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Medicinal mushrooms-a prominent source of nutriceuticals for the 21st century

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... In terms of the amount of crude protein, mushrooms rank below animal meats, but well above most other foods, including milk, which is an animal product ( Chang and Miles, 2004). Pleurotus species have been recognized as mushroom with dual functions to humans; both as food and medicine (Chang and Buswell, 2003). They are nutritive with good quantity of proteins, vitamins and minerals. ...
... They are nutritive with good quantity of proteins, vitamins and minerals. Medicinally, they are been recommended for obese persons and diabetes patients because of low caloric value (Chang and Buswell, 2003) and very low sugar without starch. Traditionally, extracts from Pleurotus species have been reported to be used in treating some ailments (Osemwegie et al., 2010;Idu et al., 2007). ...
... Epidemiological studies have found an association between high fibre diets and a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases and large bowel cancers (Honda et al., 1999). Generally, the low fat content reported confirmed the presence of low calorie value, which is usually recommended for obese persons and diabetes patients (Chang and Buswell, 2003). ...
Article
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Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) is commercially important in the world mushroom market. It is widely cultivated and consumed in different parts of the world. Many people admire the mushroom due to its taste, flavor, high nutritional values, and some medicinal properties. Pleurotus are generally rich in proteins with essential amino acids, physiologically important polysaccharides and essential fatty acids, dietary fibers, important minerals, and some vitamins. The presence of some bioactive substances, majorly polysaccharide-protein complex in the genus Pleurotus has been reported to confer some pharmacological potential such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, hepato-protective and anti-allergic activities. The high nutritional value and potential medicinal uses suggest that the oyster mushrooms are pharmacologically important as functional foods
... Xác định hàm lượng protein: hàm lượng protein thô thu được được bằng cách nhân giá trị nitơ tổng (N) theo hệ số 6,25 [10]. Phần trăm protein trong mẫu được tính bằng công thức: ...
... Hàm lượng nitơ tổng được xác định theo phương pháp Kjeldahl: 4 Xác định hàm lượng protein: Hàm lượng protein thô thu được được bằn nhân giá trị nitơ tổng (N) theo hệ số 6,25 [10]. Phần trăm protein trong mẫu đượ bằng công thức (4): ...
Article
The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional composition and the optimal conditions of ultrasonic extraction of total saponin triterpenoid (TST) and total phenolic content (TPC) from Ganoderma atrum using response surface methodology (RSM). An optimal model according to the Box - Behnken design has been formulated to extract TST Y1 and TPC Y2 with three factors: extraction temperature (X1), ultrasonic time (X2), and ultrasonic power (X3). Following this model, the optimal parameters for the extraction process to obtain the highest content of TST and TPC were extraction temperature of 65oC, time of 83 mins and ultrasonic power of 310 W. The experimental values of TST and TPC were 1.08±0.04% and 122.52±0.15 mg GAE/g, respectively.
... To begin with, mushrooms have maintained their status as an important constituent of the human diet due to the consumer's long-standing appreciation of their nutritional and organoleptic qualities [2]. Recent decades have also seen a huge expansion in mushrooms as a source of 'mushroom nutriceuticals', mushroomderived concoctions that exhibit tonic and therapeutic properties and which are marketed as dietary supplements (DSs) [3]. The application of modern scientific methods has since led to the isolation and identification of individual mushroomderived drugs called 'mushroom pharmaceuticals'. ...
... Humankind has constantly searched for new compounds capable of improving biological functions and thereby make people fitter and healthier. Mushrooms have constituted a form of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for several millennia [3], as well as part of folk medicine in the Western world. In Central and South America, mushrooms were used by indigenous peoples as a food, as a medicine, and for generating hallucinogenic or visionary effects [12]. ...
Chapter
The survival of Homo sapiens is continually under threat from agencies capable of inflicting calamitous damage to the overall health and well-being of humankind. One strategy aimed at combatting this threat is focused on medicinal mushrooms and derivatives thereof. Mushrooms themselves have been consumed as part of the human diet for centuries, whereas 'mushroom nutriceuticals' is a more recently adopted term describing mushroom-derived products taken as dietary supplements to enhance general health and fitness. Among the most extensively studied pharmacologically active components of mushrooms are polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes, triterpenes, lectins, and fungal immunomodulatory proteins. Medicinal mushrooms have been credited with a wide range of therapeutic properties including antitumour/anti-cancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, cholesterol-lowering and genoprotective activities as well as protection against atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions. This review examines the past, present and future of medicinal mushroom development including the two legs concept for the mushroom industry and the pyramid model summarizing the various human applications of mushrooms. It considers numerous issues the industry needs to address to exploit fully the opportunities presented by the continued increasing demand for medicinal mushrooms, and by the future overall expansion of the medicinal mushroom movement.
... It is well known that we live in an age of human health crises. This is where the role of edible and medicinal mushrooms with their products has become important (Chang & Buswell 2003;Cheung 2008). Nowadays, interest in biotechnological cultivation of basidiomycete mushrooms is related to the increasing demand for mushroom-based biotech products in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic indus tries (Badalyan 2014). ...
... In agreement with the notion that prevention is better than cure, functional foods based on medicinal mushrooms have gained popularity for their high nutritive and medicinal values (Chang & Miles 2004;Mane et al. 2014;O'Neil et al. 2013). Generally, edible mushrooms possess all three desired properties of food: nutrition (see Chapter 3), taste, and physiological functions (Chang & Buswell 2003;Chang & Wasser 2012). ...
Book
Full-text available
Mushrooms are becoming a vital component of the human diet for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The use of mushrooms for developing functional foods, drugs, and nutraceuticals is reviewed in this chapter, with emphasis on present or potential medical implications. As functional foods, mushrooms represent a paradigm of integrating tradition and novelty, due to their wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. Their bioactive components can be extracted or concentrated as nutraceuticals, and/or a diverse class of dietary supplements. Functional foods and nutraceuticals, particularly mushrooms, are immunoceuticals with antitumor and immunomodulatory effects which target and modulate biological processes that foster the development of diseases. Several mushroom products, mainly polysaccharides such as β‐D‐glucans, have proceeded successfully through clinical trials and are used as drugs to treat cancer and chronic diseases. In sum, the present status and future prospects open new avenues for upgrading mushroom species from functional food to translational mushroom medicine.
... Ash content (g/l00g sample) = Wt of ash × 100/Wt of sample taken Estimation of Crude Protein: Sample was dried and grinded using a mortar and pestle to analyze crude protein content. James (1995), Chang & Buswell (2003) described the Kjeldahl method in which the nitrogen content was first determined and then multiplied with 6.25 to obtain the protein content of the sample 29,30 . Then the percentages of protein were calculated by using the formula. ...
... Ash content (g/l00g sample) = Wt of ash × 100/Wt of sample taken Estimation of Crude Protein: Sample was dried and grinded using a mortar and pestle to analyze crude protein content. James (1995), Chang & Buswell (2003) described the Kjeldahl method in which the nitrogen content was first determined and then multiplied with 6.25 to obtain the protein content of the sample 29,30 . Then the percentages of protein were calculated by using the formula. ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study was to analyze the effect of different sawdust substrates namely Magifera indica (Mango tree, T1), Albizia saman (Rain tree, T2), Tectona grandis (Segun tree, T3), Gmelina arborea (Gamari tree, T4), Swietenia mahagoni (Mahogony tree, T5) and mixture of all five tree sawdust (T6) with wheat bran 30% and 1% lime on the growth, yield and proximate composition performance of Pleurotus ostreatus (white oyster mushroom). The experiment was laid out in single factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The highest average number of fruiting body per packet (57.20) was observed in T5, whereas the lowest (47.00) was found in T2. The highest average weight of fruiting body (4.45 g) was observed in T5 while the lowest (3.76 g) was recorded in T4. The highest biological yield (227.68 g) was found in T5, while the lowest (204.78 g) was observed in T4. The highest economic yield (207.58 g) was recorded in T5, while the lowest (181.96 g) was found in T4. The highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) (4.25) was observed in T5, whereas the lowest (3.62) was found in T4. The highest moisture content (87.77%) was observed in T4, while the lowest (85.84%) in T5. The highest dry matter content (14.16%) was observed in T5, whereas the lowest (12.23%) was recorded in T4. The highest protein content (24.97%) was found in T5, while the lowest (24.12%) was observed in T4. The highest lipid content (6.15%) was observed in T5, while the lowest (5.72%) was recorded in T4. The highest calcium content (17.33 mg/100 g) was found in T6, while the lowest (15.72 mg/100 g) was recorded in T4. The highest magnesium content (14.50 mg/100 g) was observed in T5, while the lowest (13.35 mg/10) was observed in T4. The highest iron content (47.46 mg/100 g) was found in T1, while the lowest (44.89 mg/100 g) was recorded in T4.
... It is well known that we live in an age of human health crises. This is where the role of edible and medicinal mushrooms with their products has become important (Chang & Buswell 2003;Cheung 2008). Nowadays, interest in biotechnological cultivation of basidiomycete mushrooms is related to the increasing demand for mushroom-based biotech products in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic indus tries (Badalyan 2014). ...
