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A new island record for Chalcides ocellatus (FORSKAL, 1775) from Kythnos, Greece

Authors:
Shai Meiri at Tel Aviv University
Shai Meiri
Yuval Itescu at University of Haifa
Yuval Itescu
Rachel Schwarz at Freie Universität Berlin & Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB)
Rachel Schwarz
  • Freie Universität Berlin & Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB)
Alex Slavenko at Cesar Australia
Alex Slavenko
  • Cesar Australia
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5F9 IB7CAACB H<9F96M @=A=H=B; GI779GG:I@
7C@CB=N5H=CB9J9BHGCF5@@H<956CJ9 F95
GCBGK<=@9=H=G:F9EI9BH@M:CIB8=BF9;=CBG
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:=9@8KCF? HC 9B7CIBH9F C. ocellatus =B H<9
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+%& 5B 9LD9F=9B798 F9G95F7<9F C: H<9
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6975IG9H<9M K9F9 BCH DF9G9BH CB"MH<BCG
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C. ocellatus F5=G9=BH9F9GH=B;6=C;9C;F5D<=
75@EI9GH=CBG+<99;95BF5B;95F95C:H<9
&79@@5H98*?=B?=G@5F;9@MF9GHF=7H98HC@5B8
6F=8;9 =G@5B8G 7@CG9 HC 6CH< G=89G C: H<9
9;95B*955B8H<9GCIH<9;95B5F7=G@5B8G
C:F9H95B8"5FD5H<CG-#"&* 9H5@ 
"&)% # &* 9H5@MG9J9F5@5IH<CFG
H<=G <=;<@M 8=G>IB7H 9;95B F5B;9 K5G
5G7F=698HC<IA5B=BHFC8I7H=CBG"&)% # &*
9H 5@  #0$)" *  '&,#"" *
Chalcides ocellatus =G=B8998?BCKB
HC 69 HF5BG@C75H98 6M <IA5BG *% )
',+& 9H5@ 5B8 GIDDCG98@M
F957<98H<995GH$98=H9FF5B95B F9;=CB 5G 5
<=H7<<=?9F"&)% # &* 9H5@ :ACF9
F97CF8G:FCACH<9F9;95B =G@5B8G7CA9HC
9B<5B79 H<9 F5B;9 @=GH CB9 A5M B998 HC
F97CBG=89F H<9 8=GHF=6IH=CB5@ AC89@ C: H<9
GD97=9G@CB;K=H<=HG K9@@DFCJ9B GHCK
5K5M G?=@@G "&)% # &* 9H 5@  7CA
D@9A9BH5FM6=C;9C;F5D<=75@G79B5F=CG7CI@8
=AD@MJ=75F=5B79CF8=GD9FG5@:FCAA5=B@5B8
F99795B8G=5$=BCFD<M@C;9C;F5D<=
75@5B5@MG=GC:H<9=BGI@5FDCDI@5H=CBGKCI@8
G<98@=;<HCBH<=G6=C;9C;F5D<=77CBIB8FIA
"%&.#$%+*  +<9 5IH<CFG H<5B?
B5H9@8A5B:CF<9@DK=H<89G=;B=B;=;IF9
))%*%)*&%!1CC@C;M
C:;MDH-C@)9DH=@=55B865HF57<=5#CB8CB9FB
5F8(I5F=H7<DD#*% #  &,
&'&,#&* !  Chalcides ocellatus &79@@5H98
*?=B? F9979 M7@589G %5LCG G@5B8 9FD9HC@C
;=75@)9J=9K@CJ=G &++)&
-9FN9=7<B=GG89FJCBFB  -&% &)+1% 5IGF=9
7<9B@5B8IB85IG"@9=B5G=9BA=H;96F57<H9B5HF57<=9F
IB8)9DH=@=9B*=HNIB;G69F=7<H989F"WB=;@=7<'F9IGG=
G7<9B ?589A=9 89F .=GG9BG7<5:H9B 9F@=B  
  ) %*&    7<97?@=GH C: '9@CDCB
B9G=5B5AD<=6=5BG5B8F9DH=@9G=B7@I8=B; B9KF97CF8G
*&)+%&+ )'+&1&.=9B  !I@=  *&)+%&+  
=; "BCKB8=GHF=6IH=CBC:Chalcides ocellatus &)*"O# =BF9979GD97=9GF5B;9=B6@57?
