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Effects of long-term exposure to 900 megahertz electromagnetic field on heart morphology and biochemistry of male adolescent rats
Abstract
The pathological effects of exposure to an electromagnetic field (EMF) during adolescence may be greater than those in adulthood. We investigated the effects of exposure to 900 MHz EMF during adolescence on male adult rats. Twenty-four 21-day-old male rats were divided into three equal groups: control (Cont-Gr), sham (Shm-Gr) and EMF-exposed (EMF-Gr). EMF-Gr rats were placed in an EMF exposure cage (Plexiglas cage) for 1 h/day between postnatal days 21 and 59 and exposed to 900 MHz EMF. Shm-Gr rats were placed inside the Plexiglas cage under the same conditions and for the same duration, but were not exposed to EMF. All animals were sacrificed on postnatal day 60 and the hearts were extracted for microscopic and biochemical analyses. Biochemical analysis showed increased levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione and catalase levels in EMF-Gr compared to Cont-Gr animals. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections from EMF-Gr animals exhibited structural changes and capillary congestion in the myocardium. The percentage of apoptotic myocardial cells in EMF-Gr was higher than in either Shm-Gr or Cont-Gr animals. Transmission electron microscopy of myocardial cells of EMF-Gr animals showed altered structure of Z bands, decreased myofilaments and pronounced vacuolization. We found that exposure of male rats to 900 MHz EMF for 1 h/day during adolescence caused oxidative stress, which caused structural alteration of male adolescent rat heart tissue.
... Wistar rats were the most commonly used rodent for the detection of microwave-radiation-induced injury effects on target organs, such as the brain [3,4,12,13,17,37,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78], heart [79][80][81][82][83], reproductive organs [79,[83][84][85][86], and endocrine organs [6]. SD rats were mainly used in studies on the effects of microwave radiation on the brain [87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103], heart [104][105][106][107][108], and skin [109]. In addition, Fischer-344 rats were used to evaluate the biological effects of microwave radiation on cognitive function [110][111][112][113] and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [114][115][116][117][118]. ...
... With light microscopy, the morphological changes in the microstructure of either animal or cell models after exposure to microwave radiation could be observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining or special dyeing methods. HE staining is one of the most widespread methods for observing the microstructure of various organs, such as the brain, heart, reproductive organs, and endocrine organs [3,4,6,12,13,15,19,67,73,79,89,92,104,107,121,205,206]. The function of special dyeing methods is to demonstrate specific cellular components. ...
... Electron microscopy, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [3,4,12,13,36,65,67,79,81,104,107,209,210] and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [38], was used to observe ultrastructural changes in neurons, germ cells, and cardiomyocytes after microwave radiation. ...
Microwave radiation has been widely used in various fields, such as communication, industry, medical treatment, and military applications. Microwave radiation may cause injuries to both the structures and functions of various organs, such as the brain, heart, reproductive organs, and endocrine organs, which endanger human health. Therefore, it is both theoretically and clinically important to conduct studies on the biological effects induced by microwave radiation. The successful establishment of injury models is of great importance to the reliability and reproducibility of these studies. In this article, we review the microwave exposure conditions, subjects used to establish injury models, the methods used for the assessment of the injuries, and the indicators implemented to evaluate the success of injury model establishment in studies on biological effects induced by microwave radiation.
... For this reason, there is a growing interest regarding the effects of prenatal and adolescence EMF exposure on the growth period over the last two decades. In particular, the effects of prenatal EMF radiation exposure on the embryo and fetus remain to be a subject of debate (Bahreyni Toossi et al., 2018;Erkut et al., 2016;Kerimoglu et al., 2016). In addition to the histopathological effects of EMF radiation that may lead to serious malformation in vital organs, an EMF role in DNA damage and oxidative stress affecting intracellular signaling pathways has also been demonstrated in experimental studies (Gye and Park, 2012;Kıvrak et al., 2017). ...
... According to our findings, it can be suggested that pre-natal exposure to 1800 MHz EMF radiation for 6 hours a day over 20 days has no effect on the endogenous non-enzymatic antioxidant GSH values. Kerimoglu et al. (2016) showed that exposure to 900 MHz EMF caused an increase in oxidative stress in the myocardial tissue of adolescents rats. Using H&E staining, these authors found that myocardial morphology was disrupted and cytoplasmic vacuolization and eosinophilic stained cytoplasm developed in the experimental group. ...
It is well-known that wireless communication technologies facilitate human life. However, the harmful effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation on the human body should not be ignored. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of long-term, prenatal exposure to EMF radiation on the myocardium of rats at varying durations. Overall, 18 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into six groups ( n = 3 in each group). In all groups other than the control group, three pregnant rats were exposed to EMF radiation (900, 1800 and 2100 MHz) for 6, 12 and 24 h over 20 days. After delivery, the newborn male pups were identified and six newborn male pups from each group were randomly selected. Then, histopathological and biochemical analysis of myocardial samples were performed. When 24-h/day prenatal exposures to 900, 1800, 2100 MHz EMF radiation were evaluated, myocardial damage was greater in the 2100 MHz EMF-24h group than the other groups. In addition, when malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels associated with reactive oxidative species (ROS) were evaluated, the MDA level was higher in the 2100 MHz EMF-24h group compared with the other groups. The GSH level was also lower in the 2100 MHz EMF-24h group. When the 6, 12 and 24 h/day prenatal exposures to 1800 MHz EMF radiation were evaluated, myocardial damage was greater in 1800 MHz EMF-24h group than the remaining groups ( p < 0.0001). Also, MDA level was greater in the 1800 MHz EMF-24h group compared with the other groups while the GSH level was lower in this group. It was shown that myocardial tissue was affected more by long-term exposure to EMF radiation at high frequencies. The data raise concerns that the harmful effects of non-ionizing radiation exposure on cardiac tissue will increase with 5G technology.
... Bu çalışmalarda elde edilen sonuçlar ise farklılıklar göstermektedir (1, 3, 6-8). Ancak, yapılan bir kaç çalışmada ise embriyonal ve pubertal gelişim dönemleri üzerinde elektromanyetik alan maruziyetinin olumsuz etkilerinin bulunduğu ve dokularda patolojik değişikliklere neden olduğu raporlanmıştır (1,(8)(9)(10)(11). Elektromanyetik alanın, miktarına ve maruziyet süresine bağlı olarak, özellikle merkezi sinir sistemi üzerine olumsuz etkileri olduğu bildirilmiştir (1,5,8,12). ...
... Ancak, yapılan bir kaç çalışmada ise embriyonal ve pubertal gelişim dönemleri üzerinde elektromanyetik alan maruziyetinin olumsuz etkilerinin bulunduğu ve dokularda patolojik değişikliklere neden olduğu raporlanmıştır (1,(8)(9)(10)(11). Elektromanyetik alanın, miktarına ve maruziyet süresine bağlı olarak, özellikle merkezi sinir sistemi üzerine olumsuz etkileri olduğu bildirilmiştir (1,5,8,12). Çalışmalarda, elektromanyetik alanın hücrelerde apoptozise neden olduğu raporlanmıştır. ...
... demonstrated, particularly in tissues such as the brain, spinal cord and heart muscle, depending on the level of EMF and length of exposure. [2][3][4][5][6][7] Caspase-3 is a key enzyme involved in the mechanisms of apoptosis in several cell types, including neurons. [8,9] In addition, caspase-3 has been linked to processes leading to neurodegeneration. ...
... A mean 900-MHz EMF is used with the GSM-900 bandwidth protocol in mobile phones in global communication systems. [4,6,24] We, therefore, examined all histological layers in order to reveal the total effects on the cerebellum of low-frequency EMF. ...
Objectives:
The currently widely used technological devices give rise to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at various frequencies. Recent studies have reported that EMFs damage the central nervous system. The cerebellum is of considerable importance to human life due to its involvement in motor control, language, and cognitive-sensory functions. Damage occurring in the histological layers of the cerebellar cortex causes various neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as paralysis, tumor, autism, and schizophrenia. Our study involved a histopathological evaluation of the effects of communication systems' standard 900-MHz EMF on the cerebellum.
Methods:
Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into two groups containing six animals each: control and EMF. The EMF group was exposed to a 24-h 900-MHz radiofrequency EMF over 20 days with a digital modulation signal generator installed in the middle of their cage. Ten days after EMF application, the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under anesthesia induced with 50 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride and 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal xylazine HC1.