... In agreement with the notion that prevention is better than cure, functional foods based on medicinal mushrooms have gained popularity for their high nutritive and medicinal values (Chang & Miles 2004;Mane et al. 2014;O'Neil et al. 2013). Generally, edible mushrooms possess all three desired properties of food: nutrition (see Chapter 3), taste, and physiological functions (Chang & Buswell 2003;Chang & Wasser 2012). ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Mushrooms are becoming a vital component of the human diet for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The use of mushrooms for developing functional foods, drugs, and nutraceuticals is reviewed in this chapter, with emphasis on present or potential medical implications. As functional foods, mushrooms represent a paradigm of integrating tradition and novelty, due to their wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. Their bioactive components can be extracted or concentrated as nutraceuticals, and/or a diverse class of dietary supplements. Functional foods and nutraceuticals, particularly mushrooms, are immunoceuticals with antitumor and immunomodulatory effects which target and modulate biological processes that foster the development of diseases. Several mushroom products, mainly polysaccharides such as &;#x003B2;&;#x02010;D&;#x02010;glucans, have proceeded successfully through clinical trials and are used as drugs to treat cancer and chronic diseases. In sum, the present status and future prospects open new avenues for upgrading mushroom species from functional food to translational mushroom medicine.
... 41 Ash content (g/l00g sample) = Wt of ash×100/Wt of sample taken Estimation of crude protein: Sample was dried and grinded using a mortar and pestle to analyze crude protein content. James (1995) and Chang & Buswell (2003) described the Kjeldahl method in which the nitrogen `content was first determined and then multiplied with 6.25 to obtain the protein content of the sample. 45,46 Then the percentages of protein were calculated by using the formula. ...
... James (1995) and Chang & Buswell (2003) described the Kjeldahl method in which the nitrogen `content was first determined and then multiplied with 6.25 to obtain the protein content of the sample. 45,46 Then the percentages of protein were calculated by using the formula. ...
... 41 Ash content (g/l00g sample) = Wt of ash×100/Wt of sample taken Estimation of crude protein: Sample was dried and grinded using a mortar and pestle to analyze crude protein content. James (1995) and Chang & Buswell (2003) described the Kjeldahl method in which the nitrogen `content was first determined and then multiplied with 6.25 to obtain the protein content of the sample. 45,46 Then the percentages of protein were calculated by using the formula. ...
... James (1995) and Chang & Buswell (2003) described the Kjeldahl method in which the nitrogen `content was first determined and then multiplied with 6.25 to obtain the protein content of the sample. 45,46 Then the percentages of protein were calculated by using the formula. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study evaluated the effects of various sawdust substrates, namely Ficus carica (Fig tree, T2), Albizia saman (Rain Tree, T3), Swietenia mahagoni (Mahogany tree, T4), Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil ipil tree, T5), Eucalyptus oblique (Indian gum tree, T6) and mixture of mentioned five trees sawdust (T1) supplemented with 30% wheat bran and 1% lime on the mineral content and nutritional composition analyses of Plurotus florida mushroom. The highest amount of carbohydrate (43.68mg/100g), dry matter (9.87%), nitrogen (4.43%), potassium (1.39%), magnesium (19.96mg/100g) and iron (44.69mg/100g) were obtained from T4 sawdust substrate. The highest amount of phosphorous (0.89%) was obtained from T1 substrate. The highest amount of lipid (4.21%), protein (27.68%), ash (13.67%), moisture (90.27%) and molybdenum (9.76mg/100g) were obtained from T2 sawdust substrate. The lowest amount of lipid (3.42%) was found for T6 substrate. The highest amount of crude fiber (19.78%), calcium (33.35mg/100g) and selenium (9.10 mg/100g) were obtained from T5 substrate. The highest amount of cobalt (21.07mg/100g) and zinc (30.26mg/100g) were obtained from T3 sawdust substrate. Thus, they could be an excellent source of many different nutraceuticals and might be used directly in human diet to promote health for the synergistic effects of all the bioactive compounds present. The study proved beneficial for effective management of agricultural wastes as well as production of nutraceutical effective fruiting bodies for balanced diet.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 14(2): 215-223, 2015 (December)
... Mushrooms according to the definition given by Chang and Miles (1992), particularly the edible species of a large group of the macrofungi, are produce of high quality of food with high economic value. Nutritional analyses have revealed that edible mushrooms possess all three properties of food -nutrition, tastes, and physiological functions (Chang and Buswell 2003). For the first property of nutritional value, mushrooms are rich in relatively high contents of good quality protein (Tables 1 and 2), a low total fat content but a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Table 3), as well as significant amounts of vitamins, minerals and fiber. ...
... Mushroom cultivation is one of the most economical processes to convert wastes to wealth (Figure 2). Starting with superior hybrids, the mushrooms produced are high quality protein rich food which can be converted to functional food (nutraceuticals) and dietary supplements (nutriceuticals) (Chang and Buswell, 2003). The spent substrate can be converted to feed, seed medium and fertilizer for soil amendment. ...
Article
Traditional medicine and sub-health intervention technologies: challenges and opportunities for countries in the Asia-Pacific Mushrooms are growing in importance as numerous therapeutic and nutritional benefits are noted in them. Mushroom cultivation can be a zero waste activity whereby lignocellulosic agro-residues are converted to food, feed for animals and fertilisers for plants. Mushrooms as functional food can help in the intervention of sub-health states in humans and may prevent the ‘full blown consequences’ of life threatening diseases. The discovery of mushrooms for human wellbeing hinges on traditional knowledge of mushrooms used as food and medicine by the indigenous people of a nation. Wild medicinal and culinary mushrooms have been successfully tamed, domesticated and brought to commercial scale. The mushroom industry has grown from a cottage industry to supplement the income of a household to medium and mega - sized industrial ventures. Mushrooms produced are not only food but are raw material for development of functional food for health and quality life of humans.
... Mushrooms according to the definition given by Chang and Miles (1992), particularly the edible species of a large group of the macrofungi, are produce of high quality of food with high economic value. Nutritional analyses have revealed that edible mushrooms possess all three properties of food -nutrition, tastes, and physiological functions (Chang and Buswell 2003). For the first property of nutritional value, mushrooms are rich in relatively high contents of good quality protein (Tables 1 and 2), a low total fat content but a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Table 3), as well as significant amounts of vitamins, minerals and fiber. ...
... Mushroom cultivation is one of the most economical processes to convert wastes to wealth (Figure 2). Starting with superior hybrids, the mushrooms produced are high quality protein rich food which can be converted to functional food (nutraceuticals) and dietary supplements (nutriceuticals) (Chang and Buswell, 2003). The spent substrate can be converted to feed, seed medium and fertilizer for soil amendment. ...
... Sur le plan médicinal, le pleurote en huître est recommandé aux patients obèses et diabétiques, principalement en raison de sa faible valeur calorique ainsi que sa très faible teneur en sucre (10,43). De plus, il contient un certain nombre de composés bioactifs dotés de propriétés thérapeutiques diverses telles qu'antidiabétiques, antitumorales, hypocholestérolémiantes, anti-inflammatoires, antioxydantes et bien d'autres que nous développerons par la suite (44). ...
Thesis
Pleurotus ostreatus est aujourd’hui le deuxième champignon le plus cultivé au monde. Il suscite beaucoup d’intérêts ces dernières années en raison de ses multiples activités thérapeutiques. Dans un contexte où les patients sont à la recherche de plus en plus d’alternatives naturelles présentant moins d’effets indésirables, la mycothérapie présente un intérêt certain. Dans un premier temps, nous avons dressé une description de Pleurotus ostreatus et abordé ses conditions de culture, ses aspects nutritionnels ainsi que sa composition moléculaire. Puis, nous avons étudié de façon détaillée et non exhaustive les différentes activités thérapeutiques de ce champignon en nous appuyant sur des études pré-cliniques et cliniques ainsi que les différents mécanismes d’action associés.
... This mycelium-infused grain is named as spawn and is used to inculcate into the mushroom substrate (Royse, 2003). Usage of poor spawn may often lead the failure to get a satisfactory harvest (Chang, 2009). ...
... Regular intake of nutraceuticals may booze the immune response of the body system thereby increases the person's natural resistance to disease. The main differences between functional food/nutraceuticals and nutraceuticals/dietary supplements are described and discussed by CHANG and BUSWELL [2,9] . ...
Article
Full-text available
Mushrooms are fruiting bodies of macro fungi. They are heterotrophic organisms which must obtain all their nutritive requirements from the substrate. Mushroom substrates are lignocellulosic material that are by-products of either agro-industrial plants or the forest. When these lignocellulosic materials combine with other fungi, something special is created in the living world. Because mushroom cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose, they are neither plants nor animals. A recent report on mushroom fossils indicates that a 440-million-year-old fossilized mushroom may be the oldest organism to have lived on dry land. Mushroom biology is a relatively new discipline in science as it concerns all aspects of the scientific studies of mushrooms. Applied mushroom biology is the study of two main disciplines: mushroom science which is about mushroom production and mushroom biotechnology that is about mushroom products. As such, mushroom science and mushroom biotechnology can be characterized as the two legs of the mushroom industry. The aim of applied mushroom biology is to tackle the two basic problems that the world faces today and will continue to face as the world population continues to grow. Two issues are studied closely and attempt to provide a solution to them: food and health.
