Sozialpsychologie
Abstract
Dieses international weit verbreitete Lehrbuch von einem der weltweit angesehensten Sozialpsychologen benutzt einen erzählerischen Ansatz, um die Inhalte der Sozialpsychologie in anschaulicher, unterhaltsamer und einprägsamer Weise zu vermitteln. Dadurch wird dem Studenten die ganze Bandbreite der Sozialpsychologie nahe gebracht. Beispiele aus dem realen Leben inklusive der detaillierten Beschreibung klassischer und moderner Experimente erhöhen den angewandten, anwendbaren und nachvollziehbaren Nutzen für den Studenten.
... Zusammenfassend lassen sich Einstellungen als subjektive Bewertungen von Menschen, Objekten oder Ideen beschreiben. Dabei können diese Bewertungen sowohl positiv als auch negativ gerichtet sein und zu einem entsprechenden Verhalten führen (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2008;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;Kotler & Bliemel, 2006;Trommsdorff & Teichert, 2011). ...
... Bewusste Entscheidungsprozesse werden meist durch explizite Einstellungen oder Assoziationen begründet. Dabei erklären sich Verhaltensweisen durch das bewusste Ausführen der Handlungen, die Personen gleichzeitig auch konkret benennen können (Aronson et al., 2008). Somit kann das explizite System als eine Art "Pilot" (Scheier, 2006, S. 43) bei Konsumentenscheidungen wirken und das Bewusstsein der Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten steuern, welches zu einem kontrollierten und bewussten Verhalten führt (Scheier, 2006). ...
Gender Marketing hat zum Ziel, die Bedürfnisse der Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten mittels geschlechtsspezifischer Ansprachen besser zu bedienen (Jaffe & Riedel, 2011). Die Markenstrategie von Coca-Cola gibt Hinweise, dass mittels Gender Marketing Zielgruppen in Abhängigkeit ihres Geschlechts erschlossen werden sollten. Dem geht die vorliegende Arbeit nach: In einer Studie wurde eine Stichprobe von N = 75 sowohl zu ihren unbewussten als auch bewussten Einstellungen befragt, um zu erfassen, ob den Einstellungen ein geschlechtsspezifisches Muster zugrunde liegt. Mit Hilfe eines Impliziten Assoziationstests (IAT) sowie eines standardisierten Fragebogens ergab sich, dass die kongruenten Paarungen (Coca-Cola Light mit weiblich, Coca-Cola Zero mit männlich) stärker miteinander assoziiert wurden als die inkongruenten. Zudem zeigten sich Zusammenhänge zwischen den unbewussten Einstellungen und der Bewertung der einzelnen Marken sowie der Bewertung der Kaufwahrscheinlichkeit dieser Produkte.
... Thus, although dynamic and sensory means of expression, such as voice, speech melody, mimics and gestures (not to mention olfactory factors) play a major role in mating choices (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2008), individuals obviously can do without them when (pre-)selecting potential partners in the web (Rosen, Cheever, Cummings & Felt, 2008). ...
... • Attitude and commitment: this measurement factor represents the attitude and commitment of learning members toward the PAL project activities and the set goals. Attitude is a combination of three psychological elements namely feeling, emotion and intention (Elliot, Timothy, Robin, 2005), while commitment to change is defined as "a force (mind-set) that binds an individual to a course of action deemed necessary for the successful implementation of a change initiative" (Herscovitch and Meyer, 2002). This factor aims to examine PAL members' attitude and motivation to achieve their performance and learning goals. ...
In the last few years, Project Action Learning (PAL) of Law and Chuah (2004) has been adopted as an organizational learning (OL) vehicle in a real industrial setting. The PAL implementation needs a more structured evaluation instrument that can be used to monitor the learning dynamics and diagnose the health of learning climate in each OL unit, i.e. the PAL teams. Among the mainstream literatures in relation to the assessment of learning organization, we consider Smith and Tosey's (1999) work to be the most suitable. Their Focus/Will/Capability (F/W/C) field model has provided us with an insightful idea of assessing OL performance via heuristic measurement. Smith and Tosey (1999) presented their F/W/C-performance system in relatively broad and abstract terms, allowing for the further development to meet the specific needs of certain OL environment with practical organizational settings. In this paper, we have built on to the theoretical framework of this F/W/C-performance model, a set of measurement factors associated with the dynamics and climate of the PAL driven OL. This paper describes the development and pilot testing of this F/W/C system based OL evaluation instrument. The psychometric properties of this instrument are examined through a pilot survey in the case company with an on-going PAL based OL implementation. © Common Ground, K. B. Chuah, Chris R. Cao, Y. C. Chau, K. F. Kwong, M. Y. Law, All Rights Reserved.