F9979=B85F?;F5MB5FFCKDC=BHGHCH<9B9KF97CF8CB"MH<BCG G@5B8=BK<=H9K=H<6@57?7C5GH@=B9
@@4*<CFH4%CH9G4*&)+4%&+EL8*9=H9
:FCAF9979BB5@9G$IG9=CI@5B8F=G "=:=GG=5
 )&  $ +<9<9FD9HC:5IB5 C:
#=DG= C8975B9G9 F9979 5B8 B5HIF9 7CBG9FJ5H=CB
5GD97HG9FD9HCNC5.=9B)&
$ +<9<9FD9HC:5IB5C:@CB=GGCG%CFH<9FB
*DCF589GF99799FD9HCNC5.=9B
)& $ +<9<9FD9HC:5IB5C:H<9=GC@5H98
G@5B8 C: 5J8CG F9979 9FD9HCNC5 .=9B 
',+&- ,) %&$#%
1 B9K :=B8=B; C: H<9 G?=B? Chalcides
ocellatus =B H<9 9L FCM5@ ;5F89B C: 'CFH=7= %5D@9G
H5@M C@9H=B 89 @5 GC7=57=VB 9FD9HC@V;=75
GD5UC@5$58F=8++%&  G9F
D9BH=89@@9=GC@9;F97<98="MH<BCG9"95=7@58=C77=
89BH5@=HH=89@@5*C7=9HR H5@=5B58=*7=9BN9B5HIF5@=
9 89@ $IG9C =J=7C 8= *HCF=5 %5HIF5@9 $=@5BC 
++%&CBHF=6IHC5@@57CBC
G79BN5 89@@\9FD9HC:5IB5 89@@\=GC@5 9;95 8= %=GMFCG
C8975B9GC )9DH=@=5 %5HIF5@=GH5 *=7=@=5BC '5@9F
AC - P"" QP$%
 CC8 7CADCG=H=CB C: &79@@5H98 *?=B?
Chalcides ocellatus &)*"O#*EI5A5H5*7=B
7=859 :FCA H<9 MDFIG G@5B87H5 9FD9HC@C;=75
=F9BN9    #)" ) !  9FD9HC
:5IB5C:H<9=G@5B8GC:H<9F;C*5FCB=7I@:F9979
'FC7998=B;G C: H<9 5@=:CFB=5 7589AM C: *7=9B79G
*5BF5B7=G7C)$ +1" *$ 
'5@9C;9C;F5D<M ;9C8MB5A=7 DFC79GG9G 5B8 9J9BH
GHF5H=;F5D<M 8IF=B; H<9 #5H9 9BCNC=7 C: H<99;95B
5F957589A=5%5N=CB5@98= #=B79=)CA5 
))!9F=7<H X69F 9=B9 )9=G9 B57<
)<C8IG -9F<5B8@IB;9B 89F 1CC@C;=G7<6CH5B=G7<9B
9G9@@G7<5:H.=9B    ) ## +*  
+ $%%1IF 9FD9HC:5IB589F;F=97<=G
7<9B BG9@B"95*D5BCDCI@5"=H<BCG*=:BCG"=HF=5B=
M7@589B @CB=GGCG IB8 '=D9F= %WF8@=7<9 *DCF5
89BBB5@9B89G%5HIF<=GHCF=G7<9B$IG9IAG.=9B
,%%! &.")). *,## -%
"& *,## -%" B&@8.CF@8G?=B?