... Особливі вимоги щодо якості урожаю культури висуває споживач, задоволення потреб якого є головною метою промислового виробництва грибів. Так, морфологічні особливості культури мають відповідати вподобанням щодо форми та розмірів плодових тіл та їхніх зростків, кольору, аромату, смаку та консистенції, та лише у другу чергу споживачі цінують гриби за унікальні їстівні та лікарські властивості 8,9,10 . Тому головною проблемою сучасного грибівництва є постійний пошук шляхів покращення технічних показників якості виробленої грибної сировини, зокрема органолептичних та біохімічних, а також, забезпечення належної харчової безпеки. ...
... Phytochemicals are the major bioactive compounds which provide health benefits and also found to be associated with the inhibition of atherosclerosis and cancer [2]. Edible mushrooms has become an integral part of the normal human diet and considered as nutraceutical product [3,4]. Mushrooms not only provide nutrition, but also prevent diseases and ensure good health and longevity [1]. ...
Article
Full-text available
This paper reports on the qualitative phytochemical analysis of Termitomyces mammiformis R. Heim belongs to family Tricholomataceae found in Tarai and Midhill of Nepal. It was collected from the termite nest of the forests in West, Centre and East of tropical, subtropical and temperate region. The sample was harvested fresh, sundried, pulverized and analyzed according to standard procedures. Screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, carotenoid, steroid, triterpenoids, fatty acid, emodins, flavonoid and coumarin in ethereal, anthracene glycoside, anthocyanadine glycoside in methanolic and tannins, saponins, glycosides, polyurenoid and polyoses in the aqueous extracts respectively. There were significant differences in the phytochemical composition of the samples collected from three ecological belts and three phytogeographic regions among the west Siwalik was the best. Its ethno mycological knowledge of different ethnic groups was also incorporated. There was definite co-relation between the traditional application of Termite's mushrooms and possession of secondary metabolites, which supports the scientific basis for the traditional medicinal system. Results showed that the consumption of wild edible mushroom that act as a good dietary supplement and it may be valuable in drug development.
... Although MDA is not a specific or quantitative indicator, it correlates with lipid peroxidation levels and could be measured by using thiobarbituric acid as applied in this study (10,12) . Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is one of the well-known mushrooms, named "Red Reishi" or "Lingzhi", which was being used for over 2000 years especially in far eastern countries because of the belief that the mushroom provides long and healthy life for the user (13,14) . This belief was supported by many scientific studies identifying active ingredients of GL such as bioactive triterpenes, polysaccharides and immunomodulatory proteins which have potent anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects for malignant cells (15)(16)(17)(18) . ...
... Pleurotus spp. possesses antithrombotic, antimicrobial and hypoglycaemic properties, prevent inflammation, stimulate immune system and also possess numerous other activities [10]. Pleurotus species are abundant source of minerals (P, Ca, K, Fe and Na), proteins, and vitamin C, B-complex (riboflavin, folic acid, thiamine and niacin) [11]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study aims to evaluate the presence of secondary metabolites, mineral contents, and antioxidant potential of Pleurotus floridanus, P. ostreatus and P. cystidiosus that are the potentially edible and pharmaceutically efficient mushroom species. Mycochemical screening revealed the presence of important secondary metabolites i.e. saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and phenolic compounds. The mineral analysis was carried out to determine the presence of essential and non-essential nutrients in the Pleurotus species. Potassium was found to be maximum among all the nutrients i.e. 45 mg/g, 57mg/g and 62 mg/g in P. cystidiosus P. ostreatus and P. floridanus respectively. Nickel and cobalt were absent in all three species. Antioxidant potential of the ethanol extracts of these valuable mushrooms was appraised by using assays i.e. ABTS (2, 2'-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Suphonic Acid), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate), Flavonoids (TFC) and Phenolic (TPC) were also determined. Maximum % inhibition on ABTS (92.5 ± 0.288), DPPH (56.45 ± 0.22) and Fe3+ (0.541 + 0.006) radical was shown by P. floridanus followed by P. cystidiosus and P. ostreatus. P. floridanus also contains the highest phenolic and flavonoids contents. This study identified that all three species exhibit important mycochemical compounds, antioxidant potential and essential minerals that showed their potential to use them as the natural medicine and also can utilized for the production of pharmaceutical drugs in future.
... Phytochemicals are the major bioactive compounds which provide health benefits and also found to be associated with the inhibition of atherosclerosis and cancer [2]. Edible mushrooms has become an integral part of the normal human diet and considered as nutraceutical product [3,4]. Mushrooms not only provide nutrition, but also prevent diseases and ensure good health and longevity [1]. ...
Experiment Findings
This paper reports on the qualitative phytochemical analysis of Termitomyces mammiformis R. Heim belongs to family Tricholomataceae found in Tarai and Midhill of Nepal. It was collected from the termite nest of the forests in West, Centre and East of tropical, subtropical and temperate region. The sample was harvested fresh, sundried, pulverized and analyzed according to standard procedures. Screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, carotenoid, steroid, triterpenoids, fatty acid, emodins, flavonoid and coumarin in ethereal, anthracene glycoside, anthocyanadine glycoside in methanolic and tannins, saponins, glycosides, polyurenoid and polyoses in the aqueous extracts respectively. There were significant differences in the phytochemical composition of the samples collected from three ecological belts and three phytogeographic regions among the west Siwalik was the best. Its ethno mycological knowledge of different ethnic groups was also incorporated. There was definite co-relation between the traditional application of Termite's mushrooms and possession of secondary metabolites, which supports the scientific basis for the traditional medicinal system. Results showed that the consumption of wild edible mushroom that act as a good dietary supplement and it may be valuable in drug development.
... They include high quality of proteins, vitamins and minerals. Medicinally, they are recommended to obese and diabetes patients because of their low caloric value and very low sugar content without starch (Chang and Buswell, 2003). Furthermore, no case reports about allergy symptoms have been found in the literature (Anonymous, 2013). ...
Article
Full-text available
Because of its high nutritional value and pharmaceutical effects, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.) is collected from nature and cultivated in large scale. This therapeutic mushroom is consumed as a functional food or food additive in soups, cereal and dairy products, and commercially used in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. The mycochemicals including polysaccharides (crude fiber and β-glucans), essential amino acids, ergothioneine, peptides, (glyco)proteins, lectins, phenolic compounds, polyketides (lovastatin), (tri)terpenoids, and enzymes are naturally found in the fruiting bodies and mycelial biomass of P. ostreatus. The major bioactive compounds concentration of this mushroom may be increased by modification of the substrate composition and cultivation or postharvest conditions. The goal of this review is to evaluate the results of the studies about the biochemical composition and medicinal properties of edible wild and cultivated P. ostreatus. Furthermore, the advanced novel cultivation techniques, biotechnological processes, and postharvest treatments were given in order to increase its nutritional and nutraceutical values.
... They include high quality of proteins, vitamins and minerals. Medicinally, they are recommended to obese and diabetes patients because of their low caloric value and very low sugar content without starch (Chang and Buswell, 2003). No case reports about allergy symptoms have been found in the literature (Anonymous, 2013). ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Because of its high nutritional value and pharmaceutical effects, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.) is collected from nature and cultivated in large scale. This therapeutic mushroom is consumed as a functional food or food additive in soups, cereal and dairy products and commercially used in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. The mycochemicals including polysaccharides (crude fiber and β-glucans), essential amino acids, ergothioneine, peptides, (glyco)proteins, lectins, phenolic compounds, polyketides (lovastatin), (tri)terpenoids, and enzymes are naturally found in the fruiting bodies and mycelial biomass of P. ostreatus. The major bioactive compounds concentration of this mushroom may be increased by modification of the substrate composition and cultivation or postharvest conditions. The goal of this review is to evaluate the results of the studies about the biochemical composition and medicinal properties of edible wild and cultivated P. ostreatus. Furthermore, the advanced novel cultivation techniques, biotechnological processes, and postharvest treatments were given in order to increase its nutritional and nutraceutical values.
... Los hongos están emergiendo como un componente vital de la dieta humana y varias reseñas abarcadoras de sus valores nutricionales han sido presentadas. (1,2,3) En la naturaleza existen más de 2000 especies de hongos, pero solo alrededor de 25 son aceptan como alimento y algunos de ellos se cultivan comercialmente. (4) Las investigaciones respecto a la producción biotecnológica de hongos del género Pleurotus están relacionadas principalmente con el empleo de medios alternativos para la producción de polisacáridos antitumorales; sin embargo, otros metabolitos con potencial terapéutico han sido menos explorados. ...
Article
Full-text available
There is a marked interest in obtaining mycelial biomass and bioactive compounds more quickly and efficiently, from edible fungi. Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most widely cultivated species in the world, due to the nutritional quality of its biomass and the presence of metabolites of pharmacological importance. In the present work, the response surface methodology was used in the optimization of the YPG culture medium, aiming to obtain the maximum concentration of biomass and total phenols, by means of submerged fermentation of Pleurotus ostreatus. Based on a central composite design, two second-order polynomial mathematical models were fitted to the experimental results obtained from the production of mycelial biomass and total phenols. It was observed that the concentrations of the nitrogen sources had bigger significant influence on the production of biomass. Both the nitrogen and carbon source concentrations had a significant influence on the total phenol concentration. The models predicted a maximum biomass concentration value of 15,28 g·L-1 for a culture medium with 28,41 g·L-1 glucose, 5,68 g·L-1 yeast extract and 2,32 g·L-1 peptone, as well as a maximum total phenols concentration of 104 μg·mL-1 for the following culture medium composition: 11,59 g·L-1 glucose, 2,32 g·L-1 yeast extract and 2,32 g·L-1 peptone.
