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Notes Cypérologiques: 25. Le genre Schoenoplectus I
... As Scirpus s.l. was progressively dissolved, the focus for large genera like Schoenoplectus was to provide an infrageneric classification that reflected evolutionary relationships while dividing the genus into workable groups (Oteng-Yeboah, 1974a;Raynal, 1976aRaynal, , 1976bSmith & Hayasaka, 2001). Authors were basically unanimous that either three or four major taxonomic divisions adopted from Scirpus s.l. ...
... J.Raynal (Raynal, 1976a;Smith & Hayasaka, 2001;Smith & Hayasaka, 2002). Moreover, it was clear that when treated as sections, taxa could be divided into two distinct groups: (i) sections Actaeogeton and Supini were typically densely tufted plants with sculptured, black nutlets and entire glume apices, whereas (ii) sections Schoenoplectus and Malacogeton were rhizomatous plants with smooth, yellow to dark brown nutlets and glumes entire to emarginate (Raynal, 1976b;Smith & Hayasaka, 2001. Moreover, embryo features supported this division with the embryo scutellum of sections Actaeogeton and Supini being umbonate or pileate like a mushroom cap versus a turbinate to rhomboid scutellum in sections Schoenoplectus and Malacogeton (Van der Veken, 1965). ...
... Although the circumscription of the widespread genera Schoenoplectus and Schoenoplectiella has been difficult, this was largely due to the fact that both taxonomic and molecular studies were often regional in scope. The taxonomic studies of Smith andHayasaka (e.g., Smith &Hayasaka, 2001, 2002;Hayasaka, 2012) focused on North American and East Asian species; Luceño and Jiménez-Mejías on the Iberian Peninsula (Luceño & Jiménez-Mejías, 2008); Pignotti and Mariotti on Southwestern Europe (Pignotti, 2003;Pignotti & Mariotti, 2004); Wilson on Australia (e.g., Wilson, 1981), and the studies of Haines and Lye (e.g., Lye, 1971bLye, , 2003Haines & Lye, 1983), Raynal (e.g., Raynal, 1976aRaynal, , 1976b and Browning (e.g., Browning, 1990Browning et al., 1995) on predominately African material. Molecular studies show a similar pattern with analyses focused on just Korean (Jung & Choi, 2010) or Japanese species (Yano & Hoshino, 2005b), and even in those studies with a broader geographic scope, poor taxonomic sampling, a lack of African material or low branch support (e.g., Muasya et al., 2009a;Shiels et al., 2014;Glon et al., 2017) meant that the patterns discovered in this study were not detected before. ...
Molecular phylogenetic studies based on Sanger sequences have shown that Cyperaceae tribe Fuireneae s.l. is paraphyletic. However, taxonomic sampling in these studies has been poor, topologies have been inconsistent, and support for the backbone of trees has been weak. Moreover, uncertainty still surrounds the morphological limits of Schoenoplectiella, a genus of mainly small, amphicarpic annuals that was recently segregated from Schoenoplectus. Consequently, despite ample evidence from molecular analyses that Fuireneae s.l. might consist of two to four tribal lineages, no taxonomic changes have yet been made. Here, we use the Angiosperms353 enrichment panel for targeted sequencing in order to: (1) clarify the relationships of Fuireneae s.l. with the related tribes Abildgaardieae, Eleocharideae and Cypereae; (2) define the limits of Fuireneae s.s., and (3) test the monophyly of Fuireneae s.l. genera with emphasis on Schoenoplectus and Schoenoplectiella. Using more than a third of Fuireneae s.l. diversity, our phylogenomic analyses strongly support six genera and four major Fuireneae s.l. clades that we recognise as tribes: Bolboschoeneae stat.nov., Fuireneae s.s., Schoenoplecteae, and Pseudoschoeneae tr.nov. These results are consistent with morphological, micromorphological (nutlet epidermal cell shape), and embryo differences detected for each tribe. At the generic level, most sub‐Saharan African perennials currently treated in Schoenoplectus are transferred to Schoenoplectiella. Our targeted sequencing results show that these species are nested in Schoenoplectiella, and their treatment here is consistent with micromorphological and embryo characters shared by all Schoenoplectiella species. Keys to recognised tribes and genera are provided.
