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Sustainability and climate change in Panama
Abstract and Figures
Three main issues are identified and elaborated in more detail with respect to sustainability and potentials for carbon sequestration:
(1) Water, energy and their links with climate change;
(2) Climate vulnerability and human security
(3) Forestry, finance, and culture.
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... An understanding of the regional contributions and trends of anthropogenic carbon emissions is critical to design mitigation strategies like carbon sequestration, carbon foot printing and carbon credits aimed at stabilizing atmospheric GHG's (Mozejko, 2009). Typically, the 'spinoffs' from a large storage dam can result in a positive carbon balance. ...
... The models referenced by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have predicted that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1°C to 6.4°C between 1990 and 2100. Climate change, for the poor in particular, will make matters worse, particularly if populations remain uneducated and no technological or methodological breakthroughs break through the politics (Mozejko 2009). With the ecological crisis that can be foreseen in the 21 st century due to a rapidly expanding population in many countries, rapidly decreasing natural resources in all countries and significant global climate changes, there will be a growing need for ecological modelling (Jorgensen 2009).The data generated in this experiment may be used for claiming carbon credits and developing models for better estimation of sequestered carbon. ...
Revegetation of degraded land is a big challenge in present scenario where per capita land availability is reducing drastically. According to the latest estimates about 187.8 mha (57% approximately) out of 328.73 mha land has been degraded in India. Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) known as a bio fuel plant, is suitable for revegetation of degraded land. However, soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under Jatropha plantations are still not well understood. The objective of this study was to quantify soil organic carbon (SOC) and carbon sequestration potential under two-year-old Jatropha plantation spread over 300 hectares, at Barkaccha, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus (BHU), Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Soil samples were collected periodically at three month interval (January and April) from the two soil depths i.e. 0-15 and 15-30 cm. In this study, instead of the more popular diameter at breast height (DBH), collar diameter (diameter at stem base) was used because the stem of Jatropha hardly grew at DBH level. The total plant biomass (leaves, branches and coarse roots) was quantified by multiplying the average dry biomass of one individual by the number of trees per hectare. Carbon sequestered in January and April for aboveground dry biomass were 0.85 and 0.93 t/ha and for belowground dry biomass were 0.17 and 0.19 t/ha. These results revealed that the potential of carbon sequestration in Jatropha was higher as found in crops and can be adopted to reclaim waste land and to mitigate climate change.
Landscape restoration, sustainable management of forests, certification
In recent decades, concerns have arisen about the proper valuation of the world’s forests. While some of these concerns have to do with market distortions for timber products or inadequate data on non-timber forest products, an additional challenge is to uncover the economic worth of nonmarket services provided by forest ecosystems (Kramer et al. 1997). This has led to a growing number of publications addressing the valuation of forest ecosystem services, on topics such as carbon sequestration and endangered species habitat. In this chapter, we focus on the contingent valuation method (CVM) to assess the structure, health, and extent of forest ecosystems.1
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Over the ages, human societies have altered local ecosystems and modified regional climates. Today, the human influence has attained a global scale. This reflects the recent rapid increase in population size, energy consumption, intensity of land use, international trade and travel, and other human activities. These global changes have heightened awareness that the long-term good health of populations depends on the continued stability and functioning of the biosphere's ecological, physical, and socioeconomic systems. The world's climate system is an integral part of the complex of life-supporting processes. Climate and weather have always had a powerful impact on human health and well-being. But like other large natural systems, the global climate system is coming under pressure from human activities. Global climate change is, therefore, a newer challenge to ongoing efforts to protect human health. This volume seeks to describe the context and process of global climate change, its actual or likely impacts on health, and how human societies and their governments should respond, with particular focus on the health sector.
This book analyzes the law and policy for the management of global common resources. As competing demands on the global commons are increasing, the protection of environment and the pursuit of growth give rise to all sorts of conflicts. It also analyzes issues in the protection of the global commons from a fairness, effectiveness and world order perspective. The author examines whether policymaking and trends point to a fair allocation of global common resources that is effective in protecting the environment and the pursuit of sustainable development. The author looks at the cost-effectiveness of international environmental law and applies theories of national environmental law to international environmental problems. Chapters include analysis on areas such as marine pollution, air pollution, fisheries management, transboundary water resources, biodiversity, hazardous and radioactive waste management, state responsibility and liability.