... However, varying opinions have been expressed regarding their true nutritive value. [3][4][5] Mushrooms can be mainly used as food for a healthy state, as a medicine for ill states, and as dietetic supplements for a subhealthy state as well as for both healthy and ill states. 6 Most mushroom-derived substances and preparations (i.e., extracts, powders, and tablets) are usually included in the following categories of products: dietary supplements, functional foods, design foods, nutraceuticals, nutriceuticals, phytochemicals, and immunoceuticals. ...
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A compositional study was performed on fruiting-body powder of the culinary-medicinal oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus for applications as a nutraceutical/functional food. Carbohydrates (55 g/100 g dry weight [dw]) and proteins (27.45 g/100 g dw, with an in vitro digestibility of 75%) appear to be the major components, but fat content was low (4 g/100 g dw). Pleurotus powder has important micronutrients such as minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mg, and Co) and ascorbic acid, as well as nonnutrients (i.e., phenolics) with antioxidant potential. A powder-derived aqueous extract had a phenolic compound content of 138 mg/100 g that showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and inhibition of membrane-lipid peroxidation activities of 58.3% and 61.4%, respectively. The presence of β-1,3-1,6-D-glucans was also demonstrated (1.54 g/100 g). An acute toxicity test proved that Pleurotus powder was safe after oral administration to both male and female mice at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. The combination of rich nutritional composition, bioactivity, and safety in P. ostreatus fruiting-body powder highlights its potential as a nutraceutical agent promoting health and life quality.
... are varied and between them in the complex system such as food sources and foodstuff there exist interactions and synergistic effect, therefore rather than a single compound it is preferred to use them as a whole. Chang and Buswell (2003) reported that the combination of several individual components contributed to the overall medicinal effect of the mushroom-based nutraceutical products. In this study, the potent antioxidant fraction from L. squarrosulus has been standardized by HPLC to contain phenolic-based compound, ganoderic acid derivative, uridine and flavonoids. ...
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A cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC)-guided purification approach was performed on a methanol extract of Lentinus squarrosulus (LsqMeOH) by using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography. Using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography, three fractions were separated arbitrarily named FR1, FR2 and FR3. Results showed that FR2 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in CUPRAC assay (A450, 0.86) but not significantly different from LsqMeOH (A450, 0.84). FR1 and FR3 showed much lower absorbance, with values (A450, 0.21) and (A450, 0.36) respectively at 1 mg ml⁻¹. The most active fraction (F3) was further subjected to LC-MS/MS to obtain its detailed chemical profile. Uridine, ganoderic acid derivative, and flavonoids were the first time being found in L. squarrosulus antioxidative fractions. The present results indicate that the fraction extracts of L. squarrosulus possess antioxidant properties and can be used as free radical inhibitors. Therefore, this research suggested the potentials of L. squarrosulus as a source of antioxidant extract to be used in food industries (functional food).
... Edible mushrooms has become an integral part of the normal human diet and considered as nutraceutical product (Mau et. al. 2002, Chang andBuswell 2003). Mushrooms not only provide nutrition, but also prevent diseases and ensure good health and longevity (Evelyn et al. 2006). ...
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p>This paper reports the qualitative phytochemical analysis of Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk & Broome) R. Heim of family Tricholomataceae collected from the termite nest of the forests in west, center and east of tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of Nepal. The sample was harvested fresh, sundried, pulverized and analyzed according to standard procedures. Screening revealed the presence of volatile oil, alkaloid, carotenoid, steroid, triterpenoids, fatty acid, emodins, flavonoid, coumarin, anthracene glycoside, anthocyanadine glycoside, tannins, saponins, glycosides, polyurenoid and polyoses in the ethereal, methanolic and aqueous extracts. There were significant differences in the phytochemical composition of the samples collected from east, center and west eco-zones and tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic regions. There was definite co-relation between the traditional application of Termite’s mushrooms and possession of secondary metabolites, which supports the scientific basis for the traditional medicinal system. Results showed that the consumption of wild edible mushroom that act as a good dietary supplement and it may be valuable in drug development. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013: 107-119</p
... В последние годы съедобные дикорастущие и культивируемые грибы, как чрезвычайно важный продуцент природных антиоксидантных веществ и потенциальный объект для биотехнологических разработок, привлекают к себе внимание как важнейший источник природных антиоксидантов (Ferreira et al., 2009;Khatua et al., 2013;Smith et al., 2015). В дополнение к изысканному вкусу и питательной ценности грибы обладают сбалансированным химическим составом с высоким содержанием белков, низким уровнем липидов с преобладанием полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ПНЖК), высоким содержанием витаминов (В1, В2, В12, С, D, и Е), что делает их уникальным компонентом низкокалорийных диет (Chang, 2003;Finkel, Holbrook, 2000;Chang, Wasser, 2012). Кроме того, грибы имеют низкий гликемический индекс, и высокое содержание маннита, что позволяет их использовать в рационе больных диабетом. ...
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This monograph displays the questions and problems of medicinal mushroom science. There are results of long-term studies of biological, neurotropic, medicinal, pharmaceutical, accumulating, and cultural properties of macromycetes.
... ????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? (????), ??????? ??????????? ????????? (?1, ?2, ?12, ?, D, ? ?), ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? (Chang, 2003;Finkel, Holbrook, 2000;Chang, Wasser, 2012). ????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????, ? ...
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В монографии представлены основные вопросы и проблемы науки о лекарственных грибах, результаты многолетних исследований биологических, нейротропных, медико‐фармакологических, аккумулирующих свойств и культуральных особенностей макромицетов. Издание предназначено для микологов, медиков, экологов, специалистов в области грибоводства и охраны окружающей среды, преподавателей и студентов ВУЗов. У монографії представлені основні питання та проблеми науки про лікарські гриби, результати багаторічних досліджень біологічних, нейротропних, медико‐фармакологічних, акумулюючих властивостей та культуральних особливостей макроміцетів. Видання призначене для мікологів, медиків, екологів, спеціалістів у грибівництві і охороні довкілля, викладачів та студентів ВНЗів. This monograph displays the questions and problems of medicinal mushroom science. These are results of long‐term studies of biological, neurotropic, medicinal, pharmaceutical, accumulating, and cultural properties of macromycetes. This edition will be of value to mycologists, physicians, ecologists, and specialists in the field of mushroom cultivation and environmental protection, teachers, and students of high school.
... In spite of mushrooms being part of human diet for several centuries owing to their taste and flavor, they are still underexplored source for food and nutraceuticals 67 . There are over 2000 mushrooms known to possess nutritional, medicinal and healthpromoting compounds 68,69 . According to Manzi and Pizzoferrato 70 , uncooked mushrooms yield more beneficial products than cooked mushrooms corroborating with the present study. ...
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The antioxidants derived from biological sources are generally regarded as safe than synthetic ones owing to their less or no adverse effects. Wild mushrooms being potential source of nutrients as well as antioxidants, bioactive properties of uncooked and cooked wood-inhabiting Lentinus squarrosulus and termite mound-inhabiting Termitomyces clypeatus have been compared. Both mushrooms showed appreciable antioxidant potential, which is influenced by their bioactive principles (total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and vitamin C) and proximal properties (crude protein, crude lipid, crude fibre and carbohydrates). These mushrooms were devoid of trypsin inhibition and hemagglutinin activity. Uncooked as well as cooked mushrooms with adequate nutritional components serve as sources of potential antioxidant to combat many human ailments. The present study and recent perspectives on nutraceuticals of macrofungi denote L. squarrosulus and T. clypeatus as the high-value nutraceutical sources in Southwestern India. Key words: Antioxidants, Bioactive principles, Macrofungi, Mushrooms, Nutraceuticals, Proximate properties, Wild mushrooms.
... For instance, various products containing β-glucans derived from G. frondosa as beneficial ingredients are commercialized as dietary supplements, functional foods, and nutraceuticals because of their disease-preventing ingredients. [17][18][19] However, to achieve pharmaceutical quality for such products, the most important aspects are identity, purity, and amounts of active constituents. Origin and mode of preparation are key factors for the final β-glucan content in the product being sold. ...