Results:
Intense caspase-3 expression was seen in the Purkinje cells and granular cells exposed to a 900-MHz frequency EMF (p<0.05). Pyknotic nuclei were notable in the Purkinje and granular cells exposed to a 900-MHz EMF. We also observed a decrease in the cytoplasm of the Purkinje and granular cells. Specimens from the EMF group exhibited decreases in the thickness of the molecular cell layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular cell layer compared with those from the control group. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
Conclusion:
A 900-MHz EMF causes deleterious effects on the cerebellum by giving rise to apoptosis accompanied by caspase-3 expression in the Purkinje and granular cells in particular.
... Further in another study, 900 MHz RFR increased oxidative stress in the ovary [34]. In different studies on the prenatal and adolescent rats, exposure to 900 MHz RFR caused oxidative stress [35,36]. Exposure to 2450 MHz RFR caused oxidative stress to the heart, but there was no difference in the blood tissue [37]. ...
Objectives: Electrical appliances are source of radiofrequency radiation (RFR). The effects of RFR on the organism are not fully understood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is appeared by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in ER lumen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 900 and 2100 MHz RFR exposure on the ER stress pathway in rat thymus. Methods: Rats were divided into six groups: 1 week (w) and 10 w Sham rats were kept in plexiglass tubes for 2 hours/day without RFR, experiment groups were created as 1-w (acute) and 10 w (chronic) rats which exposed to 900 and 2100 MHz RFR for 2 h/day. There were 20 male Wistar rats in each group. Immunohistochemistry stainings were performed GRP78, CHOP, Cleaved (Clv.) Caspase 3 and Caspase 12. Results: Expressions of GRP78 and Clv. Caspase3 in RFR groups is significantly higher than sham groups (p < 0.001). In 900 MHZ-1 w rats, high levels of GRP78 expressions were at the cytoplasm of epithelial reticular cells. In other groups, GRP78 expressions were seen also at thymocytes. Expressions of CHOP in RFR rats were higher than sham rats (2100 MHz /Sham for 10 w; p < 0.001, 900 MHz /Sham for 10 w; p = 0.004, 900 MHz /Sham for 1 w; p = 0.003). Localization of CHOP expressions was at the nucleus membrane and cytoplasm. The expression of Caspase 12 in RFR rats was higher than sham rats (900 MHz /Sham for 1 w; p = 0.006, other groups; p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study demonstrates RFR exposure could increase levels of ER stress pathway proteins and could cause apoptosis.
... 1800 MHz RFR exposure has been shown to cause irregularity and distortion of heart muscle fibers in the rat heart (2). It has been reported that 1 hour exposure of 900 MHz causes structural changes in male adolescent rat heart tissue (19). It has been reported by researchers that 2100 MHz RFR for eight weeks (5 days a week, 60 minutes a day) has some negative effects in terms of oxidative stress and antioxidants in heart tissue, and it has some degenerative effects in heart tissue (20). ...
Introduction:The widespread access of the society to mobile phones and their intensive use cause health concerns. This study is aimed to investigate the possible histopathological effects of exposure to Radio-frequency Radiation (RFR) originating from mobile phones rat heart and spleen tissue.Methods: Totally 14 Sprague Dawley male rats were used and divided into 2 group (n= 7 for each); sham-control group, exposure group. RFR exposure group was exposed to 2100 MHz GSM-like RFR for 5 hours/day, for 14 days. Heart and spleen tissues of all rats were sampled for histopathological examination and hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed. For p53 examination, immunohistochemical staining was also used in both tissues.Results: Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation revealed no significant changes in heart tissue, but trabecular irregularity and enlargement of sinusoids were observed in the spleen in histopathological evaluation.Conclusion: It was observed that short-term RFR exposure did not cause significant morphological changes in heart and spleen tissue. This situation may be seen due to the protective effect of the body against RFR
... After in utero exposure during gestational days 13-21 at 0.025 W/kg SAR for 1 h/day and examination at postnatal day 21, there were clear indications of oxidative stress, tissue toxicity and apoptosis in the heart [188]. In another study using young rats, increased ROS and increased apoptosis but no changes in antioxidative defense or tissue toxicity were found after 900 MHz RF-EMF exposure (SAR: 0.0093 W/kg) for 1 h/day on postnatal days 21-59 [189]. ...
Concomitant with the ever-expanding use of electrical appliances and mobile communication systems, public and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency and radiofrequency range has become a widely debated environmental risk factor for health. Radiofrequency (RF) EMF and extremely-low-frequency (ELF) MF have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially leading to cellular or systemic oxidative stress, was frequently found to be influenced by EMF exposure in animals and cells. In this review, we summarize key experimental findings on oxidative stress related to EMF exposure from animal and cell studies of the last decade. The observations are discussed in the context of molecular mechanisms and functionalities relevant to health such as neurological function, genome stability, immune response, and reproduction. Most animal and many cell studies showed increased oxidative stress caused by RF-EMF and ELF-MF. In order to estimate the risk for human health by manmade exposure, experimental studies in humans and epidemiological studies need to be considered as well.
... EMRs released from mobile phones biochemically increase the levels of Nitric oxide (NO), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Xanthine oxidase (XO), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities resulting in oxidative damage in rat brain. These formed ROS are continuously destructed by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) [35,36] . On exposure to cell phone EMRs, ROS overproduction, detoxification systems inactivation, and antioxidants consumption occurs resulting in disturbance of endogenous antioxidant defenses with failure of antioxidants renewal in tissues. ...
... Esmekaya et al. (2016) Incomplete dosimetry, mobile phone in cage, but SAR calculated for phone under cage; no frequency provided.. Hussein et al. (2016) No dosimetry, mobile phone in cage. Kerimoğlu et al. (2016) No dosimetry. Kouchaki et al. (2016) No source and exposure levels provided. ...
... The use of mobile phone is becoming increasingly popular and indispensable in modern daily life. This is one of the fastest growing technological developments today (Kerimoglu et al., 2016). However, there is increasing amount of public concern regarding the health risk of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) created by mobile phone (MP) (Ikinci et al., 2016). ...
Mobile phone use has increased rapidly. The central nervous system has been shown to be adversely affected by its electromagnetic field (EMF) resulting in headache and sleep disturbances. How the cells make up the CNS and are affected by EMF is unclear. However, because of their central role in inflammation through diverse stimuli including radiation, this study aimed to investigate the effects of electromagnetic fields induced by mobile phones on mast cells in rat dura mater. A total of 18 adult, female, SpragueDawley rats were divided into two groups. The choice of female rats for his study was based on recent surveys demonstrating that mobile phone use is more frequent and prolonged among females. The study group was exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic field (1 h/day for 45 days). In the end of the study, duramater tissue was extracted and stained using Toluidine blue. Mast cells were counted and results were analysed using Student t test. Mean mast cell number was 202.33±9.82 and 456.78±35.01 in the control and study groups, respectively (p<0.05). Analysis of serum electrolyte and immunoglobulin E levels showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). The study showed that mobile phone exposure increased mast cell number and degranulation in rat dura mater. Further studies are required to evaluate the clinical implications of these findings.
Electric field (EF) has been shown to cause tissue damage mainly through oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Thus, juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) (JUG), which has antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties, is thought to be effective against electric field-induced damage. We aimed to investigate whether 50 Hz alternating current (AC) triggers inflammation and apoptosis in rat liver and kidney tissues and evaluate the JUG supplement's estimated protective effect. Twenty-four adult male wistar albino rats were divided into control, EF and EF + JUG groups, each containing eight rats. The EF and EF + JUG groups were exposed to EF while no EF exposure and JUG were applied to the control group. At the end of the experiment, liver and kidney tissues were collected for histological (H&E, caspase-3 and TNF-α for immunohistochemical staining), and genetics (SOCS, caspase-3 and TNF-α, PCR analyses). After routine histological procedures, sections stained with H&E showed significant changes in liver and kidney tissues in the EF group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Significant protective effects were observed in the building volumes and histopathology in the EF + JUG group (p < 0.05). Our gene expression results increased the expression of caspase-3 and TNF-α in the EF group (p < 0.001). Juglone increased SOCS expression (p < 0.001). These findings were consistent with the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of JUG treatment. We reasoned that exposure to EF damaged rat liver and kidney tissues and administration of JUG alleviated the complications caused by 50 Hz EF.
