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Anti-hyperglycaemic effect of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L.) in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats: A study involving antioxidant, biochemical and haematological parameters
Abstract
Brahmi was evaluated for its antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and also the effect of diabetes on routine haematological parameters were determined. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with Brahmi (500 mg/kg b. w. /day) for 30 days. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were reduced significantly (P < 0. 05) while the levels of lipid peroxidation, blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin were found to be significantly (P < 0. 05) elevated in the diabetic rats. Significant (P < 0. 05) reduction of haemoglobin levels, total white blood cell count and platelet count were observed in diabetic rats. These were normalized on treatment with Brahmi (500 mg/kg b. w.) and were comparable with that of the glibenclamide (600 μg/kg b. w. /day) treated rats. Present study shows that Brahmi possesses significant anti-hyperglycaemic and antioxidant effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. © 2015, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. All Rights Reserved.
... B. monnieri extract (BME) clearly has a cognitive enhancing potential and neuroprotective effects [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. It has been shown to be antioxidant in rat brain [17,18] and to possess several pharmacological actions such as anti-depressant [19][20][21], anti-dementia [9], anti-cholinesterase [8,9], anti-hyperglycaemic [22] and anti-hyperlipidaemia [23]. B. monnieri appears to be non-toxic using haematological and blood biochemical diagnostics [24][25][26]. ...
... B. monnieri extract (BME) clearly has a cognitive enhancing potential and neuroprotective effects [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. It has been shown to be antioxidant in rat brain [17,18] and to possess several pharmacological actions such as anti-depressant [19][20][21], anti-dementia [9], anticholinesterase [8,9], anti-hyperglycaemic [22] and anti-hyperlipidaemia [23]. B. monnieri appears to be non-toxic using haematological and blood biochemical diagnostics [24][25][26]. ...
B. monnieri extract (BME) is an abundant source of bioactive compounds, including saponins and flavonoids known to produce vasodilation. However, it is unclear which components are the more effective vasodilators. The aim of this research was to investigate the vasorelaxant effects and mechanisms of action of saponins and flavonoids on rat isolated mesenteric arteries using the organ bath technique. The vasorelaxant mechanisms, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway and calcium flux were examined. Saponins (bacoside A and bacopaside I), and flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin) at 0.1-100 µM caused vasorelaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. Luteolin and apigenin produced vasorelaxation in endothelial intact vessels with more efficacy (E max 99.4 ± 0.7 and 95.3 ± 2.6%) and potency (EC 50 4.35 ± 1.31 and 8.93 ± 3.33 µM) than bacoside A and bacopaside I (E max 83.6 ± 2.9 and 79.9 ± 8.2%; EC 50 10.8 ± 5.9 and 14.6 ± 5.4 µM). Pretreatment of endothelial intact rings, with L-NAME (100 µM); an eNOS inhibitor, or removal of the endothelium reduced the relaxant effects of all compounds. In K +-depolarised vessels suspended in Ca 2+-free solution, these active compounds inhibited CaCl 2-induced contraction in endothelial denuded arterial rings. Moreover, the active compounds attenuated transient contractions induced by 10 µM phenylephrine in Ca 2+-free medium containing EGTA (1 mM). Thus, relaxant effects occurred in both endothelial intact and denuded vessels which signify actions through both endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, the flavonoids have about twice the potency of saponins as vasodilators. However, in the BME, there is~20 × the amount of vaso-reactive saponins and thus are more effective.
... B. monnieri extract (BME) clearly has a cognitive enhancing potential and neuroprotective effects [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. It has been shown to be antioxidant in rat brain [17,18] and to possess several pharmacological actions such as anti-depressant [19][20][21], anti-dementia [9], anti-cholinesterase [8,9], anti-hyperglycaemic [22] and anti-hyperlipidaemia [23]. B. monnieri appears to be non-toxic using haematological and blood biochemical diagnostics [24][25][26]. ...
... B. monnieri extract (BME) clearly has a cognitive enhancing potential and neuroprotective effects [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. It has been shown to be antioxidant in rat brain [17,18] and to possess several pharmacological actions such as anti-depressant [19][20][21], anti-dementia [9], anticholinesterase [8,9], anti-hyperglycaemic [22] and anti-hyperlipidaemia [23]. B. monnieri appears to be non-toxic using haematological and blood biochemical diagnostics [24][25][26]. ...