... Thus, although dynamic and sensory means of expression, such as voice, speech melody, mimics and gestures (not to mention olfactory factors) play a major role in mating choices (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2008), individuals obviously can do without them when (pre-)selecting potential partners in the web (Rosen, Cheever, Cummings & Felt, 2008). ...
The present research investigates the effects of media richness, i.e. of paraverbal and nonverbal cues, as well as of physical attractiveness information on impression formation in a fictive online dating setting. Male subjects were presented with identical information about a young woman who presented herself either in a short video-clip, per audio-trace, in a written text that was accompanied by a photo or by written text only. Afterwards, participants judged how confident they felt with the impression they have formed of the target person, how pronounced the impression was, and how much they would like to get in contact with that girl. As expected, all three measures were significantly enhanced in the video as compared to the audio and the text-only condition, but they did not differ from the text-plus-photo condition. Thus, it seems that it was attractiveness information rather than media richness that enhanced desire for contact, confidence in, and clarity of the impression formed. It made no difference whether attractiveness information was static (photo) or dynamic (video), nor whether, whether content information was static (written text) or dynamic (audio). Singles indicated an overall stronger desire for contact and more confidence in their impressions than non-singles. Clarity of the impression did not differ as a function of relationship status. Advantages and disadvantages of the option to provide physical attractiveness information via photos and video-clips in online dating portals are discussed from a social psychological perspective. 1 Getting to know each other, virtually Surprisingly little information seems to suffice us humans when we are about to form an impression of others. In his pioneer work on the field, Solomon Asch stated: "We look at a person and immediately, a certain impression of his character forms itself in us. A glance, a few spoken words are sufficient to tell us a story about a highly complex manner…" (1946, p. 258). Getting to know each other on the internet, however, holds special challenges to our impression formation skills. Compared to the dynamic of face-to-face-situations, the perceiver is provided with very limited input, because the options for self-presentation are usually restricted to static information such as text and photographs (Kim, Kwon & Lee, 2009; Toma & Hancock, 2010; Walther, 2007). Nev-ertheless, especially online platforms connecting potential intimate partners have substantially increased in populari-ty in western cultures, including Japan (i.e., Farrer & Gavin, 2009), and they report impressive success rates (e.g., parship.de, 2011; ElitePartner.de, 2011).
Zusammenfassung
ChinesInnen in Deutschland sehen im Alltag nicht selten verschiedenen Diskriminierungssituationen gegenüber. Jedoch ist ein Mangel diesbezüglicher wissenschaftlicher Studien festzustellen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit subjektiv empfundener Diskriminierung von chinesischen MigrantInnen in Deutschland. Basierend auf der Multi-sited Ethnography werden die Diskriminierungserfahrungen der MigrantInnen aus ihrer eigenen Perspektive mithilfe des Begriffes der Intersektionalität rekonstruiert und untersucht. Um die Komplexität der Diskriminierungserfahrungen zu erfassen, werden folgende Fragen gestellt: Wie erleben ChinesInnen in Deutschland in ihrem Alltag Diskriminierung und wie gehen sie damit um? Wie lassen sich ferner die Ergebnisse für die Realität von chinesischen MigrantInnen und die zukünftige Migrationsforschung deuten?
Auf der Basis der empirischen Feldforschung werden die Lebensbereiche, die Wahrnehmung und die Formen intersektionaler Diskriminierung vorgestellt und die Reaktionsmuster chinesischer MigrantInnen herausgearbeitet. Intersektionalität ist auf drei Ebenen als Sensibilisierungsstrategie zu betrachten: Sie hilft auf der einen Seite der Mehrheitsgesellschaft, Sensibilität und Sympathie für die gesellschaftliche Minderheit zu schaffen, schützt auf der anderen Seite vor potenzieller Binnendiskriminierung der Betroffenen und trägt zu der Migrationsforschung bei, komplexe Lebensverhältnisse des Alltags bestmöglich zu reflektieren.
Background and rational: The clinical picture and atypical nonverbal behaviour is the root cause for stigmatisation with serious consequences on their lives in the community. Previous research paid more attention to the stigma management than to the root cause. There is as yet, however, no overview of the associated factors with experienced stigmatisation.