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... In 1971, Lye reestablished Schoenoplectus based on the distinctive mushroom shaped Schoenoplectus-type embryo (Van der Veken 1965). Raynal (1976aRaynal ( , 1976bRaynal ( , 1977 proposed an infrageneric treatment of Schoenoplectus, which was later modified by Smith and Hayasaka (2001) to include: Schoenoplectus section Schoenoplectus, Schoenoplectus section Malacogeton (Ohwi) S. G. Sm. & Hayas., Schoenoplectus section Actaeogeton (Rchb.) J. Raynal, and Schoenoplectus section Supini (Cherm.) ...
... J. Raynal, which is currently subsumed under section Schoenoplectus. Raynal (1976aRaynal ( , 1977 recognized section Pterolepis in Schoenoplectus and designated Schoenoplectus litoralis as the type species for the section; this is the only species attributed to section Schoenoplectus by Smith and Hayasaka (2001) that is not sampled in this study. Section Pterolepis was supported by the shared trait of plumose (or feathery) bristles (Raynal 1976a). ...
... Raynal (1976aRaynal ( , 1977 recognized section Pterolepis in Schoenoplectus and designated Schoenoplectus litoralis as the type species for the section; this is the only species attributed to section Schoenoplectus by Smith and Hayasaka (2001) that is not sampled in this study. Section Pterolepis was supported by the shared trait of plumose (or feathery) bristles (Raynal 1976a). However, Koyama (1963, under Scirpus) did not find the defining character state of section Pterolepis (plumose perianth bristles) to clearly separate it from section Schoenoplectus, because the perianth bristles of Schoenoplectus californicus were intermediate between those of Schoenoplectus litoralis and Schoenoplectus pungens. ...
Abstract— Relationships within Schoenoplectus and Schoenoplectiella are largely unknown and the phylogenetic positions of these genera relative to the other four genera in Fuireneae and clade of Cypereae are unclear. A few studies with sparse or localized sampling have added valuable insights, but a North American sampling and a broad global perspective are needed. To generate a more robust phylogenetic hypothesis, we increased the number and breadth of taxon sampling in Schoenoplectus and Schoenoplectiella, including all constituent species in North America, all genera in Fuireneae, and strategically sampled genera in Cypereae. Phylogenetic relationships were estimated using DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region, chloroplast DNA trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region, and partial chloroplast DNA ndhF coding region and parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. The proposed phylogeny reveals Pseudoschoenus, Schoenoplectiella, and Cypereae are supported as a clade, and Schoenoplectiella is paraphyletic and sister to Pseudoschoenus. Schoenoplectus is monophyletic, sister to Actinoscirpus. Schoenoplectus sections Schoenoplectus and Malacogeton were resolved; comprehensive sampling in Schoenoplectus section Schoenoplectus and unclear placement of S. californicus suggests the need to examine formerly recognized section Pterolepis. The proposed phylogeny supports the erection of sections in Schoenoplectiella, but indicates further morphological and molecular data is needed for section diagnoses. Two Cypereae taxa previously resolved in a Schoenoplectiella clade were included in this analysis: Scirpoides varia resolved in a clade with Cypereae taxa, and Isolepis humillima resolved within Schoenoplectiella. Results from the phylogenetic hypotheses support a need to revisit the generic placement of Isolepis humillima and revise Fuireneae to resolve tribal paraphyly.
... Remarkably, this is the first report of non-aerial inflorescences for the genus Carex. The hypogeous utricles (Fig. 4.2A-B) also displayed characters that were in overall agreement with those of the holo-and isotypes of C. hypsipedos (Fig. 4.1B), although larger, something typical of sedges exhibiting amphicarpy (Haines 1971;Raynal 1976;see Discussion). For available measurements of morphological characters, see Table 1. ...
... For plants presenting geocarpic structures these are: 1) increased seed size; 2) a greater number of leaves to plant area ratio; and 3) smaller size and number of flowers (reviewed in Zhang et al. 2020). In Cyperaceae, one of the most striking characters is the different size of the achenes, a feature previously reported by Haines (1971) and Raynal (1976) and very prominent in C. hypsipedos. Fruit shape and size variation in relation with environmental conditions has also been reported in Carex for C. trichodes Steudel ex Boott (Penneckamp 2022) and C. sect. ...