The electromagnetic field (EMF) has an effect on various organs, including the female reproductive system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of carnosine on ovarian follicle number and diameter in rats exposed to a 900 Megahertz (Mhz) electromagnetic field. In this study, six different groups were used. 40 female rats divided into groups were evaluated. The ovaries of the rats were removed at the end of the study. Routine histological procedures were performed on ovarian tissues. Follicle number and diameter of all groups were calculated and evaluated under the light microscope. When primary follicle number and diameters were compared statistically among the groups, there was a remarkably meaningful difference between the EMF group and the control, 20 mg carnosine and EMF+20 mg carnosine groups (p<0.05). There were significant irregularities in the structure of the oocyte and the granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte, especially in the EMF-treated groups. However, the structure of the oocyte and the granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in the EMF+20 mg carnosine group showed a more regular structure compared to the EMF group. In this study, it can be concluded that the number and diameter of ovarian follicles decreased in rats exposed to electromagnetic field and 20 mg of carnosine may prevent damage caused by EMF.
Despite their benefits, technological devices such as cell phones may also have deleterious effects on human health. Considerable debate continues concerning the effects of the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted during cell phone use on human health. We investigated the effects of exposure to 900 megahertz (MHz) EMF during mid to late adolescence on the rat liver. Control (ContGr), sham (ShmGr) and EMF (EMFGr) groups of female rats were established. We exposed the EMFGr rats daily to 900 MHz EMF on postnatal days 35−59. ShmGr rats underwent sham procedures. No procedure was performed on ContGr rats. Rats were sacrificed on postnatal day 60 and the livers were extracted. One part of the liver was stained with Masson’s trichrome or hematoxylin and eosin. The remaining tissue was used to measure oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and nitrotyrosine. Total antioxidant status and total oxidant status were used to calculate the oxidative stress index. We found normal hepatic morphology in the ContGr and ShmGr groups. The EMFGr group exhibited occasional irregularities in the radial arrangement of hepatocytes, cytoplasmic vacuolization, hemorrhage, sinusoid expansion, hepatocyte morphology and edema. Biochemical analysis revealed that 8-OHdG and SOD levels in EMFGr decreased significantly compared to the ContGr and ShmGr groups. Exposure to a continuous 900 MHz EMF for 1 h daily during mid to late adolescence may cause histopathological and biochemical alterations in hepatic tissue.
The effects on human health of the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by mobile phones, used by approximately 7 billion people worldwide, have become an important subject for scientific research. Studies have suggested that the EMF emitted by mobile phones can cause oxidative stress in different tissues and age groups. Young people in adolescence, a time period when risky behaviors and dependences increase, use mobile phones more than adults. The EMF emitted by mobile phones, which are generally carried in the pocket or in bags when not in use, will very probably affect the sciatic nerve. No previous study has investigated the effect of mobile phone use in adolescence on peripheral nerve. This study was planned accordingly. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats aged 21 days were divided equally into control (CGr), Sham (SGr) and EMF (EMFGr) groups. No procedure was performed on CGr rats. EMFGr were exposed to the effect of a 900-megahertz (MHz) EMF for 1 h at the same time every day between postnatal days 21-59 (the entire adolescent period) inside a cage in the EMF apparatus. SGr rats were placed inside the cage for 1 h every day without being exposed to EMF. All rats were sacrificed at the end of the study period, and 1 cm sections of sciatic nerve were extracted. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, catalase (CAT) superoxide dismutase (SOD) values were investigated biochemically in half of the right sciatic nerve tissues. The other halves of the nerve tissues were subjected to routine histopathological tissue procedures, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome. Histopathological evaluation of slides stained with Masson's trichrome and H&E revealed a normal appearance in Schwann cells and axons in all groups. However, there was marked thickening in the epineurium of sciatic nerves from EMFGr rats. MDA, SOD and CAT levels were higher in EMFGr than in CGr and SGr at biochemical analyses. Apoptotıc index (AI) analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of TUNEL (+) cells when EMFGr was compared with CGr and SGr. In conclusion, our study results suggest that continuous exposure to a 900-MHz EMF for 1 h throughout adolescence can cause oxidative injury and thickening in the epineurium in the sciatic nerve in male rats.
Purpose: To investigate the effect on male rat kidney and bladder tissues of exposure to 900-megahertz (MHz) electromagnetic field (EMF) applied on postnatal days 22–59, inclusive.
Materials and methods: Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 21 days, were used. These were divided equally into one of three groups, control (CG), sham (SG) or EMF (EMFG). CG was not exposed to any procedure. SG rats were kept inside a cage, without being exposed to the effect of EMF, for 1 h a day on postnatal days 22–59, inclusive. EMFG rats were exposed to continuous 900-MHz EMF for 1 h a day under the same conditions as those for the SG rats. Rats were sacrificed on postnatal day 60, and the kidney and bladder tissues were removed. Tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson trichrome for histomorphological evaluation. The TUNEL method was used to assess apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also used for the kidney tissue. Oxidant/antioxidant parameters were studied in terms of biochemical values.
Results: The findings showed that tissue malondialdehyde increased in EMFG compared to CG and SG in both kidney (p = 0.004 and p = 0.004, respectively) and bladder tissue (p = 0.004, p = 0.006, respectively), while catalase and glutathione levels decreased compared to CG (p = 0.004; p = 0.004, respectively) and SG (p = 0.004; p = 0.004, respectively). In the EMF group, pathologies such as dilatation and vacuolization in the distal and proximal tubules, degeneration in glomeruli and an increase in cells tending to apoptosis were observed in kidney tissue. In bladder tissue, degeneration in the transitional epithelium and stromal irregularity and an increase in cells tending to apoptosis were observed in EMFG. Additionally, EMFG samples exhibited glomerular capillary degeneration with capillary basement membranes under TEM.
Conclusions: We conclude that continuous exposure to the effect of 900-MHz EMF for 1 h a day on postnatal days 22–59, inclusive, causes an increase in oxidative stress and various pathological changes in male rat kidney and bladder tissues.
Amaç: Adolesanlar için ana elektromanyetik alan (EMA) kaynağı cep telefonlarından yayılan EMA dokularda oksidatif
strese yolaçabilir. Bu durumda pankreasta meydana gelebilecek yapısal veya biyokimyasal bozukluklar ciddi
sonuçlara neden olabilir. Bu nedenle sunulan çalışmada adolesan dönem boyunca 900 Megahertz (MHz) EMA etkisine
maruziyetin yetişkin sıçan pankreasındaki etkileri değerlendirildi.
Yöntemler: 24 adet 21 günlük Spraque Dawley cinsi erkek sıçan; kontrol (KGr), Sham (SGr) ve EMA (EMAGr) grubu
olmak üzere üç eşit gruba bölündü. EMAGr sıçanlar adolesan dönem boyunca (21-59. günler arasında) özel bir kafes
içinde günde bir saat süreyle kesintisiz 900 MHz EMA etkisine maruz bırakıldılar. SGR sıçanlar ise aynı dönem
boyunca günde bir saat süreyle herhangi bir EMA etkisine maruz bırakılmadan aynı kafes içinde tutuldular. Tüm
sıçanlar çalışma sonunda sakrifiye edilerek histopatolojik ve biyokimyasal analizler için pankreasları çıkarıldı.
Histopatolojik değerlendirmeler için hematoksilen eozin boyama yapıldı. Apopitozisin değerlendirilmesindeTUNEL
yöntemi kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Tüm gruplara ait hematoksilen eozin boyalı pankreas kesitlerinde yapılan histopatolojik
değerlendirmelerde herhangi bir patolojiye rastlanmadı. Langerhans adacıkları, asinuslar ve diğer morfolojik yapılar
tüm gruplarda normal görünümdeydi. TUNEL boyalı kesitlerde yapılan değerlendirmelerde ise EMAGr apopitotik
indeksi SGr ve KGr’dan istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek bulundu. Biyokimyasal olarak hem EMAGr
hem de SGr’ta malondialdehid seviyeleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde artarken süperoksit dismutaz seviyeleri
KGr’na göre düşüktü. Ayrıca EMAGr glutatyon seviyeleri SGr ve KGr’ na göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde
artarken katalaz seviyeleri düşük bulundu.