Article
β-glucans from Basidiomycetes like Grifola frondosa (the maitake mushroom) are well known for their health benefits. Polysaccharide preparations from medicinal mushrooms such as G. frondosa have been successfully tested in a vast number of studies. Many mushroom extracts have been developed and today are merchandized for use medicinally and commercially. Studies could show that, in particular, chemical structural features such as the molecular size of β-glucans significantly influence their bioactivity. Thus it is highly important to explore the composition and structural properties of β-glucans extracted from medicinal mushrooms and their effects on human tumor cell viability. Our study focuses on the molecular weight cutoff distribution of β-glucans in hot water−based extracts from maitake mushrooms. Cross-flow ultrafiltration was applied to obtain 5 fractions of different molecular size. β-glucan content was quantified using an enzyme-based test kit, specialized to 1,3-1,6-β-glucans. Here we show that only small amounts of β-glucans with a high molecular weight (>100 kDa) could be detected from an aqueous extract of G. frondosa. The main compounds encompass substances with a low molecular weight (<5 kDa), composing about 35% of the whole extract. In addition, tumor cell viability studies demonstrate significant cytotoxic potential in 2 different solid cancer cell types for the fraction with a high molecular weight (>100 kDa) and for 1 fraction with a low molecular weight (5−10 kDa). In summary, our experiments prove that cross-flow ultrafiltration serves as a quick and easy method for dividing crude aqueous mushroom extracts into different molecular-weight fractions that inhibit tumor cell viability in vitro.
... (Shiitake) and five different Pleurotus species, show beta-glucan contents of 15-22 g/100 g dm (dry mass) (Table 1). In particular, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii are well known for their medicinal potential, and many studies could show the positive effects on the immune system due to their beta-glucans Lentinan (Lentinula edodes) and Pleuran (Pleurotus spp.) (Chang & Buswell, 2003;Mizono, Minato, & Tsuchida, 1996;Synytsya, Mickova, Jablonsky, Slukova, & Copikova, 2008). Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus Pulmonarius and Pleurotus djamor show quite similar contents with 15.32-21.70 ...
Article
Mushrooms have unique sensory properties and nutritional values as well as health benefits due to their bioactive compounds, especially beta-glucans. Well-known edible and medicinal mushroom species as well as uncommon or unknown species representing interesting sources of bioactive beta-glucans have been widely studied. Commercially cultivated and wild growing mushrooms were analysed for their beta-glucan contents. Enzymatic determinations of all glucans, alpha-glucans and beta-glucans in 39 mushrooms species were performed, leading to very remarkable results. Many wild growing species present high beta-glucan contents, especially Bracket fungi. The well-known cultivated species Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes and Cantharellus cibarius as well as most screened wild growing species show higher glucan contents in their stipes than caps.
... Wild mushrooms are highly valued as a nutritious and palatable food in many societies worldwide [1,2]. They contain high amounts of protein, low total fat levels, and a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, making them an excellent component of low-calorie diets [3,4]. Furthermore, mushrooms contain dietary fiber, peptides, lectins, phenolics, terpenes, alkaloids, vitamins, and minerals [5,6]. ...
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The ethanolic extract of Lentinula edodes was partially analyzed and then characterized for its efficacy in treating atopic dermatitis. Polyphenols were determined to be the major antioxidant component in the extract (6.12 mg/g), followed by flavonoids (1.76 mg/g), β-carotene (28.75 μg/g), and lycopene (5.25 μg/g). An atopic dermatitis (AD) model was established and epidermal and dermal ear thickness, mast cell infiltration, and serum immunoglobulin levels were measured after oral administration of the L. edodes extract for 4 weeks. L. edodes extract decreased Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE) and 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced expression of several inflammatory cytokines in the ears, cervical lymph nodes, and splenocytes. Consequently, L. edodes extract may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of AD attributable to its immunomodulatory effects.
... Where, Va = mL HCl measured in the conical task in the distill (usually 20.00 mL) Vb = mL NaOH used for titration of the content in the conical flask Na = Normality of the HCl measured into the conical flask Nb = Normality of the NaOH used for titration W = g of mushroom powder used for the analysis Crude protein content was obtained by multiplying the total nitrogen value by the conventional factor 6.25. 26 The percentage of protein in the sample was calculated by the following equation: ...
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Effects of various sawdust substrates, namely Fig tree (T2), Rain Tree (T3), Mahogany tree (T4), Ipil ipil tree (T5), Eucalyptus tree (T6) and mixture of all sawdust (T1), supplemented with 30% wheat bran and 1% lime were analyzed on the growth and nutritional composition of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom. The highest amount of carbohydrate (42.36%), calcium (31.98 mg/100g) and magnesium (19.85 mg/100g) were found in the T4 sawdust substrate treated mushrooms. Whereas, moisture (90.20%), ash (13%), phosphorous (0.91%) and molybdenum (14.76 mg/100g) were highest for the T1 substrate treated mushrooms. The highest amount of dry matter (10.53%), lipid (4.46%), nitrogen (4.52%), iron (42.55 mg/100g), zinc (27.65 mg/100g) and selenium (6.77 mg/100g) were obtained for T2 substrate treatment. The highest amount of crude fiber (20.53%) and the lowest lipid (3.43%) was found for T6 substrate. Protein (27.30%) and potassium (1.28%) were found to be highest for T5 substrate treatment. However, the highest level of cobalt (22.40 mg/100g) was found for T3 substrate treatment. Among all aspects, best nutritional composition containing mushroom was grown on T2 sawdust substrate, followed by T1, T5, T6, T3 and T4.
... Unfortunatly, the mechanism of action of each one of the isolated compounds is not completly clear and described in the available reports. Medicinal mushrooms produce beneficial effects not only as drugs but also as a novel class of products by a variety of names: dietary supplements (DSs), functional foods, nutriceuticals, mycopharmaceuticals, and designer foods that produce healthy benefits through everyday use as part of a healthy diet (Chang and Buswell, 2003;Chang, 2006;Wasser and Akavia, 2008). The increased interest in traditional remedies for various physiological disorders and the recognition of numerous biological activities of mushroom products have led to the coining of the term "mushroom nutriceuticals", which should not be confused with nutraceuticals, functional foods, and pharmaceuticals. ...
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Edible wild mushrooms are often regarded as being nutritionally high and with potential economic value. Many species with medicinal value are widely used in traditional medicine for a broad range of diseases. A total of 126 medicinal functions are thought to be produced by wild mushrooms and fungi. Medicinal actions of mushrooms are found to have antitumor, immunomodulatin, cardiovascular, antihypercholesterolemic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungal, detoxification, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic effects. Some mushrooms are drunk as a tonic, some treat wounds, and many contain important enzymes and anti-oxidants that lend a helping hand to the overall health of our immune system. The nutritional benefits of wild edible fungi have not been fully explored. The range of wild species that have been analysed is still small and little is known about variation within species that occur in different countries. Considering their vast medicinal potentials, exploration and exploitation on wild edible mushrooms might lead to the development of new and interesting metabolites with multiple therapeutic applications. Besides, ethnomedicinal uses of wild mushrooms should be well documented because such knowledge would not only lead to sustainable utilization but also would give opportunity of obtain important strain with potential bioactive metabolites.
... hepatitis, hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia y cáncer gástrico [36]. Se cree que el consumo regular de este hongo preserve la vitalidad humana y promueva la longevidad [37,38]. A día de hoy existen en el mercado diferentes productos funcionales a base de GL para su utilización como anti-cancerígenos, anti-edad y con funciones anti-micróbica y anti-viral entre otras [35]. ...
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Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain which affects between 2% and 5% of the world population. The main symptoms are fatigue, decreased physical fitness, poor sleep and depression, among many others. Likewise, patients with fibromyalgia often suffer obesity problems, that represent a risk factor for the onset of other cardiovascular problems as hypertension and type 2 diabetes. These symptoms can lead to decreased Health Related Quality of Life and a high level of impediment. To date, it has not been identified an effective treatment for this syndrome yet. The best therapeutic strategy involves a multidisciplinary approach based on drug treatment, physical activity and psychological therapy. Recent studies have also started to assess functional food in order to complement the actual therapy. Reishi is the common name of a mushroom produced by the fungus called Ganoderma lucidum (Curt .: Fr.) P. Karst. This mushroom has proven to be useful to improve the quality and quantity of sleep, raise the defense levels of the organism, reduce cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, weight and blood pressure and, finally, increase physical performance. To date, to our knowledge, there are no studies aimed to assess the effect of reishi on the fibromyalgic population. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of 6 grams of micro-milled Ganoderma lucidum powder administered by oral route on the following variables: pain, quality of sleep and the inability of patients with fibromyalgia. Secondly, we have evaluated the effects of 6 grams of micro-milled Ganoderma lucidum powder in comparison with 6 grams of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) flour on the following variables: happiness, depression, health related quality of life, perception of improvement, fitness, blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, blood pressure and body composition. Seventy fibromyalgic patients were included in a randomized clinical trial with an experimental group and an active placebo group for the pain and sleep variables. The experimental group toke 2 doses of 3 grams of reishi daily, one at breakfast and another at dinner, for 42 days. The active placebo group toke the same dose of carob flour. Results showed that 6 daily grams of reishi decrease the impact of fibromyalgia and improve the following variables: sleep quality, happiness, perception of global clinical improvement, aerobic endurance, speed and flexibility of the lower limb. In addition, reishi may lower pain level. In conclusion, this study open a new line of investigation for the fibromyalgia treatment, since the intake of reishi could complement the actual strategy to combat the symptoms of fibromyalgia. Keywords: Fibromyalgia; Pain; Ganoderma lucidum; Ceratonia siliqua; Alternative medicine; Functional food.
... Estas denominaciones varían en cuanto a su significado y aspectos regulatorios de una nación a otra. 19,24,26 ...
