corporate transparency and authenticity, and thereby cultivating strong relationships. Additionally, organization–public relationships emerged as a deciding factor driving the effects of public engagement on advocacy behaviors.

The key to social media success with in organizations

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2012
MIT SLOAN MANAGE REV

Bringing Out Charisma: CEO Charisma and External Stakeholders

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2006

We present a theory detailing the processes through which CEO charisma affects participants outside the organization. In order to reach this goal, the model extends the range of current theory beyond internal organizational members, linking CEO charisma to those outsiders key to organizational effectiveness: institutional intermediaries and external stakeholders. We discuss several implications suggested by this framework to facilitate future research in this area.

Strategic Internal Communication

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2014
MANAGE COMMUN Q

Linjuan Rita Men

The current study investigates how leadership influences internal public relations by building the linkage between transformational leadership, the use of communication channels, symmetrical communication, and employee satisfaction. Furthermore, it examines the effectiveness of various internal communication channels. Through a web survey of 400 employees working in medium-sized and large corporations in the United States, the study showed that transformational leadership positively influences the organization's symmetrical internal communication and employee relational satisfaction. Transformational leaders most often use information-rich face-to-face channels to communicate with followers. Leaders' use of face-to-face channels is positively associated with employee satisfaction. Employees mostly prefer emails to receive information from the organization regarding new decisions, policies, events, or changes, followed by general employee meetings and interpersonal communication with managers. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Dialogic Engagement: Clarifying Foundational Concepts

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2014
J Publ Relat Res

The principle of engagement underlies much of the relational and organization–public communication research. Unfortunately, the principle of engagement suffers from a lack of clarity in the public relations literature. Use of the term engagement varies widely. This article clarifies the principle of engagement by positioning it within dialogue theory. We posit a conceptualization of engagement as: Engagement is part of dialogue and through engagement, organizations and publics can make decisions that create social capital. Engagement is both an orientation that influences interactions and the approach that guides the process of interactions among groups.

Understanding Public Engagement: Conceptualizing and Measuring its Influence on Supportive Behavioral Intentions

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2014

Minjeong Kang

The concept of public engagement has suffered from a lack of a clear theoretical definition and sound operationalization. This study conceptualized and operationalized public engagement at the individual level and tested the micro-model of public engagement in relation to key public relations concepts and supportive behavioral intentions. Further, the study tried to bring the affective component into public relations scholarship by introducing engagement as a behavioral motivator that elicits individual publics' supportive behaviors toward an organization. The results showed the proposed 13-item scale of public engagement was sound in reliability and validity and found support for the proposed model as well as the mediation of public engagement.

The Authentic Enterprise: Another Buzz Word, or a True Driver of Quality Relationships?

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2012

This study contributes to relationship management research by introducing a new construct—authenticity—as the mediating variable between symmetrical communication and relationship quality, and investigating the behavioral outcomes of perceived organization–public relationship quality. We propose a structural model of symmetrical communication, authentic organizational behavior, organization–public relationships, and two behavioral outcomes—positive and negative messaging. The results support all the hypothesized linkages, and shed new light on the process of relationship management.

Mediated vs. Parasocial Relationships: An Attachment Perspective

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013

Gayle S. Stever

This article delineates the distinctions between mediated and parasocial relationships before outlining the key aspects of parasocial theory and suggesting that the theory be expanded to consistently include parasocial attachment as a category distinct from parasocial relationships. Parasocial theory involves interactions, relationships and attachments between people of differing status such that one person is well known to the other but that knowing is not reciprocated. As media become more pervasive in the day-to-day lives of individuals, it becomes more and more important to understand the mechanisms whereby parasocial interaction, relationships, and attachments function in both development and social life. This paper proposed an integrated theory of parasocial dynamics, drawing principally from communications studies and psychology, while also recognizing the contributions of sociology and anthropology. Parasocial attachment is proposed to be a form of classical human attachment as defined by Bowlby (1969) and Ainsworth (1978), and the qualities and characteristics that define the other two identified forms of attachment, infant-caregiver and adult romantic, apply equally well to parasocial attachment.