Sonuç: Çalışma sonuçlarımız adolesan dönemleri boyunca günde 1 saat kesintisiz 900 MHz EMA’ya maruz
kalınmasının sıçanların pankreaslarında oksidatif stresde artışa ve apopitoza neden olabileceğini göstermiştir.
Abstract
Objectives: Cell phones are the main source of exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF) in adolescents. EMF from cell
phones can cause oxidative stress in tissues. Impairment of the morphology or biochemistry of the pancreas will
inevitably have serious consequences. We evaluated the effects of 900-MHz EMF applied throughout adolescence on
the adult rat pancreas.
Methods: 24 male Sprague Dawley rats aged 21 days were divided equally into control (CGr), Sham (SGr) and EMF
(EMFGr) groups. EMFGr was exposed to the effect of a continuous 900-MHz EMF inside a cage throughout the
adolescent period (days 21-59) for 1 hour. SGr rats were placed inside the cage for 1 hour daily over the same period
without being exposed to EMF. All rats were sacrificed and their pancreases removed at the end of the study for
biochemical and histopathological investigations. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed for histopathological
evaluations, and the TUNEL method was used to assess apoptosis.
Results: Histopathological examination of sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin revealed no pathology in
pancreatic tissues in any group. Islets of Langerhans and acini had normal morphological structures. Additionally, the
EMFGr apoptotic index was statistically significantly higher than in CGr and SGr. Biochemically, malondialdehyde
levels in both EMFGr and SGr increased significantly, while superoxide dismutase levels decreased significantly
compared to CGr. EMFGr glutathione levels were statistically significantly higher and catalase levels were lower
compared to both CGr and SGr.
Conclusion: Our study results show that exposure to a continuous 900-MH for 1 h a day throughout adolescence may
cause an increase in oxidative stress and apoptosis in the rat pancreas.
Keywords: Pancreas, oxidative stress, electromagnetic field, male rat
This study investigated the effect of exposure to a 900-megahertz (MHz) electromagnetic field (EMF) on the rat testicle.
Twenty-four adult male rats were divided into control, sham and EMF groups. The EMF group rats were exposed to 900-MHz EMF (1 h / 30 day), and testicles were extracted at the end of the experiment. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione levels and apoptotic index and histopathological damage scores were compared.
Histopathologically, EMF group rats exhibited vacuoles in seminiferous tubules basal membrane and edema in the intertubular space. Seminiferous tubule diameters and germinal epithelium thickness were both smaller, and apoptotic index was higher, in the EMF group than in the other groups. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione values in the EMF group decreased significantly compared to those of the control group.
The results show that exposure to 900-MHz EMF causes alterations in adult rat testicular morphology and biochemistry.
Quickly changing technologies and intensive uses of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF)‑emitting phones pose a challenge to public health. Mobile phone users and uses and exposures to other wireless transmitting devices (WTDs) have increased in the past few years. We consider that CERENAT, a French national study, provides an important addition to the literature evaluating the use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumors. The CERENAT finding of increased risk of glioma is consistent with studies that evaluated use of mobile phones for a decade or longer and corroborate those that have shown a risk of meningioma from mobile phone use. In CERENAT, exposure to RF‑EMF from digitally enhanced cordless telephones (DECTs), used by over half the population of France during the period of this study, was not evaluated. If exposures to DECT phones could have been taken into account, the risks of glioma from mobile phone use in CERENAT are likely to be higher than published. We conclude that radiofrequency fields should be classified as a Group 2A ̔probable̓ human carcinogen under the criteria used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Lyon, France). Additional data should be gathered on exposures to mobile and cordless phones, other WTDs, mobile phone base stations and Wi‑Fi routers to evaluate their impact on public health. We advise that the as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA) principle be adopted for uses of this technology, while a major cross‑disciplinary effort is generated to train researchers in bioelectromagnetics and provide monitoring of potential health impacts of RF‑EMF.
Background/aim: To determine what effect a 900-MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) applied in the prenatal period would have on the liver in the postnatal period.
Materials and methods: At the start of the study, adult pregnant rats were divided into two groups, control and experimental. The experimental group was exposed to a 900-MHz EMF for 1 h daily during days 13–21 of pregnancy. After birth, no procedure was performed on either mothers or pups. Male rat pups (n = 6) from the control group mothers (CGMR) and male rat pups (n = 6) from the experimental group mothers (EGMR) were sacrificed on postnatal day 21.
Results: Biochemical analyses showed that malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase values increased and glutathione levels decreased in the EGMR pups. Marked hydropic degeneration in the parenchyma, particularly in pericentral regions, was observed in light microscopic examination of EGMR sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Examinations under transmission electron microscope revealed vacuolization in the mitochondria, expansion in the endoplasmic reticulum, and necrotic hepatocytes.
Conclusion: The study results show that a 900-MHz EMF applied in the prenatal period caused oxidative stress and pathological alterations in the liver in the postnatal period.
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at 900 MHz frequencies on bone fracture healing. Methods: The study included 30 adult male Wistar albino rats (average weight: 256 g) divided into two equal groups. Transverse fracture was created manually by pressing a finger on the right tibias of all rats and fractures were fixed intramedullary using a K-wire. Rats in Group 1 were exposed to EMF at 900 MHz frequency 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Group 2, the control group, was kept under the same experimental conditions without EMF exposure. Radiological, mechanical and histological examination of tibial fracture healing was performed. Results: There was a significant difference between radiological, histological and manual biomechan-ical scores of the study and control groups (p=0.020, p=0.006 and p=0.032, respectively). All scores were lower in the study group than the control group. Conclusion: Results of this study demonstrate that EMF at 900 MHz of frequency emitted from cellular phones has a significantly negative effect on bone fracture healing in a rat tibia model.
ZET Amaç: Cep telefonlarından yayılan radyofrekans dalgala-rın insan sağlığına etkisiyle ilgili artan sayıda kanıt vardır. Elektromanyetik alanın (EMA) kemik hücreleri üzerine bazı biyolojik etkileri olduğu bildirilmiştir. Çalışmamız-da, cep telefonlarından yayılan 900 MHz frekansındaki EMA'nın rat kemik dokusundaki kemik mineral yoğunluğu (KMY) üzerine etkilerini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve yöntem: Bu çalışma Süleyman Demirel Üniver-sitesinde 2006 yılında yapıldı. Otuz erkek sıçan üç gruba ayrıldı. 1.gruptaki ratlar; kısa dönem, dört hafta boyunca haftada beş gün ve günde 30 dakika 1 ± 04 mW/cm 2 gü-cünde ve 900 MHz frekansında EMA'a maruz bırakıldı. 2.gruptaki ratlar ise; aynı güçte uzun dönem, sekiz hafta boyunca haftada beş gün ve günde 30 dakika 900 MHz frekansında EMA'a maruz bırakıldı. 3.gruptaki ratlar EMA uygulanan ratlarla aynı gün, süre ve çevresel şartlarda tutuldu ancak EMA uygulanmadı ve kontrol grubu olarak kabul edildi. Çalışma sonunda tüm sıçanların KMY değer-leri "Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry" cihazı ile tarana-rak ölçüldü. Bulgular: Kısa ya da uzun dönem EMA maruziyetine bırakılan her iki grupta; kontrol grubuna göre lomber ve femur KMY değerlerinde minimal azalma vardı. Ancak aradaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeye ulaşmadı (p>0.05). Sonuç: Cep telefonu ve benzer kaynaklardan yayılan 1.04 mW/cm 2 gücünde ve of 0.008 W/kg SAR değerinde EMA'a kısa ya da uzun dönem maruziyetin, sıçanların ke-mik dokusu KMY üzerine anlamlı etkisi olmadı. ABSTRACT Objectives: There are increasing number of evidence that exposure to the radiofrequency fields from mobile phones could affect human health. An electromagnetic field (EMF) has some biological effects on the behavior of the cell population of bone. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 900 MHz EMF emitted by mobile phones on the bone mineral density (BMD) of rat bone tissue.