Chalcides ocellatusK=H<5@CB;<=GHCFMC:5BH<FCDC
;9B=75@@M5GG=GH988=GD9FG5@ BCK9GH56@=G<98=B $9G5
F=NCB5 ,* 9FD9HC@C;=75@ )9J=9K @CJ=G 
"&)% # &*' "0) 1 ' '&,#"" *
% ",$#,+*0  #1   $0#&%* $ 
#0$)" *' '<M@C;9C;F5D<MC:H<9C79@@5H
98 G?=B? Chalcides ocellatus *EI5A5H5 *7=B7=859
K=H< H<9 IG9 C: AH% G9EI9B79G  <=H7<<=?9F\G
;I=89HCH<9 $98=H9FF5B95B$C@97I@5F'<M@C;9B9H=7G
5B8JC@IH=CBAGH9F85A#$)+ $
)"%CH9GCB57C@@97H=CB5B8C6G9FJ5H=CBGC:
5AD<=6=5BG 5B8 F9DH=@9G :FCA *. +IF?9M F=H=G<
!CIFB5@C:9FD9HC@C;M#CB8CB#&*
 &' &)+  ))+)&$  '*+*
5H=DF9@=A=B5F=GI@@58=9H5 8=8I9DCDC@5N=CB=
=BGI@5F=8=Chalcides ocellatusDD B&)+
 89FD9HC@C;=5*5F8=B=59#5H=B5*C7=9H5G9F
D9HC@C;=75 H5@=758=N=CB99@J989F92#9G7=9BN93
#0$)" *'  '&,#"" *% +<F997CB
H=B9BHG 7@5=A=B; 5B 5F7<=D9@5;C H<9 9JC@IH=CB C:
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... This activity has impacted local ecosystems through land-use change and species introductions. In some cases, it is not clear whether a newly discovered species is a "missed" native or a recent introduction (e.g., Itescu, Slavenko, et al., 2016), and this might have an impact on species richness counts. A second possibility is that the variation in island area is far larger than that of spatial isolation. ...
... from > 350 publications and six museum catalogues [Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (Bonn), Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Naturhistorisches Museum Vienna, Natural History Museum of Crete and Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University;seeItescu, 2017]. To that, we added our own field observations (e.g.,Itescu, Jamison, et al., 2017;Itescu, Schwarz, Moses, Pafilis, & Meiri, 2016;Itescu, Slavenko, Schwarz, Meiri, & Pafilis, 2016).with a few minor updates). ...
The diverse nature of island isolation and its effect on land bridge insular faunas
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2019
  • GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR
Aim Isolation is a key factor in island biology. It is usually defined as the distance to the geographically nearest mainland, but many other definitions exist. We explored how testing different isolation indices affects the inference of impacts of isolation on faunal characteristics. We focused on land bridge islands and compared the relationships of many spatial and temporal (i.e., through time) isolation indices with community‐, population‐ and individual‐level characteristics (species richness, population density and body size, respectively). Location Aegean Sea islands, Greece. Time period Current. Taxon Many animal taxa. Methods We estimated 21 isolation indices for 205 islands and recorded species richness data for 15 taxa (invertebrates and vertebrates). We obtained body size data for seven lizard species and population density data for three. We explored how well indices predict each characteristic, in each taxon, by conducting a series of ordinary least squares regressions (controlling for island area when needed) and a meta‐analysis. Results Isolation was significantly (and negatively) associated with species richness in 10 of 15 taxa. It was significantly (and positively) associated with body size in only one of seven species and was not associated with population density. The effect of isolation on species richness was much weaker than that of island area, regardless of the index tested. Spatial indices generally out‐performed temporal indices, and indices directly related to the mainland out‐performed those related mainly to neighbouring islands. No index was universally superior to others, including the distance to the geographically nearest mainland. Main conclusions The choice of index can alter our perception of the impacts of isolation on biological patterns. The nearly automatic, ubiquitous use of distance to the geographically nearest mainland misrepresents the complexity of the effects of isolation. We recommend the simultaneous testing of several indices that represent different aspects of isolation, in order to produce more constructive and thorough investigations and avoid imprecise inference.
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... Human-assisted dispersal, by hitchhiking, is a distinct possibility: fishermen and recreational swimmers frequently visit the islets (personal observation) and we observed plastic debris and fishing nets deposited on their shores. H. turcicus is well-known as a commensal species that occupies human establishments (Bar and Haimovitch, 2011;Werner, 2016), and C. ocellatus is suspected to have colonized new islands in the Mediterranean via human-assisted dispersal (Kornilios et al., 2010;Lymberakis and Poulakakis, 2010;Itescu et al., 2016). ...