Twitter as a Way for Celebrities to Communicate with Fans: Implications for the Study of Parasocial Interaction

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013

Twitter is a relatively new social media website and a good option for celebrities who want to chat with their fans without having to give away personal access information. This paper presents an analysis of a sample of the Twitter accounts of 12 entertainment media celebrities, 6 males and 6 females, all taken from 2009-2012 Twitter feeds. Since little is known about Twitter, a grounded theory approach for this study was used. Twitter can be used to learn about parasocial interaction, the unreciprocated interaction between individuals of differing status and knowledge of one another. This analysis provides a first step in that endeavor. Results showed that there was a great deal of variety from celebrity to celebrity in the ways Twitter was being used. All coded celebrities used Twitter to communicate both with other celebrities and with members of the public or fans about their work as well as personal likes and dislikes, conveying information that revealed personal activities that are not typically shared in other forums. Although fans connecting with celebrities via Twitter have some limited access to communicate with the celebrity, we conclude that the relationship is still parasocial in spite of the occasional reply a fan might receive. Our analysis showed that for celebrities who were using Twitter, the dialogue is serious, meaningful, and appears to have impact for those participating. In the last two to three years, social media have proliferated on the Internet. Web sites like MySpace, Facebook, and LiveJournal made it possible for people who had minimal Internet skills to set up personal pages wherein they could share a daily posting of thoughts, philosophies and ideals, photographs, web links and other items of interest with an audience. Celebrities also have availed themselves of social media, but in each of the above cases, in order to give access to audience members or fans, the application often gave away an undesirable level of access to personal information. MySpace is a good example of this. On one's MySpace page are a list of friends and their pages, personal photographs, and other potentially

Predicting Health: The Interplay Between Interpersonal Communication and Health Campaigns

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2014
J HEALTH COMMUN

The present study experimentally investigated the interplay between interpersonal communication and health message exposure in relation to alcohol consumption intentions. Participants were 174 students who took part in a study on the effects of an antialcohol message. At baseline, the authors assessed intention to refrain from binge drinking. At the second wave (2 weeks later), participants were assigned to the conditions of a 2 (antialcohol message or no-alcohol message) × 2 (alcohol conversation or control conversation) between-subjects design, after which intention was again assessed. Results showed that when participants talked about alcohol (instead of the control topic) and were not exposed to an antialcohol message, they were less inclined to refrain from binge drinking, an effect that was not visible when participants talked about alcohol after viewing an antialcohol message. These findings suggest that health campaign exposure moderates the influence of interpersonal communication on health variables.

Donor Engagement through Twitter

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2012
PUBLIC RELAT REV

Kate Smitko

This research examines how non-profit organizations can build and strengthen relationships with donors using the social media tool Twitter. Strong relationships are what lead to donor engagement in a non-profit cause, and the participatory culture that grows online as a result of using Twitter can help to initiate and build relationships with online donors. In this research, tweets were collected from two non-profit organizations, Care2 and United Way Toronto, and one for-profit corporation, Ford Motor Company. The textual construction of the tweets was analyzed using discourse analysis and a rhetorical framework as methodologies. Two main communication theories – the Social-Judgement Theory and the Social Networking Theory – emerged from the analyzed data and were driving forces behind the results. When applied to the data, it was evident that both these theories supported and illustrated ways to build and strengthen relationships using the social media tool, Twitter.

Guidelines for Measuring Relationship in Public Relations

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1999

Interactivity: A Concept Explication

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2002
NEW MEDIA SOC

Spiro Kiousis

The use of interactivity as a variable in empirical investigations has dramatically increased with the emergence of new communication channels such as the world wide web. Though many scholars have employed the concept in analyses, theoretical and operational definitions are exceedingly scattered and incoherent. Accordingly, the purpose of this project is to engender a detailed explication of interactivity that could bring some consensus to how the concept should be theoretically and operationally defined. Following Chaffee’s (1991) framework for concept explication, we generate new theoretical and operational definitions that may be central to future work in this area. In particular, we suggest that interactivity is both a media and psychological factor that varies across communication technologies, communication contexts, and people’s perceptions.