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Introduction: Present review asses the results of researches basing its attention in the search of compounds obtained from medicinal plants and mushrooms, able to stimulate the immune response. Objectives: To collect and to update the scientific information published on the medicinal plants and active mushrooms on immune system. Methods: A bibliographic search of scientific papers related to this subject matter in the available databases (PubMed, EBSCO, SciELO, LILACS, CUMED, MEDNAT) as well as some books and websites. Results: In studies conducted it is mentioned how the main plants with immunomodulation activity: Allium sativum (Liliaceae), Aloe vera (Aloaceae), Uncaria tomentosa (Rubiaceae), Morinda citrifolia (Ribiaceae), Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae) and Mangifera indica (Anacardiacear). Different active mushrooms on the immune system have been examined: Ganoderma lucidum (Ganodermataceae), Frifola frondosa (Polyporaceae), Lentinus edodes (Agaricaceae), Pleurotus spp. (Pleurotaceae) and Schizophylum commune (Schizophyllaceae) among others. Likewise, authors emphasized the possibilities that these natural sources could offer in management of immune response increasing the quality of life of patients presenting with immunodeficiencies and cancer. Conclusions: The study of natural products derived of medicinal plants and mushrooms offers many perspectives for the development of new effective and safe immunomodulation agents. It is necessary to continue working in the identification of the active principles and in the elucidation of the mechanism by means of they act.
... In Korea Reishi is known as Youngzi, while in China it is named Ling Zhi, Ling Chi, Ling Chih and Ling Qi. Due to its rare occurrence in natural sites, it is also called the " supernatural mushroom " [7] . In Asian countries , this species is considered to be a symbol of good health and immortality, referred as " the magic mushroom, which enhances the spirit " or " the mushroom of spiritual potency " . ...
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This paper presents the characteristics of the species Ganoderma lucidum in terms of health-promoting properties. This species is rare in Poland, and is subject to strict protection. Reishi is classified as a medicinal mushroom which fruiting bodies are characterized by a content of active substances with diverse positive effects on human health. G. lucidum is particularly rich source of bioactive compounds, which are obtained from fruiting bodies, mycelium and spores of this species. The therapeutic effect of G. lucidum extracts has been demonstrated in many scientific studies. The most important pharmacological and physiological effects include: immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-atherosclerosis, antidiabetic and anti-aging. Reishi has also a beneficial effect on liver cells and the cardiovascular system and protects in case of stomach ulcers. Due to its properties G. lucidum can be used in the prevention and treatment of life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, stroke and heart diseases.
... Mushrooms contain biological active compounds of medicinal value, used as complementary medicine as well as dietary supplements for anticancer, antiviral, immunopotentiating, hypocholesterolemic, and hepatoprotective agents. These new compounds, termed as mushrooms nutriceuticals are extractable from either the fungal mycelium or fruiting body (Chang and Buswell, 2003). Both liquid and most commonly, semi-solid media are widely used in studies on mycelial growth (Stamets, 1993;Friel and McLoughlin, 2000). ...
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The mycelial growth and primordial initiation of the strains of Agaricus bitorquis and other species isolated from different areas of Pakistan, and their comparison was investigated with cultivated strains including AS60, AS61, AS65, AS51, W20, W2F, K26, and K32. In contrast to the most important and widely cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, which grows best at 25°C and produces fruiting bodies below 20°C, the tropical Agaricus species show optimum mycelial growth around 30°C. Comparison of the growth rates of different isolates showed that most of the strains grew within the range of 20-30°C with the optimum at 30°C. Most of the strains formed primordia at both 25° and 30°C whereas; W2-F and K32 produced areas of dense hyphal aggregates at 30°C. A. bisporus (AS51) failed to form pin heads at either temperature. Strain AS60 and W20 initiated most of the pin heads at 30°C. Strain AS60 formed pin heads at both the temperatures with the maximum number at 30°C after full colonization of the agar surface.
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Drug resistance is one of the most serious global threats to the treatment of infectious diseases. Currently, there is a growing interest in using natural antifungal compounds derived from alternative sources such as medicinal mushrooms for the treatment of these opportunistic infections. Different species of mushroom have been shown to possess antagonistic effects against bacteria, fungi, viruses and cancer. Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as "Reishi," is recognized as a powerful medicinal fungus. The Ganoderma lucidum solvent extracts were analysed for determining the anticandidal and antimold activity. The antifungal efficacy was analysed by the standard agar disc diffusion method followed by the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. Ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum showed maximum antifungal activity against most of the strains tested. It is apparent from the present study that mushroom extracts derived from Ganoderma lucidum could be employed to fight against several diseases caused by pathogenic fungal microorganisms. The present results have offered organic extracts of Ganoderma lucidum as a new and safe antifungal agent.
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Due to the importance of Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus species) as a source of food and medicine to man, they have been cultivated both on large and small scales or collected in the wild. The present study evaluated the different antioxidant activities, mechanisms of action and various health implications on human of Oyster mushrooms. Since a single study is not effective in determining the antioxidant property of mushroom, several in vitro assays were reviewed including scavenging activities of DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl and ABTS as well as Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities among others. In vivo assays like enzymatic (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and non-enzymatic (Ascorbic acid, Vitamin E and Glutathione (GSH)); using mice, rats and porcine brain were also reviewed. Oyster mushrooms extract scavenged free radicals and prevented oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo, and can influence their activities as natural immune boosters and thereby affect human health positively. The review has revealed oyster mushrooms as functional foods enriched with antioxidants and a good potential to oppose the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, preventing oxidative stress and scavenging free radicals.
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The book is based on the practical knowledge of mushroom cultivation, tutorials and lecture notes for the under graduates and postgraduates courses in Botany. It has been my experience that students of Botany whether or not they intend to pursue careers in Mycology need to have the basic practical knowledge of plants breeding and mushroom cultivation and production as considering the current trend in the Nigeria economy.
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Edible mushrooms represent an important food source not only for their nutritional value but also for their high content in biologically active compounds, being valued as functional food. Mushrooms, medicinal and culinary, have positive effects on human health, such as immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial. This paper reviews general features, cultivation techniques, positive health effects and food and pharmaceutical application of three edible mushroom types, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus eryngii and Ganoderma lucidum.
Article
Mushrooms could be considered as 'white vegetables' or 'boneless vegetarian meat' owing to their peculiar taste, nutritive value and palatability. They can be defined as "A unique fruiting body that produces either epigeous or hypogenous spores, large enough to be seen with naked eye." They usually behave as an organisms that are devoid of chlorophyll and vascular system, heterotrophic, saprophytic, absorb O2 and release CO2 which depicts that there characteristics are much more closely related to animal cells rather than plants. Mushrooms have various applications in both agricultural as well as in pharmaceutical sector. In agriculture they are used as soil conditioner, biofertilizer and in bioremediation while in pharmaceutical sector they possess antioxidant, anti-tumour, anti-hypertensive, anti-nociceptive and hypo-cholesterolaemic/anti-atherogenic properties, that are good for diabetic patients. Owing to the growing awareness regarding its beneficial properties, there has been a dramatic increase in the interest, popularity, and production of mushrooms farming worldwide. The present review discuss about the multidimensional nature of the global mushroom cultivation industry, its role in addressing critical issues faced by humankind, and its positive contributions they have immense prospective for generating socioeconomic impact in human welfare.
Article
Pala SA, Wani AH, Boda RH, Wani BA. 2014. Mushroom refinement endeavor auspicate non green revolution in the offing. Nusantara Bioscience 6: 173-185. Mushroom can serve as food, tonic, and as medicine thus make people healthier, fitter and happier. They have a cracking potential for generating great socioeconomic impact in human welfare at local, national and international level. With the help of allied mushroom farming we can easily tackle the problem of food for growing world population; reduce environmental pollution by bioconversion of huge organic wastes into mushrooms; recycle huge quantity of organic wastes to mushroom crops, biofertilizers, and biogas; restore damaged environment by mushroom mycelia through mycoforestry, mycoremediation, mycofiltration and mycopesticides in a zero emission fashion. They can be used to degrade radioactive industrial biocide wastes in an eco-friendly fashion. Since mushroom cultivation is an indoor agribusiness, it could have great economic impact by generating employment, income and functional food requirements for rural people especially in developing countries. How far mushroom cultivation can meet the functional food requirements; address the domestic food challenges, rising food prices and crisis vis a vis environmental sustainability will be thrust areas of this communication.
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Ganoderma lucidum is traditionally applied in various countries for treatment of variety of diseases. It is a prime example of an ancient remedy being of immense relevance to the modern era and known as mushroom of immortality as well as spirit mushroom. It has been used as a health promoting agent due to its wide pharmacological and nutraceutical activity and availability. Increasing awareness about fitness and health-promoting capability of G. lucidum pull the majority of people to get healthier lifestyles, propelling expansion of its market globally. The importance of Ganoderma lucidum has fascinated scientific community to carry out extensive phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. Different studies have been carried out, and a broad spectrum of its pharmacological actions has been established which include immunomodulatory, anticancerous, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antiosteoporotic, suppression of angiogenesis, and antinociceptive properties. The current review is an attempt to explore the reported chemical composition and pharmacological activity. It will act as a reference for all researchers, scientists, and other health professionals who are working on this mushroom.