The growing spread of mobile phone use is raising concerns about the effect on human health of the electromagnetic field (EMF) these devices emit. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on rat pup heart tissue of prenatal exposure to a 900 megahertz (MHz) EMF. For this purpose, pregnant rats were divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental group rats were exposed to a 900 MHz EMF (1 h/d) on days 13-21 of pregnancy. Measurements were performed with rats inside the exposure box in order to determine the distribution of EMF intensity. Our measurements showed that pregnant experimental group rats were exposed to a mean electrical field intensity of 13.77 V/m inside the box (0.50 W/m(2)). This study continued with male rat pups obtained from both groups. Pups were sacrificed on postnatal day 21, and the heart tissues were extracted. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and catalase values were significantly higher in the experimental group rats, while glutathione values were lower. Light microscopy revealed irregularities in heart muscle fibers and apoptotic changes in the experimental group. Electron microscopy revealed crista loss and swelling in the mitochondria, degeneration in myofibrils and structural impairments in Z bands. Our study results suggest that exposure to EMF in the prenatal period causes oxidative stress and histopathological changes in male rat pup heart tissue.
We investigated the effects on kidney tissue of 900 megahertz (MHz) EMF applied during the prenatal period. Pregnant rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF, 1 h/day, on days 13-21 of pregnancy; no procedure was performed on control group pregnant rats or on mothers or newborns after birth. On postnatal day 21, kidney tissues of male rat pups from both groups were examined by light and electron microscopy. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione levels also were investigated. Light microscopy revealed some degenerative changes in the tubule epithelium, small cystic formations in the primitive tubules and large cysts in the cortico-medullary or medullary regions in the experimental group. Electron microscopy revealed a loss of peritubular capillaries and atypical parietal layer epithelial cells in the experimental group. Biochemical analysis showed significantly increased MDA levels in the experimental group and decreased SOD and CAT levels. EMF applied during the prenatal period can caused pathological changes in kidney tissue in 21-day-old male rats owing to oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant enzyme levels.
The number of studies reporting that the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by mobile phones affects human health is increasing by the day. In previous studies we reported that a 900 megahertz (MHz) EMF applied throughout the prenatal period reduced the number of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis of rat pups in the postnatal period. In this study we investigated the effect of a 900 MHz EMF applied on days 13-21 of the prenatal period on the number of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis of rat pups in the postnatal period. For that purpose, pregnant rats were divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental group pregnant rats were exposed to the effect of a 900 MHz EMF on days 13-21 of pregnancy. No procedure was applied to the control group. Newborn female rat pups were added to the study, and no procedure was performed on these after birth. Five newborn female rats were obtained from the experimental group and six from the control group. All female rat pups were decapitated on the postnatal 32nd day, and histological procedures were performed on the brain tissues. Sections were stained with Cresyl fast violet. The optical dissector technique was used to estimate the total number of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis. Sections of cornu ammonis were subjected to histopathological evaluations. Our results showed that exposure to 900 MHz EMF during prenatal days 13-21 led to a significant decrease in the number of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis of the experimental group female rat pups (P<0.05). Histopathological examination revealed picnotic cells in the cornu ammonis in experimental female rat pups. The pyramidal cell loss in the cornu ammonis may therefore be attributed to exposure to 900 MHz EMF in days 13-21 of the prenatal period.
Computer simulation using MRI scans of children is the only possible way to determine the microwave radiation (MWR) absorbed in specific tissues in children. Children absorb more MWR than adults because their brain tissues are more absorbent, their skulls are thinner and their relative size is smaller. MWR from wireless devices has been declared a possible human carcinogen. Children are at greater risk than adults when exposed to any carcinogen. Because the average latency time between first exposure and diagnosis of a tumor can be decades, tumors induced in children may not be diagnosed until well into adulthood. The fetus is particularly vulnerable to MWR. MWR exposure can result in degeneration of the protective myelin sheath that surrounds brain neurons. MWR-emitting toys are being sold for use by young infants and toddlers. Digital dementia has been reported in school age children. A case study has shown when cellphones are placed in teenage girls’ bras multiple primary breast cancer develop beneath where the phones are placed. MWR exposure limits have remained unchanged for 19 years. All manufacturers of smartphones have warnings which describe the minimum distance at which phone must be kept away from users in order to not exceed the present legal limits for exposure to MWR. The exposure limit for laptop computers and tablets is set when devices are tested 20 cm away from the body. Belgium, France, India and other technologically sophisticated governments are passing laws and/or issuing warnings about children's use of wireless devices.
Background
As use of electrical devices has increased, social concerns about the possible effects of 60 Hz electromagnetic fields on human health have increased. Accordingly, the number of people who complain of various symptoms such as headache and insomnia has risen. Many previous studies of the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure on children have focused on the occurrence of childhood leukaemia and central nervous system cancers. However, very few provocation studies have examined the health effects of ELF magnetic fields on teenagers.
Methods
In this double-blind study, we simultaneously investigated physiological changes (heart rate, respiration rate, and heart rate variability), subjective symptoms, and magnetic field perception to determine the reliable effects of 60 Hz 12.5 μT magnetic fields on teenagers. Two volunteer groups of 30 adults and 30 teenagers were tested with exposure to sham and real magnetic fields for 32 min.
Results
ELF magnetic field exposure did not have any effects on the physiological parameters or eight subjective symptoms in either group. Neither group correctly perceived the magnetic fields.
Conclusions
Physiological data were analysed, subjective symptoms surveyed, and the percentages of those who believed they were being exposed were measured. No effects were observed in adults or teenagers resulting from 32 min of 60 Hz 12.5 μT magnetic field exposure.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay has been designed to detect apoptotic cells that undergo extensive DNA degradation during the late stages of apoptosis. The method is based on the ability of TdT to label blunt ends of double-stranded DNA breaks independent of a template. This chapter describes an assay for detection of apoptotic cells during mouse odontogenesis using a colorimetric TUNEL system.
Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) causes increased adverse effects on biological systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EMF on heart tissue by biochemical and histomorphological evaluations in EMF-exposed adult rats. In this study, 28 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were used. The rats were divided into two groups: sham group (n = 14) and EMF group (n = 14). Rats in sham group were exposed to same conditions as the EMF group except the exposure to EMF. Rats in EMF group were exposed to a 50-Hz EMF of 3 mT for 4 h/day and 7 days/week for 2 months. After 2 months of exposure, rats were killed; the hearts were excised and evaluated. Determination of oxidative stress parameters was performed spectrophotometrically. To detect apoptotic cells, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry were performed. In EMF-exposed group, levels of lipid peroxidation significantly increased and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase decreased compared with sham group. The number of TUNEL-positive cells and caspase-3 immunoreactivity increased in EMF-exposed rats compared with sham. Under electron microscopy, there were mitochondrial degeneration, reduction in myofibrils, dilated sarcoplasmic( )reticulum and perinuclear vacuolization in EMF-exposed rats. In conclusion, the results show that the exposure to EMF causes oxidative stress, apoptosis and morphologic damage in myocardium of adult rats. The results of our study indicate that EMF-related changes in rat myocardium could be the result of increased oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether the exposure to EMF can induce adverse effects on myocardium.
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have adverse effects as a result of widespread use of electromagnetic energy on biological systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to EMF on rat myocardium by biochemical and histopathological evaluations.
In this study, 10 pregnant Wistar rats were used. Half of the pregnant rats were exposed to EMF of 3 mT, and the other half to sham conditions during gestation. After parturition, rat pups in the 5 EMF-exposed litters from birth until postnatal day 20 were exposed to EMF of 3 mT for 4 h/day (EMF-exposed group, n = 30). Rat pups in sham litters from birth until postnatal day 20 were exposed to sham conditions (sham group, n= 20).
In the EMF-exposed group, lipid peroxidation levels significantly increased compared to sham. Superoxide dismutase activities decreased significantly in the EMF-exposed group compared to sham. TUNEL staining showed that the number of TUNEL-positive cells increased significantly in EMF-exposed rats compared with sham. Under electron microscopy, there were mitochondrial degeneration, reduction in myofibrils, dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear vacuolization in EMF-exposed rats.
In conclusion, the results show that prenatal exposure to EMF causes oxidative stress, apoptosis and morphological pathology in myocardium of rat pups. The results of our study indicate a probable role of free radicals in the adverse effects of prenatal exposure to EMF. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether the EMF exposure can induce adverse effects on the myocardium.