Cultural values reflected in corporate pages on popular social network sites in China and the United States

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2012

Purpose – Social network sites (SNSs) have been recognized as an important marketing communication tool for marketers to connect with today's internet‐savvy consumers. At the same time, the popularity of SNSs has become a worldwide phenomenon with the rise of many local SNSs. The purpose of this paper is to examine cultural differences in the use of communication appeals on corporate pages of leading SNSs in two culturally distinct countries, China and the USA. Design/methodology/approach – The study employs a content analysis to identify cultural orientations observed in communication appeals of the corporate pages on leading SNSs in China (Renren) and the USA (Facebook). Findings – Appeals to interdependence, popularity, high social status, luxury, emotions, and symbolic association are more frequently used in societies with a more collectivistic, greater power distance, and high‐context culture such as in China; whereas appeals to individuality and hedonism are more frequently used in an individualistic society like the USA. Overall, findings indicate that communication appeals on SNSs reflect the dominant cultural values in each country. Originality/value – Despite the numerous hypes and speculations regarding the effectiveness of SNSs as a marketing tool, few studies have explored how marketers use SNSs to interact with consumers. Findings based on this study advance our understanding of marketing communications on social media from a cross‐cultural perspective. The paper provides new evidence indicating that global marketers should adapt their communication strategies and styles when communicating with consumers in different societies on SNSs. The authors also provide guidelines for the localization attempts.

Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2012
MANAGE DECIS

C.M. Sashi

Purpose The advent of the internet and in particular the interactive features of Web 2.0 in recent years have led to an explosion of interest in customer engagement. The opportunities presented by social media to help build close relationships with customers seem to have excited practitioners in a wide variety of industries worldwide. Academic scholarship on customer engagement, however, has lagged practice and its theoretical foundation is relatively underdeveloped and a better understanding of the concept is essential to develop strategies for customer engagement. This paper seeks to address some of these issues. Design/methodology/approach The paper attempts to enhance understanding of customer engagement by examining practitioner views of customer engagement, linking it to the marketing concept, market orientation, and relationship marketing, modeling the customer engagement cycle, and developing a customer engagement matrix. Findings The paper develops a model of the customer engagement cycle with connection, interaction, satisfaction, retention, loyalty, advocacy, and engagement as stages in the cycle. It arrays customers in a customer engagement matrix according to the degree of relational exchange and emotional bonds that characterize their relationship with sellers. Four types of relationships emerge: transactional customers, delighted customers, loyal customers, and fans. Research limitations/implications The paper is an initial attempt to develop a theoretical framework for customer engagement and further research is required to better understand several aspects of the framework. Future research can also investigate questions stemming from this research, for instance, how different Web 2.0 tools may be used to build customer engagement in consumer and business markets. Practical implications Customer engagement turns customers into fans. But for customers to become fans they have to progress through the stages of the customer engagement cycle. In addition to current fans, sellers need a mix of transactional, delighted, and loyal customers who can be turned into fans in the future. A mix of digital and nondigital technologies can be employed to facilitate customers' transition through the stages in the customer engagement cycle. Originality/value The paper develops a conceptual model of customer engagement that improves understanding of the concept and provides the foundation for strategies to better satisfy customers using Web 2.0 tools like social media.

The Influence of Supervisor Temperament on Subordinate Job Satisfaction and Perceptions of Supervisor Sociocommunicative Orientation and Approachability

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2007

The goal of this study was to re-examine McCroskey, Valencic, and Richmond's findings about the impact of a teacher's temperament on her or his students by examining the findings in a different context, the supervisor-subordinate relationship in organizational settings. This study measured a supervisor's temperament to see if it affected a subordinate's job satisfaction, motivation, and perceptions of supervisor credibility, sociocommunicative style, and approachability. Results indicated a positive relationship between supervisor psychoticism and subordinate job satisfaction and motivation, while supervisor extraversion and neuroticism negatively related to subordinate job satisfaction and motivation. Furthermore, results indicated a positive relationship between supervisor extraversion and subordinate perceptions of supervisor responsiveness, and a negative relationship between supervisor neuroticism and psychoticism and subordinate perceptions of supervisor responsiveness. Overall, a supervisor's temperament was shown to affect subordinate perceptions of supervisor communicative behavior.

Engagement of Organizational Stakeholders in the Process of Formulating Values Statements

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2010
Atl J Comm

Krista Jaakson

Although the literature on organizational values is plentiful, little is known about the process of formulating them. Both in theory and practice, stakeholder groups are treated dramatically differently when it comes to their engagement in the values formulation process and there is no consensus on whether, whom, and how much to involve when adopting values statements. The aim of the current article is to offer a model for stakeholder engagement in the process of formulating organizational values statements. Three distinct levels of engagement are proposed—information, consultation, and partnership. The model rests on the idea that the higher the impact of the values statement on stakeholders, the higher the level of their engagement. The model was tested in four banking sector organizations operating in Estonia.

Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2008

danah boyd

Social network sites like MySpace and Facebook serve as "networked publics." As with unmediated publics like parks and malls, youth use networked publics to gather, socialize with their peers, and make sense of and help build the culture around them. This article examines American youth engagement in networked publics and considers how properties unique to such mediated environments (e.g., persistence, searchability, replicability, and invisible audiences) affect the ways in which youth interact with one another. Ethnographic data is used to analyze how youth recognize these structural properties and find innovative ways of making these systems serve their purposes. Issues like privacy and impression management are explored through the practices of teens and youth participation in social network sites is situated in a historical discussion of youth's freedom and mobility in the United States.

Conversational Voice, Communicated Commitment, and Public Relations Outcomes in Interactive Online Communication

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2009
J COMMUN

Tom Kelleher

Organizations face unique challenges in communicating interactively online with publics that comprise dauntingly large numbers of individuals. This online survey examined the perceptions of people who had experienced interactive communication with a large consumer-tech-industry company via organizational blogs. Those reporting the greatest exposure to the blogs in this study were more likely to perceive the organization as communicating with a conversational voice. Conversational human voice and communicated relational commitment (relational maintenance strategies) correlated positively with trust, satisfaction, commitment, and control mutuality (relational outcomes). Building on prior research, this survey supports a model of distributed public relations-one in which key outcomes of public relations are fostered by a wide range of people communicating interactively while representing an organization.

Twitter and its Usage for Dialogic Stakeholder Communication by MNCs and NGOs

Chapter

Jul 2014

It's a small world after all: Multiculturalism, authenticity, connectedness among trends to watch in next 50 years

Article

Jan 2007

F. Cook

Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling

Article

Jan 2005

R.B. Kline

Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of its Top Managers

Article

Jan 1984

This analysis considers the impact of the top managers in an organization on the organization's outcomes, specifically strategic choices and performance levels. The focus is not on the chief executive alone, but rather on the entire top management team. Using a macro view, these organizational outcomes are perceived to be related to the values and cognitive bases of those high-power individuals in the organization. In developing the model, emphasis is on the background characteristics of the top managers as opposed to the psychological dimensions. A series of propositions that should be tested to support the upper echelons theory are presented. The topics of these propositions include age, functional track, other career experiences, education, socioeconomic roots, financial position, and group characteristics. The creation of this model is just the beginning of the work that is necessary to evaluate and understand the upper echelons theory. Further input is needed from areas such as the executive recruiting industry. Additionally, clinical and statistical studies are both necessary to fully develop this theory. (SRD)

From personal influence to interpersonal influence: A model for relationship management

Article

Jan 2010

Erzsébet Fanni Tóth

Crossing Public-Private and Personal-Professional Boundaries How Changes in Technology May Affect CEOs’ Communication

Article

Mar 2014

Daphne A. Jameson

When Chiquita Brands considered relocating its corporate headquarters, competing cities started Twitter campaigns to influence the decision by communicating directly with the chief executive officer. As he used the new microblogging channel, some of his previously private communication became public, some personal communication became professional, and some professional communication became personal. The case shows how social media can significantly affect chief executive officers’ communication by encouraging boundary crossing. Understanding the connections between the private versus public and personal versus professional rhetorical categories will help business communicators make wise choices as technology continues to introduce new social media and other channel options.

Motivations and Antecedents of Consumer Engagement With Brand Pages on Social Networking Sites

Article

Jul 2013

Brand pages on social networking sites (SNSs) have become the key platform where consumers interact with brands. This study explored the types of consumer engagement with brand pages on Facebook as well as the motivations and antecedents that drive such engagement. Given the participatory and communal nature of SNSs, this study focused on the effects of social media dependency and three social relationship factors, including parasocial interaction, perceived source credibility, and community identification on consumer engagement with Facebook brand pages. A web survey was conducted to understand the motivations and antecedents of consumer engagement. The results confirm that, with the exception of perceived credibility, relationship-oriented factors played a significant role in inducing consumer engagement on SNSs.