Results of the First Herpetological Survey of Israel’s Mediterranean Coastal Islets
Article
  • Sep 2021
Small islets in the Mediterranean Sea are often home to reptiles, typically representing an impoverished sample of the continental fauna, yet with high population densities and signs of rapid morphological and behavioral evolution. In this paper, we present the first herpetofaunal survey of several small islet clusters in close proximity to the Mediterranean coast of Israel, only recently geologically separated from the mainland. We performed surveys of five islets during March of 2017 – 2018 and recorded the presence of five different species of reptiles on four of the surveyed islets. Species richness varied between 1 and 4 species, and appeared to be correlated with island area, with a distinct nested structure. Reptile species may have colonized the islets by natural dispersal from nearby coastal populations, or by hitch-hiking on fishing boats and similar methods of human-assisted dispersal. Alternatively, the recorded reptiles may represent relictual populations from earlier geologic periods, when lower sea-levels supported continuous land-bridges between the islets and the mainland. These insular reptile populations require further study to establish the exact means of colonization and describe if and how they differ from mainland populations. We stress the importance of such small Mediterranean islets such as these as centers of unique biodiversity and encourage future study and conservation action aimed at them and similar islets.
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... Lymberakis et al., 2008;Stöck et al., 2012;Kornilios, Kumlutaş, Lymberakis, & Ilgaz, 2018), due to the rapid development of innovative molecular tools for studying biodiversity, which unveiled considerable cryptic diversity that led to the redefinition of the current taxonomy. Moreover, the involvement of more researchers in the study of the Aegean herpetofauna enriched our knowledge with numerous new distribution records (indicatively Spaneli & Lymberakis, 2014;Itescu, Slavenko, Schwarz, Meiri, & Pafilis, 2016;Mizerakis & Strachinis, 2017;Christopoulos, 2018). ...
The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Aegean Sea
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Oct 2018
Aegean Islands host a rich herpetofauna comprising a plethora of endemic taxa. Since the early 19th century, this unique diversity attracted numerous herpetologists that described the Greek species and provided records of their distribution. Interestingly, many new records on insular ranges are still added to the literature every year. During the last two decades, modern Systematics use powerful tools from the arsenal of molecular biology to unravel complicated phylogenies and shed light to hidden diversities. Current herpetological research focuses on the detection of cryptic species, yielding impressive findings. Another important research avenue includes the clarification of the particular adaptations that insular species adopted to survive under the demanding conditions of the Aegean Islands. Food scarcity, water dearth, high temperatures, relaxed predation and strong intraspecific competition are the main parameters shaping the ecophysiological profile of Aegean herptiles. However, the amphibians and reptiles of the Archipelago have to deal with serious threats. The most severe among them are habitat degradation and the loss of breeding-sites due to human activities and climate change. New phylogenetic data and well-justified gene trees together with the ongoing enhancement of our knowledge of species biology pave the way for the effective conservation of the matchless Aegean herpetofauna.
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... Its distribution in Greece comprises a few disconnected areas in the mainland and many islands (e.g., Crete, Rhodes, Karpathos, Chios) (Valakos et al., 2008). Inter-estingly, new records come to enhance the insular range of the species (Belasen et al., 2012;Itescu et al., 2016), most probably due to human transportation (Kornilios et al., 2010). Chalcides ocellatus is a fairly robust lizard, with a cylindrical body, a thick tail, short limbs, a relatively small head and a snout to vent length (SVL) of up to 15 cm. ...
How effectively do European skinks thermoregulate? Evidence from Chalcides ocellatus, a common but overlooked Mediterranean lizard
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2018
Effective thermoregulation is of vital importance since body temperature affects virtually all physiological and biochemical processes. Yet, our current knowledge in reptilian thermoregulation is largely based on a few, well-studied taxonomic groups. This is especially true in Europe, where our insights derive primarily from studies on the numerous lacertids of the continent. Skinks on the other hand remain understudied despite being abundant around the Mediterranean. In this paper we examine the thermoregulation effectiveness of the Ocellated Skink, a common lizard whose thermal biology has been overlooked, focusing on a population from a typical Mediterranean habitat in mainland Greece. We recorded body temperatures in the field and the lab and assessed the thermal quality of the habitat through operative temperatures. Our findings suggest that Chalcides ocellatus is a poor thermoregulator that stands very close to thermoconformity. The high thermal quality of the habitat allows the Ocellated Skink to regulate its temperature with less effort and lower accuracy. This indicates that C. ocellatus may have adopted a distinct thermoregulation strategy, most probably due to the particular life style of skinks.