Oxidative stress may affect many cellular and physiological processes including gene expression, cell growth, and cell death. In the recent study, we aimed to investigate whether 900 MHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency (RF) fields induce oxidative damage on lung, heart and liver tissues. We assessed oxidative damage by investigating lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), nitric oxide (NOx) and glutathione (GSH) levels which are the indicators of tissue toxicity. A total of 30 male Wistar albino rats were used in this study. Rats were divided randomly into three groups; control group (n = 10), sham group (device off, n = 10) and 900 MHz pulsed-modulated RF radiation group (n = 10). The RF rats were exposed to 900 MHz pulsed modulated RF radiation at a specific absorption rate (SAR) level of 1.20 W/kg 20 min/day for three weeks. MDA and NOx levels were increased significantly in liver, lung, testis and heart tissues of the exposed group compared to sham and control groups (p < 0.05). Conversely GSH levels were significantly lower in exposed rat tissues (p < 0.05). No significantly difference was observed between sham and control groups. Results of our study showed that pulse-modulated RF radiation causes oxidative injury in liver, lung, testis and heart tissues mediated by lipid peroxidation, increased level of NOx and suppression of antioxidant defense mechanism.
The effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by mobile phones on humans hold special interest due to their use in close proximity to the brain. The current study investigated the number of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis (CA) of the 16-week-old female rat hippocampus following postnatal exposure to a 900 megahertz (MHz) EMF. In this study were three groups of 6 rats: control (Cont), sham exposed (Sham), and EMF exposed (EMF). EMF group rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF (1 h/day for 28 days) in an exposure tube. Sham group was placed in the exposure tube but not exposed to EMF (1 h/day for 28 days). Cont group was not placed into the exposure tube nor were they exposed to EMF during the study period. In EMF group rats, the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) varied between 0.016 (whole body) and 2 W/kg (locally in the head). All of the rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and the number of pyramidal cells in the CA was estimated using the optical fractionator technique. Histopathological evaluations were made on sections of the CA region of the hippocampus. Results showed that postnatal EMF exposure caused a significant decrease of the pyramidal cell number in the CA of the EMF group (P<0.05). Additionally, cell loss can be seen in the CA region of EMF group even at qualitative observation. These results may encourage researchers to evaluate the chronic effects of 900 MHz EMF on teenagers' brains.
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. In recent years it has emerged that loss of myocardial cells may be a major pathogenic factor. Cell death can occur in a destructive, uncontrolled manner via necrosis or by a highly regulated programmed cell suicide mechanism termed apoptosis. As cell death in conditions such as heart failure and myocardial infarction does not always follow a typically apoptotic pathway, it remains to be established whether it occurs by apoptosis, necrosis, or a novel uncharacterized mechanism combining aspects of both types of cell death. Apoptotic pathways have been well studied in nonmyocytes and it is thought that similar pathways exist in cardiomyocytes. These pathways include death initiated by ligation of membrane-bound death receptors or death initiated by release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Increasing evidence supports the existence of these pathways and their regulators in the heart. These regulators include inhibitors of caspases, which are the key enzymes of apoptosis, the Bcl-2 family of proteins, growth factors, stress proteins, calcium, and oxidants. It is hoped that a better understanding of the pathways of apoptosis and their regulation may yield novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease.
Electric and magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the modern society, and concerns have been expressed regarding possible adverse effects of these exposures. This review covers epidemiologic research on health effects of exposures to static, extremely low-frequency (ELF), and radio frequency (RF) fields. Research on ELF fields has been performed for more than two decades, and the methodology and quality of studies have improved over time. Studies have consistently shown increased risk for childhood leukemia associated with ELF magnetic fields, whereas ELF fields most likely are not a risk factor for breast cancer and cardiovascular disease. There are still inadequate data for other outcomes. More recently, focus has shifted toward RF exposures from mobile telephony. There are no persuasive data suggesting a health risk, but this research field is still immature with regard to the quantity and quality of available data. This technology is constantly changing and there is a need for continued research on this issue. Almost no epidemiologic data are available for static fields.
Radiofrequency (RF) waves have long been used for different types of information exchange via the air waves--wireless Morse code, radio, television, and wireless telephone (i.e., construction and operation of telephones or telephone systems). Increasingly larger numbers of people rely on mobile telephone technology, and health concerns about the associated RF exposure have been raised, particularly because the mobile phone handset operates in close proximity to the human body, and also because large numbers of base station antennas are required to provide widespread availability of service to large populations. The World Health Organization convened an expert workshop to discuss the current state of cellular-telephone health issues, and this article brings together several of the key points that were addressed. The possibility of RF health effects has been investigated in epidemiology studies of cellular telephone users and workers in RF occupations, in experiments with animals exposed to cell-phone RF, and via biophysical consideration of cell-phone RF electric-field intensity and the effect of RF modulation schemes. As summarized here, these separate avenues of scientific investigation provide little support for adverse health effects arising from RF exposure at levels below current international standards. Moreover, radio and television broadcast waves have exposed populations to RF for > 50 years with little evidence of deleterious health consequences. Despite unavoidable uncertainty, current scientific data are consistent with the conclusion that public exposures to permissible RF levels from mobile telephone and base stations are not likely to adversely affect human health.
The process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. Apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. The ability to modulate the life or death of a cell is recognized for its immense therapeutic potential. Therefore, research continues to focus on the elucidation and analysis of the cell cycle machinery and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To that end, the field of apoptosis research has been moving forward at an alarmingly rapid rate. Although many of the key apoptotic proteins have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of action or inaction of these proteins remain to be elucidated. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of apoptosis including morphology, biochemistry, the role of apoptosis in health and disease, detection methods, as well as a discussion of potential alternative forms of apoptosis.
This study was designed to demonstrate the effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted from cellular phone on brain tissue and also blood malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), retinol (vitamin A), vitamin D(3) and tocopherol (vitamin E) levels, and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity of guinea pigs. Fourteen male guinea pigs, weighing 500-800 g were randomly divided into one of two experimental groups: control and treatment (EMF-exposed), each containing seven animals. Animals in treatment group were exposed to 890- to 915-MHz EMF (217-Hz pulse rate, 2-W maximum peak power, SAR 0.95 w/kg) of a cellular phone for 12 h/day (11-h 45-min stand-by and 15-min spiking mode) for 30 days. Control guinea pigs were housed in a separate room without exposing EMF of a cellular phone. Blood samples were collected through a cardiac puncture and brains were removed after decapitation for the biochemical analysis at the end of the 30 days of experimental period. It was found that the MDA level increased (P<0.05), GSH level and CAT enzyme activity decreased (P<0.05), and vitamins A, E and D(3) levels did not change (P>0.05) in the brain tissues of EMF-exposed guinea pigs. In addition, MDA, vitamins A, D(3) and E levels, and CAT enzyme activity increased (P<0.05), and GSH level decreased (P<0.05) in the blood of EMF-exposed guinea pigs. It was concluded that electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone might produce oxidative stress in brain tissue of guinea pigs. However, more studies are needed to demonstrate whether these effects are harmful or/and affect the neural functions.
During recent years there has been increasing public concern on potential health risks from power-frequency fields (extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields; ELF) and from radiofrequency/microwave radiation emissions (RF) from wireless communications. Non-thermal (low-intensity) biological effects have not been considered for regulation of microwave exposure, although numerous scientific reports indicate such effects. The BioInitiative Report is based on an international research and public policy initiative to give an overview of what is known of biological effects that occur at low-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMFs) exposure. Health endpoints reported to be associated with ELF and/or RF include childhood leukaemia, brain tumours, genotoxic effects, neurological effects and neurodegenerative diseases, immune system deregulation, allergic and inflammatory responses, breast cancer, miscarriage and some cardiovascular effects. The BioInitiative Report concluded that a reasonable suspicion of risk exists based on clear evidence of bioeffects at environmentally relevant levels, which, with prolonged exposures may reasonably be presumed to result in health impacts. Regarding ELF a new lower public safety limit for habitable space adjacent to all new or upgraded power lines and for all other new constructions should be applied. A new lower limit should also be used for existing habitable space for children and/or women who are pregnant. A precautionary limit should be adopted for outdoor, cumulative RF exposure and for cumulative indoor RF fields with considerably lower limits than existing guidelines, see the BioInitiative Report. The current guidelines for the US and European microwave exposure from mobile phones, for the brain are 1.6 W/Kg and 2 W/Kg, respectively. Since use of mobile phones is associated with an increased risk for brain tumour after 10 years, a new biologically based guideline is warranted. Other health impacts associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields not summarized here may be found in the BioInitiative Report at www.bioinitiative.org.