Toward an Integrated Model of Public Engagement on Corporate Social Networking Sites: Antecedents, the Process, and Relational Outcomes

Article

Oct 2013

The importance of social media engagement as an influential factor for cultivating quality organization-public relationships has been increasingly recognized by strategic communication scholars and professionals. However, there exist few theoretical deliberations on the underlying mechanisms of organization-public engagement on social media. This study focused on organization-public engagement and relationship management via social networking sites. We proposed and tested an integrative model that incorporated the antecedents of social media dependency, parasocial interaction, and community identification, as well as the effects of user engagement on relational outcomes of trust, satisfaction, and commitment. Acknowledging the worldwide popularity of social networking sites, the proposed model was tested among users of leading social networking site in China (i.e., Renren, Sina Weibo), the country with the world's largest Internet population and second-largest economy. The study findings well supported the proposed conceptual model. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications are also provided.

Perceptual, Attitudinal, and Behavioral Outcomes of Organization–Public Engagement on Corporate Social Networking Sites

Article

Oct 2014

I Want to Be Your Friend: The Effects of Organizations’ Interpersonal Approaches on Social Networking Sites

Article

May 2014

Publics tend to use social networking sites mainly for interpersonal communication purposes. Corporate communication focusing on promotional activities, thus, might create negative sentiments toward the organization within those platforms. This experimental study examined the effect of organizations’ interpersonal approaches to communication (e.g., nonpromotional messages, high interactivity) in social networking sites using real and fictitious companies. Our results suggest that publics consider corporate activities in social networking sites more negatively when they perceive those platforms as a personal space. However, publics evaluate an organization more positively when it is highly interactive with its publics on these platforms. Finally, publics who perceive the platform as a personal space have a more positive attitude toward the organization when the organization is both highly interactive and employs nonpromotional messages.

Governing at a Distance—Politicians in the Blogosphere

Article

Apr 2008

This paper examines blogs by three senior politicians as examples of governing at a distance. It considers how the translation of policy messages might be supported by what Scannell has called the 'for-everyone-as-someone' structure of communication. Three communicative characteristics of the blogs are considered: politicians' attempts to seem like ordinary people; their efforts to manage time and appear spontaneous; and their claims to be conversing with and listening to the public. The paper concludes by raising questions about the consequences of digitally mediated intimacy for democratic representation.

Public engagement with nonprofit organizations on Facebook

Article

Sep 2014
PUBLIC RELAT REV

Watching television with others. The influence of interpersonal communication on entertainment

Article

Jun 2014

Arne Freya Zillich

This study investigates the influence of (1) viewing situations (solo vs. group-viewing) and (2) interpersonal communication in a group-viewing situation on television entertainment. In a field study combining a survey and video observation, (1) entertainment of participants watching television alone or in a group, and (2) entertainment between different groups was compared. To assess interpersonal communication while watching television, group verbal and nonverbal communication behavior was recorded. Results suggest that the presence of others did not influence viewers’ core enjoyment. Further, while the amount of nonverbal communication behavior did not affect viewers’ core enjoyment, particular topics of conversation influenced specific enjoyment qualities, with conversations indicating involvement in the television show intensifying viewers’ empathy, and conversations indicating emotional experiences while watching television decreasing viewers’ suspense. Results are discussed regarding nonverbal and verbal mechanisms that underlie entertainment in different social conditions.

Engagement across three social media platforms: An exploratory study of a cause-related PR campaign

Article

Dec 2013
PUBLIC RELAT REV

This study analyzed a social media campaign promoting child welfare to explore the associations among people's social media use, their engagement with different social media platforms (blog, Facebook page, Twitter account), and three intended behavioral outcomes (social media behavior, offline communication behavior, and helping behavior). An online survey of 73 participants shows that people's use of each social media platform was significantly related to their engagement with it at a bivariate level (when the other control variables were not considered). Social media use was also related to all three behavioral outcomes. Additionally, users’ engagement played a significant mediating role in the relationship between their social media use and their offline communication behavior.