Two recent fieldwork expeditions to Peru and Ecuador resulted in the finding of two Carex species (C. hypsipedos and C. sanctae-marthae) previously known from a single collection each, and of uncertain morphological and systematic affinities. We performed phylogenetic analyses using barcode molecular markers and a detailed morphological comparison among the new specimens and the original collections. A BLAST search was used to obtain the preliminary infrageneric affinities of problematic samples. Phylogenetic results confirmed the adscription of these species to two sectional Carex groups: Carex sect. Racemosae (subg. Carex) for C. hypsipedos and Carex sect. Junciformes (subg. Psyllophorae) for C. sanctae-marthae. Morphological revision revealed unique traits in C. hypsipedos, especially geocarpy, here strikingly reported for the first time for the genus Carex. On the other hand, the careful comparison of the new materials of C. sanctae-marthae revealed unequivocal affinities with the type, confirming its identity as this species. Our work illustrated that for the understanding of poorly known groups, such as these two Neotropical Carex, integrative approaches combining basic biosystematics tools are still very necessary: field and herbaria surveys and DNA barcode.
... & Schult.) J. Raynal (Cyperaceae) is a sedge of mediumÁlarge size from tropical areas of the Old World: Africa (Raynal 1976a, 1976b, Haines 1983, Gordon-Gray 1995, Lye 1997, Pakistan and India (Kukkonen 1998) (Fig. 1). In Africa, most populations are localized in the central, east and south regions, although the nearest localities from Spain and Morocco is the Senhadja plain (Maire 1957) in northeast Algeria, the inner Niger River Delta, in Mali, and the Nilo Delta (Täckholm 1950). ...
... Beetle (1942) placed it in sect. Actaeogeton, while Raynal (1976b) included it in sect. Schoenoplectus. ...
Schoenoplectus corymbosus is a sedge from tropical wetlands widely distributed in Pakistan, India and Africa. Recent collections confirm its presence in wetlands of southern Spain and Morocco. We consider the presence of this plant in the western extreme of the Mediterranean as a consequence of recent colonization, because it was not collected here until 1999, in spite of its medium–large size. Additionally, it grows in much visited areas like nature reserves (such as Doñana National Park). The populations from Spain and Morocco are characterized here, a description of S. corymbosus and a key for Schoenoplectus from Europe and north Africa is supplied. Finally, the possible natural and recent colonization processes of these new populations are discussed.
... It was Robinson (1964: 176) who studied the type material of Scleria hirtella Sw. and solved the question adequately. Raynal (1976) made some further notes on the history of the misinterpretation of Scleria distans Poir. and Scleria hirtella Sw., noting also the remarkable fact that the name of the perennial species (Scleria distans Poir.) was used for a long time for the annual species (Scleria hirtella Sw.) and vice versa (Raynal, 1976: 214 Description:-Annual. cm tall, sparsely hirsute with long white hairs or rarely glabrous. ...
For Scleria subgen. Hypoporum, 214 species and infraspecific names were published since the first publication of the name Scleria. These names represent 76 accepted taxa, representing 72 species of Scleria subgen. Hypoporum. Herbarium material of all recognised species was studied, including the type material if available. Synonymy and typification in Scleria subgen. Hypoporum was thoroughly investigated. Fifty-six lectotypes and two neotypes were newly assigned. An identification key for the subgenus is presented. For each species, synonymy and types are cited, a description is provided including informa- tion on distribution, habitat and a list of additional specimens examined. Taxonomical difficulties and remarkable observa- tions are added in notes. A useful overview of all published names linking them to their accepted taxon is added.
... Schoenoplectiella melanosperma is recognized as a distinct species (usually in Scirpus or Schoenoplectus) by many authors (Rozhevitz 1935;Kreczetovicz 1940;Poliakov 1958;Egorova 1976Egorova , 2005Danylyk 2012); however, it should be noted that other authors (Kreczetovicz 1941;Raynal 1976;Walters 1980;Kukkonen 1998) do not recognize it as a species, treating it either as a synonym or an infraspecific taxon. ...
The genus Schoenoplectiella Lye (2003: 20) (Cyperaceae) was recently established to accommodate species earlier usually placed in Schoenoplectus (Reichenbach, 1846: 40) Palla (1888: 49) or Scirpus Linnaeus (1753: 47). As currently circumscribed, this genus contains about 50 species (Lye 2003, Kim et al. 2012, Govaerts et al. 2016). Recent molecular phylogenetic studies (Jung & Choi 2011a, 2011b, Shiels et al. 2014) demonstrated that Schoenoplectiella is a sister group to Schoenoplectus sensu stricto.
... TYPE: Porto Rico, A. P. Ledru 110 p.p. (lectotype P; isolectotype P). Designated by Raynal (1976). erect, cm tall, rhizomatous. ...