B. monnieri extract (BME) is an abundant source of bioactive compounds, including saponins and flavonoids known to produce vasodilation. However, it is unclear which components are the more effective vasodilators. The aim of this research was to investigate the vasorelaxant effects and mechanisms of action of saponins and flavonoids on rat isolated mesenteric arteries using the organ bath technique. The vasorelaxant mechanisms, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway and calcium flux were examined. Saponins (bacoside A and bacopaside I), and flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin) at 0.1–100 µM caused vasorelaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. Luteolin and apigenin produced vasorelaxation in endothelial intact vessels with more efficacy (Emax 99.4 ± 0.7 and 95.3 ± 2.6%) and potency (EC50 4.35 ± 1.31 and 8.93 ± 3.33 µM) than bacoside A and bacopaside I (Emax 83.6 ± 2.9 and 79.9 ± 8.2%; EC50 10.8 ± 5.9 and 14.6 ± 5.4 µM). Pretreatment of endothelial intact rings, with L-NAME (100 µM); an eNOS inhibitor, or removal of the endothelium reduced the relaxant effects of all compounds. In K+-depolarised vessels suspended in Ca2+-free solution, these active compounds inhibited CaCl2-induced contraction in endothelial denuded arterial rings. Moreover, the active compounds attenuated transient contractions induced by 10 µM phenylephrine in Ca2+-free medium containing EGTA (1 mM). Thus, relaxant effects occurred in both endothelial intact and denuded vessels which signify actions through both endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, the flavonoids have about twice the potency of saponins as vasodilators. However, in the BME, there is ~20 × the amount of vaso-reactive saponins and thus are more effective.
... [276] Equally, whole-plant methanol extracts have important antihyperglycemic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and oral glucose tolerance trials in glucose-impaired mice and have substantially blocked dose-dependent rises in serum glucose concentrations. [277,278] Triterpene saponin bacosine extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract from the aerial parts of the plant, increased glycogen content in the liver of diabetic rats and in-vitro peripheral glucose utilization in the diaphragm of diabetic rats, which is comparable to insulin operation. [279] Isolated stigmasterol from Bacopa aerial parts that also have renoprotective effects in STZ-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy through inhibition of advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress. ...
Throughout history, complementary and alternative therapies have been widely utilised. In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in the usage of herbal treatments all around the world. Various natural chemicals, such as those produced from plants, have been investigated as potential therapies for a myriad of ailments. The essence of this review was to methodically describe everything we know about Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, a mysterious holistic Vedic herb belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, a well-known nootropic and effective memory enhancer, which has recently emerged as one of the most important medical herbs, widely used therapeutically in the Orient and growing in popularity around the world. Literature was gathered from sources such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, and reviewed using the Prisma quality metacritic paradigm. It is now plainly obvious that current therapies fall short of meeting the demands of the vast majority of individuals with health problems, and traditional medicines are gaining appeal as a result of their reduced toxicity. Bacopa is a traditional herb used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat brain and nerve weariness, as well as in Siddha medicine to treat impaired memory. It's also used to cure brain and nerve exhaustion in Unani medicine. We improved Brahmi micropropagation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis by compiling pharmacobotanical and pharmacognostical descriptions, as well as ethnoarchaeological data and nanotechnology domination. This critique also highlights our contemporary information of pharmacological activity, preclinical and clinical investigations, significant bioactives, reported mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness, safety, and the potential for herb-drug interactions. At the same time, the current incarnation of research at the plant is reviewed, as well as future research possibilities. Brahmi offers a lot of potential for treating a range of illnesses, including neuro-pharmacological, depression, inflammation, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and others. According to the presumptions of this review, further clinical trials and research are needed. While the impact of Brahmi as an anxiolytic and antidepressant has to be explored further, its potential as an anti-epileptic therapy and a treatment for antiepileptic drugs side effects is also being researched. Furthermore, Brahmi's antioxidant ability may explain, at least in part, the antistress, immunomodulatory, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging benefits documented in experimental animals and clinical circumstances, necessitating further study into its other therapeutic characteristics.