Do CEO bloggers build community

Article

Nov 2013
J Comm Manag

Purpose - Chief executives (CEOs) have turned to blogging. This research asks: do CEO blogs attract commenters leading to genuine discussion and community building? Design/methodology/approach - The thirty most popular CEO blogs are analysed, community structure is graphically represented using social network analysis, measuring cohesion using connectedness. A review of content assesses whether richness and type of media affect community-building. Findings - By modelling a CEO blog as an affiliation network the structure is exposed. Community cohesiveness is assessed using a measure of connectedness. The connectedness ranking differs from the original Technorati Rank (TR) although the top blog in both is the same. Community building relates more to external reputation, writing style, or topicality than to the type of media used. Practical implications - CEO bloggers must engage commenters to build community. TR and connectedness scores measure different things but both affect community building. CEO blogs with high community scores post regularly, attract many comments and have an active core membership that bind the community. Top scoring CEO blogs build community and stimulate genuine discussion. Mid ranking blogs have little cross-post commenting and a fragmented network. Others attract few comments with low connectedness. ‘Wilderness’ blogs may have no commenters. This suggests inefficient use of valuable CEO time. Because CEO credibility affects CEO blog success, a low-ranking blog depreciates CEO’s reputation indicating little social capital Originality/value - There is little research into CEO blogging, this research contributes to the understanding of CEO blogging and community building.

Tweet, Tweet, Tweet: A Content Analysis of Nonprofit Organizations’ Twitter Updates

Article

Sep 2011
PUBLIC RELAT REV

Many of the relationship cultivation strategies and the dialogic principles assume symmetrical communication is taking place. However, significant amounts of information are shared in a one-way manner. Although they have fallen out of favor with many academics, the four models of public relations can provide significant insights into how organizations communicate. Using the models as the guiding framework, this brief study examines how nonprofit organizations from the Philanthropy 200 communicate on Twitter. The findings reveal that the organizations are more likely to use one-way models despite the potential for dialogue and community building on the social networking site.

Introducing COBRAs: Exploring motivations for Brand-Related social media use

Article

Jan 2011
INT J ADVERT

The article examines the use of social media by Internet users related to advertising and marketing, called "consumers' online brand-related activities (COBRA)." Interviews are conducted with such Internet users through instant messaging as to their motivations for engaging with brands and brand name products through social media. It was found that a desire for information, a desire for entertainment and the possibility of reward were the primary motivations for COBRA activity by Internet users, with entertainment being the primary motivation for the generation of brand-related social media content.

How companies cultivate relationships with publics on social network sites: Evidence from China and the United States

Article

Jan 2011
Fuel Energ Abstr

This study advances our understanding of relationship cultivation on social media from a cross-cultural perspective. We examined how companies use popular social network sites (SNSs) to facilitate dialogues with publics in two culturally distinct countries: China and the United States. We employed a content analysis of 50 corporate pages with 500 corporate posts and 500 user posts from each country. Overall, companies in both countries have recognized the importance of SNSs in relationship development and employed the appropriate online strategies (disclosure, information dissemination, and interactivity and involvement), but the specific tactics vary across the two markets. Furthermore, cultural differences among the types of corporate posts and public posts on SNSs indicate that culture plays a significant role in shaping the dialogue between organizations and publics in different countries. Implications for corporate relationship management practice in the global market in the digital era are discussed.

Dialogic Strategies and Outcomes: An Analysis of Environmental Advocacy Groups’ Facebook Profiles

Article

Sep 2009
PUBLIC RELAT REV

Previous studies of advocacy groups’ Web sites suggest that the use of dialogic strategies could lead to greater dialogic communication. This study examined whether dialogic strategies utilized by environmental advocacy groups via their social networking profiles lead to greater dialogic engagement between organizations and visitors. This study offers the first examination of the relationship between the creation of an online space for dialogue and actual dialogic engagement by identifying and measuring six dialogic outcomes.

Toward a Concept and Theory of Organization-Public Relationships

Article

Nov 2009

This article explores the concept of relationships in the theory and practice of public relations. Even though the public relations function builds and maintains organizations' relationships with publics, we found few definitions of such relationships in public relations literature. We also found the same paucity of useful definitions in the literature of other fields in which the concept of relationships is central.

Improving Teaching in Higher Education: Student and teacher perspectives

Article

Nov 1999

Using a phenomenological approach, the study sets out to discover whether it can derive a concept of good teaching from a group of university lecturers and the extent to which it compares and contrasts with a corresponding student concept of good teaching. The subjects were all mature adults, usually postgraduate, and often practising professionals with a wide experience of the university system. A single concept of what the students thought of as good teaching, and two categories ('pre-existing' and 'reflective') of what the teachers thought of as good teaching were developed. The extent to which these concepts overlap-and fail to overlap even after reflection-is used to discuss the importance of developing appropriate metacognitive strategies in human adult learning so that each group (teachers and learners) becomes more aware of what the other is attempting to do. The importance of out-of-class behaviours is seen as particularly valuable in this respect.