Scleria is the fifth largest genus of Cyperaceae, and the third most
diverse genus of Cyperaceae in Brazil. In Santa Catarina the floristic account of
Cyperaceae is in need of updating, particularly as the Atlantic forest, home to many
species of Scleria, is one of the most threatened environments worldwide.
Scleria is thus a leading candidate for an updated floristic account,
particularly so as to identify the conservation status of its species within the remaining
natural vegetation. The survey has confirmed thirteen taxa including a new subspecies,
S. georgiana ssp. australis, here described.
Scleria sellowiana is lectotypified here. A species identification key,
morphological descriptions, geographic distributions, global conservation status according
to IUCN Red List criteria, habitats, phenological aspects, taxonomic notes and
illustrations are provided for each species.
... This complex comprises large plants, with robust rhizomes, linear anthers, smooth achenes and perianth bristles generally absent. It is distributed in Africa (TÄCKHOLM & DRAR, 1950; MAIRE, 1957; HOOPER, 1972; RAYNAL, 1976a RAYNAL, , 1976b HAINES & LYE, 1983; BROWNING, 1991; GORDON-GRAY, 1995; LYE, 1997), southwest Spain (JIMÉNEZ MEJÍAS & al., 2007), Pakistan and India (KUKKONEN, 1998). Most authors recognize two taxa within the complex: S. corymbosus s.s. and S. brachyceras (A. ...
Schoenoplectus heptangularis Cabezas & Jiménez Mejías (Cyperaceae), a new species from Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), is described and illustrated. It is included in the group of Schoenoplectus corymbosus (Roem. & Schult.) J. Raynalwhich is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the Old World. Multivariate analyses performed on morphological characters data to support the distinction of this new species with other closed taxon are presented as well as the determination key for the species of the Schoenoplectus corymbosus group.
... On the basis of the kind of bristles and occurrence of amphicarpy, S. supinus and related species are segregated by several authors in section Supini (Cherm.) Raynal (Raynal, 1976b;Smith & Hayasaka, 2002), as yet supported neither by embryological characters (Van der Veken, 1965) nor by molecular data (but see Young et al., 2002). ...
Glume surface, fruit surface, perianth bristles and pollen morphology in Scirpus L. and related genera from south-west Europe have been investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The results of this analysis confirm the heterogeneity of the group and provide further support to the current recognition of the genera Scirpus L., Bolboschoenus (Rchb.) Palla, Scirpoides Ség., Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla, Isolepis R.Br., Trichophorum Pers. and Blysmus Panz. as well as to a re-appraisal of subg. Actaeogeton (Rchb.) Oteng-Yeb. of Schoenoplectus. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 145, 45–58.
the macro-morphological variation and geographical distribution of six morphologically similar taxa from the Schoeno-plectus corymbosus complex with distinctly muricated nutlets (viz Schoenoplectus confusus subsp. confusus var. confusus and var. rogersii, S. confusus subsp. natalitius, S. muricinux, S. muriculatus and Scirpus corymbosus var. junciformis) were thoroughly studied. It is concluded that all these taxa are ill-defined and that alleged distinctive traits are weak or widely overlap. we therefore suggest expanding the description of S. muricinux (the binomial which has nomenclatural priority) and reducing the other species and their infraspecific taxa to synonyms of it. "S. sp. a" of Flora of west tropical africa (Nigeria, where it is considered a naturalized introduction of man-made habitats) is shown to also belong to S. muricinux.
Clarke (1898), and other authors of about the same period, regarded Scirpus paludicola Kunth as a single species including within its limits three entities previously accepted as independent species by Kunth (1837). Raynal (1976) was prompted to reconsider Kunth’s earlier interpretation. Study resulted in the re-establishment of three species, but within Schoenoplectus (Reichenbach) Palla, previously a section within Scirpus L. Raynal expressed the need for further study of the distribution of these species in eastern southern Africa where they appeared sympatric. Such study has revealed a range of variability for Sch. decipiens previously unrecorded and requiring a new key for identification. Distribution maps uphold Raynal’s tentative observation that altitudinal preferences isolate, in part at least, the ranges of Sch. decipiens and Sch. paludicola. Sch. pulchellus is still imperfectly known. Further detailed field study of all three taxa is required in the eastern Cape Province and the south-eastern Transvaal. Descriptions, illustrations and electron micrographs are included.