... A is the well studied potential triterpenoid saponin of B. monnieri, which is composed of bacoside A3, bacopasaponin C, bacopaside II and a jujubogenin isomer of bacosaponin C. 8 To date, bacosides and triterpenoid saponins have been able to repair neuronal damage, promote kinase enzyme activity, restore synaptic activity, and enhance the neural impulse transmission. Bacopa acts pharmacologically as antifungal, 9 antidepressant, 5,10 antiepileptic, 11,12 antioxidant, 11,13 anti-inflammatory, 14,15 antitoxic, 16 antibacterial, 9 anticancer, 17 memory enhancer, 18 analgesic, 19 hepatoprotective, 20 antihyperglycemic, 21 and anticonvulsant. 22 The anti-inflammatory effect of Bacopa may also be related to neuroprotective effects. ...
Bacopa monnieri is reported as a potent Indian medicinal plant that possesses numerous pharmacological activities due to the presence of various bioactive compounds. These pharmacological activities were used in the ancient medicine system to cure inflammatory conditions. Bacopa has the ability to reduce acute pain and inflammation by inhibiting the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reducing COX-2-arbitrated prostanoid mediators. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory property may also be associated with the neuroprotective activity of Bacopa. Considering this importance, the current pilot study focused on the anti-inflammatory potential of various phytocompounds of bacopa and their interaction with inflammation responsible genes such as COX2, iNOS, LOX, STAT3, CCR1, and MMP9 through pharmacology analysis of its systems. Docking results revealed that, quercetin (QR) showed significant binding energies with inflammatory genes. Hence, we selected QR as a potential phytocompound for further in vitro experiments. This existing study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of QR as a potent anti-inflammatory compound against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The in vitro analysis concludes that QR effectively reduces the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and downregulates the expression of COX-2 and iNOS genes due to the inhibitory potential of QR on LPS-stimulated NO production.
... It reduces anxiety via cortisol 28, 29 and GABA A receptors 30 . It is anti-depressant 31 , anti-anhedonic 25 , an anti-cholinesterase 32 , anti-hyperglycaemic 33 and anti-hyperlipidaemic 34 . BM appears to exhibit no alteration in haematological and blood biochemistry parameters in rats 35 and no extra adverse events (AEs) over placebo in clinical trials 36,37 . ...
Bacopa monnier i (L.) Wettst. (Brahmi) is a traditional memory enhancer partly by improved cerebral blood flow. Here we sought to link improved cognitive function with better blood flow in randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial in an elderly cohort. Normotensive Thais, aged 55-80y having mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores > 25, no dementia or other psycho/neurological disease, normal lipid profile, and blood biochemistry were recruited. The trial design was a 2 week run-in, 12 week intervention of test product or placebo, and 4 week washout. The intervention was an extract of B. monnieri leaves (eBM) in 40 ml of mulberry juice. The placebo contained mulberry juice and other constituents to match gustatory properties. End-points were a battery of memory functions, carotid blood velocity, post-ischemic microvascular blood flow, markers of vascular inflammation, blood pressure and the blood markers. Response latency was reduced by 14.2 ± 4.9% ( p = 0.022 comparing placebo) but only in > 65s. Other memory recall parameters were either unaffected or for ‘accuracy of recall’ was already maximal preventing further improvement. No change was detected in carotid blood velocity while microvascular blood flow marginally increased (by 28.4 ± 8.3%, p = 0.07). This preliminary evidence warrant further studies on selected patients with microvascular cognitive dysfunction using more discriminating protocols.
... As per study Brahmi possesses antioxidant and antihyperglycaemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats. 22 10. Karanji (Chirbilva)-The study of antidiabetic activity of the stem bark extract of Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) ...
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) comprises a group of common metabolic disorder that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. The Worldwide prevalence of DM has risen dramatically over the past two decades. Based on current trends, more than 360 million individuals will have DM by the year 2030. Prevalence of type II DM is increasing worldwide much more rapidly than type I DM because of increasing obesity and reduced activity level and sedentary lifestyles. Six of the top ten countries with the highest rates of DM are in Asia and India is becoming capital of DM. Diabetes Mellitus can be co-related with Madhumeha dealt in Ayurveda classics.
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