Leader Authenticity: Key to Organizational Climate, Health and Perceived Leader Effectiveness

Article

Oct 1996

A revised Leader Authenticity Scale was designed for use in determining the authenticity of both educational leaders and leaders outside of educational settings. The initial Leader Authenticity Scale had focused on ascertaining a school principal's authenticity as perceived by the school's faculty and staff. A Staff Authenticity Scale, derived from a Teacher Authenticity Scale and designed for use in educational and non-educational organizations, was also developed and tested. Leader and staff authenticity were related as predicted to organizational health, organizational climate, and leader effectiveness. A causal model predicting organizational health and organizational climate from leader authenticity and staff authenticity was constructed.

Reputation as Matching Identities and Images: Extending Davies and Chun's (2002) Research on Gaps between the Internal and External Perceptions of the Corporate Brand

Article

Dec 2007
J Market Comm

Corporate reputation is defined as a construct representing aggregated perceptions of people in and around companies. A corporate personality scale was developed to measure identities as internal perceptions and images as external perceptions with the same instrument. We report here an application of this instrument and the replication of a previous study conducted by Davies and Chun in 2002 (Corporate reputation review 5(2/3): 144–158), by comparing two similar companies operating in the same industry. Perceptions of employees, students, journalists and professional colleagues were measured for each company. The reputations of the two companies were different in synchronization of perceptions of respondent groups for each company (one high and one low) and in their comparative scores from different respondent groups. The study discovered that two companies could be equally successful in performance while their reputations can be significantly different. The second significant theoretical implication of the study was the finding that a composite, aggregate measure of a corporate reputation can obscure as much as reveal perceptions of different valuing groups. The main practical implication of the study is that companies can achieve comparable performances despite having different personalities both in profile and in coherence. This implies that executives need to observe their organizations through various views, which should allow them more freedom of action and experimentation.

Toward a Model of Political Organization–Public Relationships: Antecedent and Cultivation Strategy Influence on Citizens' Relationships with Political Parties

Article

Jan 2011
J Publ Relat Res

This study examined the organization–public relationship between citizens and their political parties against the backdrop of the 2008 presidential general election. Employing a telephone survey of registered voters (n = 508), we investigated the interaction of politically relevant relationship antecedents, relationship cultivation strategies used by political parties, perceptions of the organization–public relationship between voters and their party, and outcomes of the relationship to test a model of political organization–public relationships (POPRs). Time, interpersonal trust, mediated communication, interpersonal communication, and dialogic communication emerged as significant predictors of POPR strength. The findings lay the groundwork for further investigation of POPRs.

The Presentation of CEOs in the Press, 1990-2000: Increasing Salience, Positive Valence, and a Focus on Competency and Personal Dimensions of Image

Article

Jan 2004
J Publ Relat Res

Public relations researchers and practitioners acknowledge the importance of chief executive officers (CEOs) to the function and to organizational image, but studies of CEOs in media coverage are rare. This study used content analysis of 4 newspapers during the period from 1990 through 2000 to assess trends in the salience and valence of CEO press coverage and to examine dimensions of CEO images in the coverage. Results suggest increasing salience and a somewhat positive valence in coverage, as well as a sharp focus on competency and personal dimensions of CEO images. The study contributes to a thin literature on the topic by developing a baseline of data about CEOs and press coverage and by assessing implications of the findings for theory and practice.

Communication climate and satisfaction with immediate supervision

Article

Jan 1974
J APPL COMMUN RES

Raymond L. Falcione

Four factors (reciprocity, feedback perceptiveness, feedback responsiveness, and feedback permissiveness) are related to employees' satisfaction with immediate supervision in this industrial communication field study.

Communicating During Crisis: Use of Blogs as a Relationship Management Tool

Article

Sep 2007
PUBLIC RELAT REV

Using a post-test only experimental design with control group, this study investigated the impact of blogs on relationship management during a crisis. Participants (N = 109) were exposed to a personal blog (n = 45), organizational blog (n = 46), or control (n = 18). Results indicate blogs impact the perception of the level of crisis an organization experiences. Additionally, relationships created through blogs impact the perception of crisis. Use and credibility were also investigated.

Public engagement with CEOs on social media: Motivations and relational outcomes

Abstract

No full-text available