Material in South African herbaria (and some from other parts of Africa and India) of the Indian and African species, Schoenoplectus corymbosus (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) J. Raynal was examined. Two varieties, the typical var. corymbosus and var. brachyceras (A. Rich.) K. Lye, are recognized for southern Africa. These are the same as those recognized by Haines and Lye (1983) for East Africa, but some alternative criteria are proposed for their recognition. The development of hypogynous bristles and vegetative proliferation are briefly discussed. The history of the species is summarized, and a key to identification, formal descriptions, a distribution map and illustrations are provided.
Herbarium material of the sub-tropical and southern African species, Schoenoplectus muricinux (C.B. CI.) J. Raynal sensu lato was found to comprise three different entities. Two of these are Schoenoplectus muricinux sensu stricto and Schoenoplectus muriculatus (Kuekenth.) J. Browning comb. nov., syn. Scirpus muriculatus Kuekenth. The third, with a distribution restricted to the geographic area of Maputaland, Natal, is Schoenoplectus confusus (N.E. Br.) K. Lye subsp. natalitius J. Browning (subsp. nov.). The new subspecies is established on the basis of morphological differences from the typical subspecies and its two varieties. Schoenoplectus confusus has not previously been recorded for southern Africa. A key to identification, formal descriptions, distribution maps and illustrations are provided for the two species and one subspecies in southern Africa. Schoenoplectus muricinux s.l. is briefly surveyed in sub-tropical Africa.
Schoenoplectiella Lye, a genus segregated from Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla, is accepted with expanded circumscription to include all the species formerly placed in Schoenoplectus sectt. Actaeogeton (Rchb.) J. Rayn. and Supini (Cherm.) J. Rayn. A revised description of Schoenoplectiella is provided and all the 50 species included in the genus are listed with 34 new combinations for the species, varieties, and hybrids. Two sections, Schoenoplectiella sectt. Schoenoplectiella and Actaeogeton (Rchb.) Hayasaka are recognized with 25 species for each, and a key to and descriptions for the sections are given. Morphological characters that define Schoenoplectiella and its sections, as well as those that distinguish the genus from allied genera, are discussed.
The new combination, Schoenoplectus sect. Malacogeton (Ohwi) S. G. Smith & Hayasaka, is made and a description of the section is provided. Schoenoplectus nipponicus, Sch. etuberculatus, Sch. torreyi and Sch. subterminalis are included in sect. Malacogeton, and a key to these is given. We recognize the sections Schoenoplectus, Actaeogeton, Malacogeton and Supini in the genus Schoenoplectus, and a key to the sections and a list of North American and East Asian species included in each section are provided.
In the revision here presented, an assessment of the Italian species of the group Scirpus s.l. at generic, infrageneric and specific level is performed, on the basis of a comparative morphological analysis carried out on wild populations and on exsiccata housed in the main Italian herbaria, as well as in the light of recent (and less recent) acquisitions in the systematics of such worldwide, most diverse and complex group. The 22 species here appraised for the Italian territory are attributed to 7 genera: Blysmus Panz., Scirpus L., Bolhoschoenus (Rchb.) Palla, Scirpoides Scheuchz. ex Séguier, Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla, Isolepis R. Br., Trichophorum Pers. Schoenoplectus species are attributed to the subgenera Schoenoplectus and Actaeogeton (Rchb.) Oteng-Yeboah. Isolepis species are attributed to the only subgenus Isolepis and to the sections Isolepis and Eleogiton (Link) Pax.
Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by seven specialists for 35 previously untypified Linnaean plant names (with one epitype being designated for a previously typified name) belonging to the family Cyperaceae. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed.
Descriptions of the 122 genera of Cyperaceae were automatically converted from a DELTA database to PAUP format and into distance matrices, for cladistic and phenetic analyses. Comments on the taxa included are provided, and an annotated and illustrated character list is presented. Subsets of characters and taxa were analysed and the results compared with previous classifications of the family, including one recently derived from manual cladistic analyses. The cladistic analyses were more successful in providing reasonable hypothetical phylogenies than in providing classifications permitting useful generalisation: The phenetically derived trees are in general similar to the cladograms, but they are more highly structured and correspond more closely to a previously published, manually derived cladogram. A suprageneric classification of the Cyperaceae is proposed, in which the genera are explicitly assigned to twelve tribes and two subfamilies. The interactive program INTKEY was used for preparing group descriptions and diagnoses, thus greatly facilitating comparisons among alternative classificatory solutions. Weaknesses of literature generalisations, particularly at higher taxonomic levels, highlight the need for more comparative data.
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