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Characterization of several wild growing and cultivated mushrooms from geographical area of Dambovita County, Romania, in terms of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, through a chemometrics approach, was the aim of this study. Related to the authors’ previous studies, the novelty of this paper consists in deepening research towards the complete characterization of the regional mushroom species through emphasizing their potential as food resources. In the context in which species showed their content in biological active compounds, future practical applications in the area of functional food will be developed by integrating the data concerning their lack of the toxicity and nutritional value too. Lack of data focused on the characterization of mushroom species investigated in the paper supports the significance of this research. The statistical analysis of data highlights the relationship between compounds showing antioxidant activity of autochthonous mushrooms (both cap and stipe).
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Pleurotus sp. ‫ضد‬ ‫اؽ‬ ‫العر‬ ‫في‬ ‫ة‬ ‫مر‬ ‫الوؿ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ية‬ ‫الجذر‬ ‫العقد‬ ‫نيماتودا‬ Meloidiogyne javanica ‫لمنبات‬ ‫الممرضيف‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫و‬ F.oxysporum ‫و‬ R.solani ‫ىذا‬ ‫مف‬ ‫اع‬ ‫انو‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫زرعت‬ ، ‫شممت‬ ‫الفطر‬ P.ostreatus ‫و‬ P.florida ‫و‬ P. sajor-caju ‫في‬ ‫الوسط‬ ‫ىذا‬ ‫في‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫كامؿ‬ ‫الفطري‬ ‫الغزؿ‬ ‫استخدـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫الحنطة‬ ‫تبف‬ ‫وسط‬ ‫في‬ ‫المائي‬ ‫و‬ ‫الكحولية‬ ‫المستخمصات‬ ‫كفاءة‬ ‫تقييـ‬ ‫عف‬ ‫فضال‬ ‫االحيائية‬ ‫ة‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫تجارب‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫اعاله‬ ‫الممرضات‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫الفطري‬ ‫الغزؿ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ية‬ ‫الثمر‬ ‫االجساـ‬ ‫مف‬ ‫لكؿ‬ ‫الزجاج‬ ‫في‬ ‫التجارب‬ ‫اظيرت‬-‫الحي‬ ‫الجسـ‬ ‫خارج‬-‫ال‬ ‫اف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تاثير‬ ‫المعاممة‬ ‫ادت‬ ‫اذ‬ ‫المائية‬ ‫بالمستخمصات‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫اعمى‬ ‫الكحولية‬ ‫لممستخمصات‬ ‫مثبط‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫ثمار‬ ‫الجساـ‬ ‫الكحولي‬ ‫بالمستخمص‬ P.ostreatus ‫و‬ P.florida ‫بمغت‬ ‫اذ‬ ‫النيماتودا‬ ‫قات‬ ‫ير‬ ‫قتؿ‬ ‫في‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫اعمى‬ ‫الى‬ 8.03 ‫و‬ 7703 % ‫مستخمص‬ ‫وتفوؽ‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫ىذيف‬ ‫نفسو‬ ‫مستعمر‬ ‫اقطار‬ ‫اؿ‬ ‫اختز‬ ‫في‬ ‫معنويا‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫ات‬ F.oxysporum ‫تفوؽ‬ ‫حيف‬ ‫في‬ ‫معنويا‬ ‫الكحولي‬ ‫المستخمص‬ ‫لمفطر‬ P. sajor-caju ‫اؿ‬ ‫اختز‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫ات‬ ‫مستعمر‬ ‫اقطار‬ R.solani ‫اشح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫كماوتفوؽ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لفطر‬ P.ostreatus ‫نسبة‬ ‫اعمى‬ ‫في‬ ‫الكحولي‬ ‫ومستخمصو‬ ‫بمغت‬ ‫اذ‬ ‫النيماتودا‬ ‫قتؿ‬ 8404 ‫و‬ 7804 .‫الي‬ ‫التو‬ ‫عمى‬ ،% ‫اشح‬ ‫لر‬ ‫ئية‬ ‫الجز‬ ‫التنقية‬ ‫اظيرت‬ ‫الفطر‬ P.ostreatus ‫االمونيوـ‬ ‫يتات‬ ‫بكبر‬ ‫الترسيب‬ ‫باستخداـ‬ ‫االشباع‬ ‫(نسبة‬ 8.)% ‫و‬ ‫اليالمي‬ ‫الترشيح‬ ‫افيا‬ ‫كروماتوغر‬ ‫يقة‬ ‫بطر‬ ‫الفصؿ‬ ‫قمـ‬ ‫بعة‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ظيور‬ ‫شخصت‬ ‫ية‬ ‫الجذر‬ ‫العقد‬ ‫نيماتودا‬ ‫قات‬ ‫ير‬ ‫قتؿ‬ ‫في‬ ‫فعالة‬ ‫(بروتيف‬ ‫ليا‬ ‫رمز‬ ‫بروتينات‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫االخرى‬ ‫و‬ ‫البروتيز‬ ‫و‬ ‫الكايتينيز‬ ‫يمي‬ ‫انز‬ ‫منيا‬ ‫اثناف‬ 4 ‫(بروتيف‬ ‫و‬) 2 ‫في‬ ‫معنويا‬ ‫تفوقا‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫ىذه‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫اظيرت‬ ‫و‬) ‫ق‬ ‫ير‬ ‫قتؿ‬ ‫النيماتودا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫اقصاىا‬ ‫بمغت‬ 24 ‫القتؿ‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫بمغت‬ ‫اذ‬ ‫قات‬ ‫الير‬ ‫ىذه‬ ‫قتؿ‬ ‫في‬ ‫كفاءة‬ ‫اعمى‬ ‫البروتيز‬ ‫يـ‬ ‫انز‬ ‫اظير‬ ‫و‬ ،‫االختبار‬ ‫مف‬ ‫ساعة‬ 9706 % ‫الم‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫عمى‬ ‫مركباتيا‬ ‫تاثير‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفعالة‬ ‫القمـ‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫بمغ‬ ‫حيف‬ ‫في‬ ، ‫مرضيف‬ F.oxysporum ‫و‬ R.solani ‫يمي‬ ‫انز‬ ‫منيا‬ ‫اثناف‬ ‫قمـ‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫بالبروتيف‬ ‫لو‬ ‫رمز‬ ‫بروتيف‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫و‬ ‫البروتيز‬ ‫و‬ ‫الكايتنيز‬ PL ‫ييف‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫ىذيف‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫كبح‬ ‫في‬ ‫فعالية‬ ‫اعمى‬ ‫ابدى‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫اتيما‬ ‫مستعمر‬ ‫اقطار‬ ‫بمغت‬ ‫اذ‬ 403 ‫و‬ 30. ‫ػ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫الي‬ ‫التو‬ ‫عمى‬ ، ‫سـ‬ 803 ‫و‬ 607 ‫ة‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫معاممة‬ ‫في‬ ‫سـ‬. ‫است‬ ‫مف‬ ‫ئيا‬ ‫جز‬ ‫المنقاة‬ ‫البروتينات‬ ‫و‬ ‫يمات‬ ‫االنز‬ ‫خميط‬ ‫مف‬ ‫اكيز‬ ‫تر‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫خدمت‬ ‫الفطر‬ P.ostreatus ‫تركيزي‬ ‫اظير‬ ‫و‬ ‫الطماطة‬ ‫نبات‬ ‫عمى‬ ‫اصص‬ ‫تجارب‬ ‫في‬ 4. ‫و‬ 45 ‫تعقد‬ ‫دليؿ‬ ‫بمغ‬ ‫حيف‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجذور‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫في‬ ‫تاما‬ ‫اال‬ ‫اختز‬ % ‫الجذور‬ 405 ‫التركيز‬ ‫عند‬ 5 ‫التركيز‬ ‫اظير‬ ‫و‬ % 45 ‫المر‬ ‫الدليؿ‬ ‫في‬ ‫معنويا‬ ‫اال‬ ‫اختز‬ % ‫ب‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫ضي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫ومعاممة‬ ‫االخرى‬ ‫اكيز‬ ‫التر‬. ‫ة‬ ‫ظاىر‬ ‫سجمت‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫خيوط‬ ‫قبؿ‬ ‫مف‬ ‫النيماتودا‬ ‫قات‬ ‫ير‬ ‫اس‬ ‫افتر‬ P.ostreatus ‫المجير‬ ‫مف‬ ‫الممتقطة‬ ‫الصور‬ ‫اوضحت‬ ‫اذ‬ ‫ية‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫بالخيوط‬ ‫قات‬ ‫لمير‬ ‫التصاؽ‬ ‫ىناؾ‬ ‫اف‬ ‫قات‬ ‫الير‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫في‬ ‫شمؿ‬ ‫وحدوث‬ ‫قة‬ ‫الير‬ ‫موت‬ ‫يعقبيا‬ ‫االحياف‬ ‫وبعض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مف‬ ‫ابيا‬ ‫اقتر‬ ‫حاؿ‬ ‫ية‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫لخيوط‬ ‫الخ‬ ‫تحيطيا‬ ‫اف‬ ‫التمبث‬ ‫ثـ‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ية‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ثـ‬ ‫ومف‬ .‫قات‬ ‫الير‬ ‫اختفاء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ة‬ ‫ػيطر‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫بالس‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫ػة‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫الطماط‬ ‫نبات‬ ‫جذور‬ ‫تعقد‬ ‫دليؿ‬ ‫في‬ ‫ػويا‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫معن‬ ‫اال‬ ‫اختز‬ ‫ة‬ ‫المختبر‬ ‫ػة‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫االحيائي‬ ‫ػؿ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫العو‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫اظيرت‬ ‫معاممتي‬ ‫ف‬ (‫ػف‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ػؿ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫اضافة‬ (P.ostreatus + P. lilacinus (‫و‬ P. lilacinus + T.harzianum ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ ‫الدليؿ‬ ‫ىذا‬ ‫اؿ‬ ‫اختز‬ ‫في‬ ‫معنويا‬ ‫تفوقا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫اظير‬) ‫بمغ‬ ‫اذ‬ ، ‫االخرى‬ ‫بالمعامالت‬ 406 ‫و‬ 407 ‫المعامالت‬ ‫مف‬ ‫كؿ‬ ‫تفوقت‬ ‫كما‬ ،‫الي‬ ‫التو‬ ‫عمى‬ ، P. lilacinus + T.harzianum ‫و‬ P.ostreatus + P. lilacinus ‫و‬ P. lilacinus ‫في‬ ‫بمغ‬ ‫اذ‬ ‫المرضي‬ ‫الدليؿ‬ ‫اؿ‬ ‫اختز‬ 4023 ‫و‬ 4034 ‫و‬ 4032 ‫ػ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫نة‬ ‫،مقار‬ ‫الي‬ ‫التو‬ ‫عمى‬ ، 208 .