The use of mobile phones by children has in recent years been increasing, the onset starting earlier and earlier. This has led to concern about whether children might be at higher risk and whether mobile phone use should even be forbidden. Advice from highly reputed committees on both national and international levels is contradictory and on the whole more confusing than helpful to worried parents and physicians, but this can be explained. It is shown here that different opinions derived from the same database reflect the different way in which uncertainty of knowledge is dealt with. Based on the assessments of the international committee and established knowledge on children's development it can be concluded that existing exposure limits do in fact provide reasonable safety. Compared to adults, however, children do in fact need to be considered at a relatively higher potential risk, depending on their phase of development. If adults are advised to minimise their exposure, this is even more justified for children. However, circular reasoning must be avoided: the uncertainty-triggered application of precaution must not be misinterpreted as evidence for definite risk.
The authors have used the finite-difference time-domain method and
a new millimeter-resolution anatomically based model of the human to
study electromagnetic energy coupled to the head due to mobile
telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz. Assuming reduced dimensions
characteristic of today's mobile telephones, the authors have obtained
SAR distributions for two different lengths of monopole antennas of
lengths λ/4 and 3λ/8 for a model of the adult male and
reduced-scale models of 10- and 5-year-old children and find that peak
one-voxel and 1-g SARs are larger for the smaller models of children,
particularly at 835 MHz. Also, a larger in-depth penetration of absorbed
energy for these smaller models is obtained. The authors have also
studied the effect of using the widely disparate tissue properties
reported in the literature and of using homogeneous instead of the
anatomically realistic heterogeneous models on the SAR distributions.
Homogeneous models are shown to grossly overestimate both the peak
1-voxel and 1-g SARs. Last, the authors show that it is possible to use
truncated one-half or one-third models of the human head with negligible
errors in the calculated SAR distributions. This simplification will
allow considerable savings in computer memory and computation
times
We investigated the effects of a 900 Megahertz (MHz) electromagnetic field (EMF), applied during the prenatal period, on the spleen and thymus of 21-day-old male rat pups. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and EMF groups. We applied 900 MHz EMF for 1 h/day to the EMF group of pregnant rats. Newborn male rat pups were removed from their mothers and sacrificed on postnatal day 21. Spleen and thymus tissues were excised and examined. Compared to the control group, thymus tissue malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher in the group exposed to EMF, while glutathione levels were significantly decreased. Increased malondialdehyde and glutathione levels were observed in splenic tissue of rats exposed to EMF, while a significant decrease occurred in superoxide dismutase values compared to controls. Transmission electron microscopy showed pathological changes in cell morphology in the thymic and splenic tissues of newborn rats exposed to EMF. Exposure to 900 MHz EMF during the prenatal period can cause pathological and biochemical changes that may compromise the development of the male rat thymus and spleen.
History of exposure limits can be listed as follows; American National Standard Institute (ANSI) has identified that exposure limits were 10 mW/cm2 averaged over 6 minutes in 1966 and 1974. Partial body irradiation must be included since it has been shown that some parts of the human body (e.g., eyes, testicles) may be harmed if exposed to incident radiation levels significantly in excess of the recommended levels. Today’s standards allow partial body irradiation to be 20 times higher than whole body radiation. ANSI recognized the “the invariable presence of electrical hotspots in the irradiated body.” In 1982. A threshold of behavioral disruption was established: 4 W/kg” therefore a 10-fold “safety factor” SARWB=0.4 W/kg. Behavioral disruption is irreversible: “The assumption is that reversible disruption during an acute exposure is tantamount to irreversible injury during chronic exposure”. In 1991, Institute of Electrical and Electron Engineers (IEEE) mentioned two tier exposure level; partial body specific absorption rate (SAR) and whole body SAR are no longer identic. It was searched electrical workers and general public. Exposure of general public was calculated as SARWB=0.08 W/kg; SARSP=1.6 W/kg, 30 minute average, also exposure of electrical workers calculated as SARWB=0.4 W/kg; SARSP=8 W/kg, 6 minute average. It has observed 5 fold lower SAR; 5-fold longer exposure between groups. Specific absorption rate is formulated as SAR= (σ/ρ)*E2, where σ is the conductivity of the tissue, ρ is the tissue density, and E is the electric field. However, E is a function of the electrical parameter permittivity, e,“the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium. Higher conductivity increases; higher tissue density decreases; higher permittivity decreases the SAR. However, children’s absorption of microwave radiation is greater than adults. It was found that ICNIRP’s 2 W/kg, 10 g spatial peak SAR results in 2.3-3 times higher SAR than FCC’s 1.6 W/kg, 1g spatial peak SAR. It was showed that 1-g SAR of brain tissues of children is about two times higher than adults. At the same time another group of researchers asserted that hypocampus and hypothalamus receive 1.6-3.1 higher SAR in children compared to adults; children’s bone marrow receive 10 times higher SAR than adults; children receive higher SAR to the eyes than adults; children’s cerebellum receive >2.5xhigher SAR than adults. Greatly underestimating the SAR for typical mobile phone users, especially children. A superior computer simulation certification process has been approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) but is not employed to certify cell phones. In the United States, the FCC determines maximum allowed exposures. Many countries, especially European Union members, use the “guidelines” of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), a non governmental agency. The SAR for a 10-year old is up to 153% higher than the SAR for the SAM model. When electrical properties are considered, a child’s head’s absorption can be over two times greater, and absorption of the skull’s bone marrow can be ten times greater than adults. Therefore, a new certification process is needed that incorporates different modes of use, head sizes,
and tissue properties.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exposure to a 900-megahertz electromagnetic field (EMF) in the prenatal term on the 21-old-day rat testicle. Pregnant rats were divided into control (CG) and EMF (EMFG) groups. EMFG was exposed to 900-megahertz EMF during days 13-21 of pregnancy. Newborn CG rats were obtained from the CG and newborn EMFG (NEMFG) rats from the EMFG. Testicles were extracted at postnatal day 21. Lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation levels, apoptotic index and histopathological damage scores were compared. NEMFG rats exhibited irregularities in seminiferous tubule basal membrane and epithelium, immature germ cells in the lumen, and a decreased diameter in seminiferous tubules and thickness of epithelium. Apoptotic index, lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation were higher in NEMFG rats than in NCG. 21-day-old rat testicles exposed to 900-megahertz EMF in the prenatal term may be adversely affected, and this effect persists after birth.
It has been suggested that apoptosis may be responsible for a significant amount of the cardiomyocyte death that contributes to the development and progression of heart failure. However, studies of actual heart disease and in vivo experimental models have provided little or no direct morphological evidence that cardiomyocyte apoptosis occurs at any stage of heart failure, despite the availability of much indirect evidence that includes detection of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis-related factors. The Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD), an international organization consulting on cell death, proposed an international standard for the definition and classification of cell death, in which cell death was defined based purely on morphological criteria. This is because there is no clear-cut equivalence between ultrastructural alterations and biochemical cell death characteristics. This review will first introduce the NCCD definition and classification of cell death and, based on this classification, survey the available data from both animals and humans to critically assess the impact of cardiomyocyte apoptosis during the progression of heart failure of various etiologies. Particularly noteworthy is the wide variation in the reported rates of apoptosis - e.g., the difference was >1000-fold in one heart failure model - but even more importantly, no morphological (ultrastructural) data has ever been shown definitively demonstrating apoptosis of a cardiomyocyte. We conclude from our survey that even the existence of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in heart failure remains controversial.
The existing cell phone certification process uses a plastic model of the head called the Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin (SAM), representing the top 10% of U.S. military recruits in 1989 and greatly underestimating the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for typical mobile phone users, especially children. A superior computer simulation certification process has been approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) but is not employed to certify cell phones. In the United States, the FCC determines maximum allowed exposures. Many countries, especially European Union members, use the "guidelines" of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), a non governmental agency. Radiofrequency (RF) exposure to a head smaller than SAM will absorb a relatively higher SAR. Also, SAM uses a fluid having the average electrical properties of the head that cannot indicate differential absorption of specific brain tissue, nor absorption in children or smaller adults. The SAR for a 10-year old is up to 153% higher than the SAR for the SAM model. When electrical properties are considered, a child's head's absorption can be over two times greater, and absorption of the skull's bone marrow can be ten times greater than adults. Therefore, a new certification process is needed that incorporates different modes of use, head sizes, and tissue properties. Anatomically based models should be employed in revising safety standards for these ubiquitous modern devices and standards should be set by accountable, independent groups.