Objectives and methods: The main objective is the exploration what confounders/ contextual factors and what exposures/ impairment in body functions, activities and participation are systematically related to feelings of experienced stigmatisation of patients with Parkinson’s disease in Luxembourg and the Greater Region. The literaturebased identification of potential related factors will be followed by a multiple regression analysis based on the baseline data from the Luxembourg Parkinson’s Study (n = 359). The stigma subscale of the PDQ-39 will measure the experienced stigmatisation.
Results: 59 of the 191 identified factors were included in the multiple regression
analysis. The final modell includes four factors explaining almost 1/3 (corr. R2 = 0.307,
p < 0.001) of the variance in the experienced stigmatisation. Important exposures are
impairments in ADL (Beta = 0.264, p < 0.001) as impairments in communication (Beta =
0.130, p = 0.032). The professional activity (Beta = 0.173, p < 0.001) and the different native language than Luxembourgish (Beta = 0.148, p = 0.003) are relevant confounders/ contextual factors. Both groups explain a comparable proportion of variance. 46 potentially relavant factors were not measured. They may explain the remaining 69.3% of the proportion of the variance.
Conclusion: In particular professionals with PD talking another native language than Luxembourgish need complex interventions focusing on ADL- and communication impairments.
Overconfidence leads to premature termination of study and, thus, to decreased performance. The aim of the present study is to improve students' monitoring and control. We assume that disfluency fosters analytic metacognitive processes and thus reduces overconfidence. However, we expect that contrast effects moderate the fluency effects on metacognitive processes because disfluency activates analytic metacognitive processes not only for disfluent but also for succeeding fluent learning material. To test our hypotheses, university students (N = 75) learned either with a fluent text first and afterward a disfluent text or with a disfluent text first and afterward a fluent text. The results show fluency effects on control, monitoring, and monitoring accuracy only when students learned with a fluent and afterward a disfluent text. Performance was worse for disfluent than for fluent texts in both conditions. Therefore, instructional settings that help students to implement accurate monitoring into better control and better performance are required.
Kritische Psychologie wird als Prozess der Aufhebung ihrer anfänglichen Kritik bürgerlicher Psychologie in einer marxistischen Subjektwissenschaft dargestellt. Mit der Konzeption und einigen Resultaten der historisch-empirischen Rekonstruktion des Verhältnisses von Natur-, Gesellschafts- und Individualgeschichte werden auch Bezüge zur kritischen Theorie bzw. zur Psychoanalyse diskutiert. Die zentrale kritisch-psychologische Kategorie „restriktiver“ bzw. „verallgemeinerter Handlungsfähigkeit“ soll die Widersprüchlichkeit individueller Existenz in der kapitalistischen Gesellschaft zwischen Anpassung und Widerstand analysierbar machen. „Begründungsdiskurs“ bedeutet dabei, die subjektiven Funktionalitäten der Lebensbewältigung so aufzuschlüsseln, dass gesellschaftliche Irrationalitäten nicht den Einzelnen in die Schuhe geschoben und emanzipatorische Möglichkeiten sichtbar werden. Theoretische und methodische Konsequenzen und Probleme einer so verstandenen „Psychologie vom Standpunkt des Subjekts“ werden diskutiert.
Moral judgments and moral emotions are a ubiquitous feature of social interactions. Humans decide quickly and intuitively whether an action is morally right or wrong. Schaden-freude and sympathy, as emotional reactions to the misfortunes of others, are prototypical moral emotions. So far, however, little evidence exists concerning children's understanding of schadenfreude. Within three studies, we investigated the experience of schadenfreude and sympathy among N = 364 children of different age groups. We interviewed the children while showing them picture stories. In the picture stories, we varied the behavior of the protagonist prior to a misfortune: (1) whether his behavior had been morally right or wrong, (2) whether the protagonist attained his goal, (3) whether the protagonist was responsible for the misfortune. In addition, in one study we varied (4) the emotional relationship of the interviewed children to the protagonist. Furthermore, we asked the children to decide whether they want to sit next to the protagonist or do him a favor. Results show that children experience sympathy as well as schadenfreude at the age of 4 years. Sympathy is more likely to arise when the protagonists of a story are likable, when these actors typically pursue morally positive goals, and if they are not responsible for their misfortune. In contrast, schaden-freude is more likely when the protagonist is disliked, when actors pursue immoral goals and if they are responsible for their misfortune. In addition, sympathy increases approach (helping behavior, sitting next to the agent and doing favors), whereas schadenfreude increases avoidance tendencies.
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