‫ة‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫معاممة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫وبروتينات‬ ‫يمات‬ ‫انز‬ ‫لتاثيرخميط‬ ‫وكاف‬ ، ‫بتيف‬ ‫التجر‬ ‫ولكال‬ ‫االحيائية‬ ‫امؿ‬ ‫العو‬ ‫معامالت‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫في‬ ‫النباتات‬ ‫لموت‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫اي‬ ‫تسجؿ‬ ‫ولـ‬ P.ostreatus ‫لم‬ ‫الممرض‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫في‬ ‫اضحا‬ ‫و‬ ‫نبات‬ F.oxysporum ‫التركيز‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الدليؿ‬ ‫ليذا‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫ادنى‬ ‫وكانت‬ 45 ‫بمغ‬ ‫اذ‬ % 4067 ‫وبشكؿ‬ ‫متفوقا‬ ‫تركيزي‬ ‫عمى‬ ‫معنوي‬ 5 ‫و‬ 4. ‫التركيز‬ ‫معاممة‬ ‫تسجؿ‬ ‫لـ‬ ‫كما‬ % 45 ‫النسبة‬ ‫ىذه‬ ‫بمغت‬ ‫حيف‬ ‫في‬ ‫النباتات‬ ‫لموت‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫اي‬ % 44 ‫و‬ 903 ‫تركيزي‬ ‫عند‬ % 5 ‫و‬ 4. ‫ػ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ % 4406 ‫ة.وتفو‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫معاممة‬ ‫في‬ % ‫(عدا‬ ‫المعامالت‬ ‫ىذه‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫معنويا‬ ‫قت‬ P. lilacinus ‫نة‬ ‫بالمقار‬ ‫الذبوؿ‬ ‫دليؿ‬ ‫اؿ‬ ‫اختز‬ ‫في‬) ‫المعاممة‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الدليؿ‬ ‫ليذا‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫ادنى‬ ‫وبمغت‬ ،‫ة‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫معاممة‬ ‫مع‬ P.ostreatus + T.harzianum ‫بمغ‬ ‫اذ‬ 402 ‫ػ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫نة‬ ‫مقار‬ 307 ‫ة‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫معاممة‬ ‫في‬ ‫معامالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫النباتات‬ ‫لموت‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫اي‬ ‫تسجؿ‬ ‫ولـ‬ ‫معاممة‬ ‫عدا‬ ‫االحيائية‬ ‫امؿ‬ ‫العو‬ P. lilacinus ‫فييا‬ ‫النسبة‬ ‫ىذه‬ ‫بمغت‬ ‫اذ‬ 2303 ‫كانت‬ ‫حيف‬ ‫في‬ % ‫بمغت‬ ‫اذ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫السيطر‬ ‫معاممة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اقصاىا‬ ‫النسبة‬ ‫ىذه‬ 4607 % ‫المعامالت‬ ‫ولجميع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫المختبر‬ ‫اكيز‬ ‫التر‬ ‫لجميع‬ ‫معنوي‬ ‫تفوؽ‬ ‫ىناؾ‬ ‫اف‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫اظيرت‬ ‫كما‬ ‫لممجموعي‬ ‫الجاؼ‬ ‫الوزف‬ ‫مف‬ ‫لكؿ‬ ‫االحيائية‬ ‫ف‬ ‫الخ‬ .‫الجذري‬ ‫و‬ ‫ضري‬
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The diversity of wild mushrooms was investigated from two protected forest areas in India and 231 mushroom specimens were morphologically identified. Among them, 76 isolates were screened for their antimicrobial potential against seven bacterial and fungal pathogens. Out of 76 isolates, 45 isolates which displayed significant antimicrobial activities were identified using ITS rRNA gene amplification and subsequently phylogenetically characterized using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Sequencing of the ITS rRNA region classified the isolates into 16 genera belonging to 11 families. In total, 11 RAPD and 10 ISSR primers were selected to evaluate genetic diversity based on their banding profile produced. In total 337 RAPD and 312 ISSR bands were detected, among which percentage of polymorphism ranges from 34.2% to 78.8% and 38.6% to 92.4% by using RAPD and ISSR primers respectively. Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) trees of selected two methods were structured similarly, grouping the 46 isolates into two clusters which clearly showed a significant genetic distance among the different strains of wild mushroom, with an similarity coefficient ranges from 0.58 to 1.00 and 0.59 to 1.00 with RAPD and ISSR analysis respectively. This reporthas highlighted both DTR and MNP forests provide a habitat for diverse macrofungal species, therefore having the potential to be used for the discovery of antimicrobials. The report has also demonstrated that both RAPD and ISSR could efficiently differentiate wild mushrooms and could thus be considered as efficient markers for surveying genetic diversity. Additionally, selected six wild edible mushroom strains (Schizophyllum commune BPSM01, Panusgiganteus BPSM27, Pleurotussp. BPSM34, Lentinussp. BPSM37, Pleurotusdjamor BPSM41 and Lentinula sp. BPSM45) were analysed for their nutritional (proteins, carbohydrates, fat and ash content), antioxidant potential. The present findings also suggested that the wild edible mushroom strains do not have only nutritional values but also can be used as an accessible source of natural antioxidants.
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Pala SA, Wani AH, Boda RH, Wani BA. 2014. Mushroom refinement endeavor auspicate non green revolution in the offing. Nusantara Bioscience 6: 173-185. Mushroom can serve as food, tonic, and as medicine thus make people healthier, fitter and happier. They have a cracking potential for generating great socioeconomic impact in human welfare at local, national and international level. With the help of allied mushroom farming we can easily tackle the problem of food for growing world population; reduce environmental pollution by bioconversion of huge organic wastes into mushrooms; recycle huge quantity of organic wastes to mushroom crops, biofertilizers, and biogas; restore damaged environment by mushroom mycelia through mycoforestry, mycoremediation, mycofiltration and mycopesticides in a zero emission fashion. They can be used to degrade radioactive industrial biocide wastes in an eco-friendly fashion. Since mushroom cultivation is an indoor agribusiness, it could have great economic impact by generating employment, income and functional food requirements for rural people especially in developing countries. How far mushroom cultivation can meet the functional food requirements; address the domestic food challenges, rising food prices and crisis vis a vis environmental sustainability will be thrust areas of this communication.
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The cultivation of mushrooms as food and for medicinal use began thousands of years ago. Since then, mushrooms have become among the finest culinary items and most appreciated ingredients worldwide. Furthermore, mushrooms have been viewed as a functional food because they present several previously ignored biological properties. Of the many known edible species of mushrooms, only 20 are cultivated on a large scale worldwide. The production of these species exceeds 6 million tons per year. Information about the composition of foods has become increasingly important to evaluate the quality of the foods. In terms of quality, mushrooms are a demonstrably healthy food, low in calories but high in protein, vitamins, minerals and fiber. The popularity of mushrooms has been demonstrated by the interest of many researchers who have endeavored to study the nutritional and medicinal effects of mushrooms. In this context, the discovery of a variety of biological activities has highlighted the antioxidant power of mushrooms. However, the literature reports adverse effects, side effects and toxicity in animals and in clinical trials related to the species of mushrooms marketed for human consumption. It is known that edible mushrooms do not pose risks to human health if they are adequately stored, processed and properly cultivated and if due care is taken to identify species that can be safely ingested. Additional randomized clinical trials are needed to prove the effectiveness and safety of mushrooms and to identify beneficial doses to be used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases or in health promotion. In this chapter, we will present and discuss the biological characteristics, antioxidant properties and interactions with human health of the mushrooms most frequently consumed by humans.
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