The biological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from mobile phones have growing concern among scientists since there are some reports showing increased risk for human health, especially in the use of mobile phones for a long duration. In the presented study, the effects on the number of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of 16-week (16 weeks) old female rats were investigated following exposure to 900 MHz EMF. Three groups of rats, a control group (CG), sham exposed group (SG) and an electromagnetic field exposed group (EMFG) were used in this study. While EMFG group rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF (1h/day for 28 days) in an exposure tube, SG was placed in the exposure tube but not exposed to EMF (1h/day for 28 days). The specific energy absorption rate (SAR) varied between 0.016 (whole body) and 2 W/kg (locally in the head). The CG was not placed into the exposure tube nor was it exposed to EMF during the study period. At the end of the experiment, all of the female rats were sacrificed and the number of Purkinje cells was estimated using a stereological counting technique. Histopathological evaluations were also done on sections of the cerebellum. Results showed that the total number of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the EMFG was significantly lower than those of CG (p<0.004) and SG (p<0.002). In addition, there was no significant difference at the 0.05 level between the rats' body and brain weights in the EMFG and CG or SG. Therefore, it is suggested that long duration exposure to 900 MHz EMF leads to decreases of Purkinje cell numbers in the female rat cerebellum.
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) inhibit the formation and differentiation of neural stem cells during embryonic development. In this study, the effects of prenatal exposure to EMF on the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of 4-week-old rats were investigated. This experiment used a control (Cont) group and an EMF exposed (EMF) group (three pregnant rats each group). The EMF group consisted of six offspring (n=6) of pregnant rats that were exposed to an EMF of up to 900 megahertz (MHz) for 60 min/day between the first and last days of gestation. The control group consisted of five offspring (n=5) of pregnant rats that were not treated at all. The offspring were sacrificed when they were 4 weeks old. The numbers of granule cells in the dentate gyrus were analyzed using the optical fractionator technique. The results showed that prenatal EMF exposure caused a decrease in the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the rats (P<0.01). This suggests that prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz EMF affects the development of the dentate gyrus granule cells in the rat hippocampus. Cell loss might be caused by an inhibition of granule cell neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.
The reaction of lipid peroxides in animal tissues with thiobarbituric acid was dependent on pH of the reaction mixture as was the case for linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The optimum pH was found to be 3.5. Taking this fact into consideration, a standard procedure for the assay of lipid peroxide level in animal tissues by their reaction with thiobarbituric acid was developed as follows. Ten percent ( tissue homogenate was mixed with sodium dodecyl sulfate, acetate buffer (pH 3.5), and aqueous solution of thiobarbituric acid. After heating at 95°C for 60 min, the red pigment produced was extracted with n-butanol-pyridine mixture and estimated by the absorbance at 532nm. As an external standard, tetramethoxy-propane was used, and lipid peroxide level was expressed in terms of nmol malondialdehyde. Using this method, the liped peroxide level in the liver of rats suffering from carbon tetrachloride intoxication was investigated. The results were in good agreement with previously reported data obtained by measuring diene content.
This assay for superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) activity involves inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, with xanthine-xanthine oxidase used as a superoxide generator. By using a reaction terminator, we can determine 40 samples within 55 min. One unit of activity of pure bovine liver Cu,ZnSOD and chicken liver MnSOD was expressed by 30 ng and 500 ng of protein, respectively. The mean concentrations of Cu,ZnSOD as measured by this method in blood from normal adults were 242 (SEM 4) mg/L in erythrocytes, 548 (SEM 20) micrograms/L in serum, and 173 (SEM 11) micrograms/L in plasma. The Cu,ZnSOD concentrations in serum and plasma of patients with cancer of the large intestine tended to be less and greater than these values, respectively, but not statistically significantly so.
Publisher Summary Catalase exerts a dual function: (1) decomposition of H 2 O 2 to give H 2 O and O 2 (catalytic activity) and (2) oxidation of H donors, for example, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, phenols, with the consumption of 1 mol of peroxide (peroxide activity). The kinetics of catalase does not obey the normal pattern. Measurements of enzyme activity at substrate saturation or determination of the K s is therefore impossible. In contrast to reactions proceeding at substrate saturation, the enzymic decomposition of H 2 O 2 is a first-order reaction, the rate of which is always proportional to the peroxide concentration present. Consequently, to avoid a rapid decrease in the initial rate of the reaction, the assay must be carried out with relatively low concentrations of H 2 O 2 (about 0.01 M). This chapter discusses the catalytic activity of catalase. The method of choice for biological material, however, is ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. Titrimetric methods are suitable for comparative studies. For large series of measurements, there are either simple screening tests, which give a quick indication of the approximative catalase activity, or automated methods.
Widespread concerns have been raised about the possibility that exposure to the radiofrequency (RF) fields from mobile telephones or their base stations could affect people's health. Such has been the rapid growth of mobile telecommunications that there will be about one billion mobile phone users before 2005. Already there are more mobile than fixed-line users. Developing countries are establishing mobile telecommunications rather than the more expensive fixed-line systems. Thus, if there is any impact on health from mobile telephones, it will affect everyone in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) established the International EMF Project in 1996 to evaluate the science, recommend research to fill any gaps in knowledge and to conduct formal health risk assessments of RF exposure once recommended research had been completed. In addition, the UK government established an independent expert group to review all the issues concerning health effects of mobile telephones and siting of base stations. Cancer has been suggested as an outcome of exposure to mobile telephones by some scientific reports. This paper reviews the status of the science and WHO's programme to address the key issues. In addition, the main conclusions and recommendations of the UK expert group will be summarised.
The main difference concerning the use of mobile phones (MPs) between today's children and adults is the longer lifetime exposure of children when they grow older, due to starting to use MPs at an early age. Additionally, recent trends lead to a higher frequency of use among children, including higher popularity of MPs and features specifically designed to attract children. The prevalence of MP users is already very high and reaches >90% among adolescents in some countries. In a German study, 6% of 9-10 years old children used a MP for making calls daily; 35% owned their own MP. For children, MPs are dominant sources of radio wave exposures and relevant sources of extremely low frequency magnetic fields. For very young children, however, environmental exposure to radio waves may be of concern. In conclusion, children will have a much higher cumulative exposure to radio waves than today's adults when they are at the same age. Radio wave exposure of children may be estimated more easily, because the variety of exposure sources is smaller than for adults. As long as adverse health effects cannot be ruled out with some degree of certainty, it appears to be appropriate to instruct children and their parents about a prudent use of MPs.
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or radiofrequency fields of cellular mobile phones may affect biological systems by increasing free radicals, which appear mainly to enhance lipid peroxidation, and by changing the antioxidant defense systems of human tissues, thus leading to oxidative stress. Mobile phones are used in close proximity to the heart, therefore 900 MHz EMR emitting mobile phones may be absorbed by the heart. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), one of the major components of honeybee propolis, was recently found to be a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant, and is used in folk medicine. The aim of this study was to examine 900 MHz mobile phone-induced oxidative stress that promotes production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the role of CAPE on myocardial tissue against possible oxidative damage in rats.
Several publications in the scientific literature have raised concern about the individual and public health impact of adverse non-ionizing radiation (a-NIR) from electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure emanating from certain power, electrical and wireless devices commonly found in the home, workplace, school and community. Despite the many challenges in establishing irrefutable scientific proof of harm and the various gaps in elucidating the precise mechanisms of harm, epidemiological analyses continue to suggest considerable potential for injury and affliction as a result of a-NIR exposure. As environmental health has not been emphasized in medical education, some clinicians are not fully aware of possible EMF-related health problems and, as a result, manifestations of a-NIR may remain misdiagnosed and ineffectually managed. It is important for physicians and public health officials to be aware of the fundamental science and clinical implications of EMF exposure. A review of the scientific literature relating to the link between electromagnetic radiation and human health, several public health recommendations, and four case histories are presented for consideration.
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