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... Though reptilian and amphibian species have been moved around Mediterranean Basin for long time, this trend has been considerably accelerated nowadays as a consequence of human activities (on the other hand the more extensive contemporary research efforts might also account for the new records). As such, many species have widened their traditional range, colonizing new locations within the country (Hill and Mayer, 2004;Troidl and Troidl, 2008;Belasen, Li and Foufopoulos, 2012;Spaneli and Lymberakis, 2014;Itescu et al., 2016;Kornilios and Thanou, 2016;Mizerakis and Strachinis, 2017). Interestingly, the Athens metropolitan area (capital city of Greece) is on the frontline of this trend and new lizard populations of either native or exotic origin have been reported from there (Adamopoulou, 2015;Hedman et al., 2017;Karameta and Pafilis, 2017;Strachinis and Pafilis, 2018). ...
Podarcis vaucheri (Sauria: Lacertidae) far away from home: A new invasive species in Greece
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Full-text available
  • May 2018
In this study we aimed to clarify the identity of a wall lizard population that deviates phenotypically from the other Podarcis lizards that occur in the broader area (Athens, Greece). To this end we used molecular techniques. Most surprisingly, we identified the focal population as Podarcis vaucheri, a species far away from its natural range. Molecular results suggest an Iberian origin of this population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. vaucheri outside its original range. The new population should be attributed to human-mediated introduction. The future interaction of this introduced species with native lizards, many of which are endemic to Greece, is of critical importance.
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... Lymber- akis et al., 2008;Stöck et al., 2012;Kornilios, Kumlutaş, Lymberakis, & Il- gaz, 2018), due to the rapid development of innovative molecular tools for studying biodiversity, which unveiled considerable cryptic diversity that led to the redefinition of the current taxonomy. Moreover, the involvement of more researchers in the study of the Aegean herpetofauna enriched our knowledge with numerous new distribution records (indicatively Spaneli & Lymberakis, 2014;Itescu, Slavenko, Schwarz, Meiri, & Pafilis, 2016;Mizerakis & Strachinis, 2017;Christopoulos, 2018). ...
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Zoologische Aufsammlun gen auf kreta: Amphibien und Reptilien kEY WORdS: Reptilia: Squamata: Sauria: Scin cidae ; Chalcides ocellatus; biogeography, distribution, new island record
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  • Reptilien Wettstein-Wes Tersheimb
Amphibien und Reptilien.-Annalen des Naturhistori schen Museums, Wien; (b) 68: 635-640. WETTSTEiN- WES TERSHEiMb, O. (1968): Zoologische Aufsammlun gen auf kreta: Amphibien und Reptilien. Annalen des Na turhistorischen Museums, Wien; (b) 72: 405-408. kEY WORdS: Reptilia: Squamata: Sauria: Scin cidae ; Chalcides ocellatus; biogeography, distribution, new island record, kythnos, Greece, Aegean islands SubMiTTEd: december 2, 2014
1: known distribution of Chalcides ocellatus (FORSkål, 1775) in Greece (species range in black, Greece in dark gray). An arrow points to the new record on kythnos island
  • Fig
Fig. 1: known distribution of Chalcides ocellatus (FORSkål, 1775) in Greece (species range in black, Greece in dark gray). An arrow points to the new record on kythnos island (in white with black coastline).
com >; Shai MEiRi < uncshai@post.tau.ac.il >, department of Zoology
  • Alex Slavenko
Alex SlAVENkO < gluttony14@gmail.com >; Rachel SCHWARZ < rachelschwarz13@gmail.com >; Shai MEiRi < uncshai@post.tau.ac.il >, department of Zoology, Tel Aviv university, 6997801, Tel Aviv, israel;
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Greece.-Annales Musei Goulandris, kifissia; 7: 271-318. bROGGi, M. F. (2008): The herpetofauna of lipsi (dodecanese, Greece) and nature conservation aspects.-Herpetozoa, Wien; 21 (1/2): 79-84. bROGGi, M. F. (2010): The herpetofauna of Alonissos (Northern Sporades, Greece).-Herpetozoa, Wien; 23 (1/2): 71-78. bROGGi, M. F. (2014): The herpetofauna of the isolated island of Gavdos (Greece).-Herpetozoa, Wien; 27
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