Article

Bakers Yeast Beta-Glucan Decreases Episodes of Common Childhood Illness in 1 to 4 Year Old Children during Cold Season in China

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Abstract

Infections are common in early childhood and create a large economic burden on both the healthcare system and individual family. To solve this problem, we evaluated the ability of baker’s yeast beta glucan (BYBG) to reduce the number of episodes of common childhood illness in 174 Chinese children with 1 to 4 years old in a 12 week randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled study. We found that children in BYBG group experienced less common childhood infectious illness episodes during the study compared to the placebo group and BYBG were well tolerated for the children with 1 to 4 years old.

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... Twelve studies were considered to be eligible for this review. Accordingly, we have identified six double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials (RCT) [3,4,9,10,13,14], four open-label prospective studies [5,6,7,8], and two randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label trials investigating the anti-infective effect of β-glucans [11,12]. ...
... One trial included children older than six years old, and adults [13]. In 7/12 trials, the inclusion criterion was the history of recurrent respiratory infections in the previous year [3,6,7,8,12], season [5], or months preceding the study [4]. The remaining 5/12 studies included healthy individuals only, with no history of recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTI). ...
... In six trials, β-glucans were administered as a single preparation. In five of them, pleuran [3,5,6,7,13], and in one baker's yeast β-glucan was used [4]. In six other studies, the analyzed preparation was composed of β-glucan and other substances: a fortified formula with docosahexaenoic acid, a prebiotic blend of polydextrose and galactooligosaccharides [9,10], a herbal mixture with Echinacea angustifolia, Arabinogalactan, Acerola (Vitamin C), Zinc [8]; Carboxymethyl-β-glucan combined with Resveratrol [12,14] or Colloidal silver [11]. ...
Article
Background: β-glucans are bioactive β-D-glucose polysaccharides of natural origin, presenting antimicrobial and immunomodulation properties, with a low risk of toxicity. Objectives: This scoping review aims to present the current knowledge on the anti-infective properties of β-glucans in the pediatric population. Methods: We used the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist to prepare this review. Studies were identified by electronic searches of Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to May 2021. Results: The primary search allowed us to find 6232 studies, twelve of which were finally included in the analysis. Eight studies were designed as randomized, placebo-controlled trials, while in four studies the intervention outcome was compared with the pre-intervention period in the same group. The type of preparation and doses varied between studies: in five trials pleuran was administered (in dose 10 mg/5 kg of body weight/day), and in one study baker’s yeast β-glucan was used (in two doses: 35 mg/day and 75 mg/day). In six other studies, the analyzed preparation comprised β-glucan and other substances. The shortest study lasted seven days, while the most prolonged intervention lasted six months, followed by six months of follow-up. Ten out of twelve trials demonstrated the effectiveness of β-glucans in reducing respiratory tract infection incidence or alleviation of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. Ten out of twelve studies have reported a good tolerance and safety profile. Conclusions: Good tolerance of β-glucans shows a favorable benefit-risk ratio of this type of intervention. Nevertheless, further monitoring of their efficacy and safety in high-quality research is necessary.
... This inclusion level was then decreased (0.5X) in order to evaluate if half of the target dose would elicit a response in dogs. The doses for this study were determined based on Meng (2016) who evaluated similar dosages in children, which resulted in reduced illness. Therefore, formulated inclusion levels were intended to result in a daily dosage of 1.4 mg/BW kg and 2.8 mg/BW kg yeast b-glucan blend for the 0.5X and 1X treatment, respectively. ...
... However, if the goal of inclusion is to improve intestinal health, greater inclusion levels may be required when fed to dogs. Of note, the mean body weight of children evaluated in the Meng (2016) study was about 15 kg less than the mean body weight of dogs evaluated in the current study, which may have impacted the effectiveness of the dose. For the next study in dogs, it would be recommended to evaluate the predetermined dose for adult humans at 250 mg/day, which would be about 3x greater than the target dose evaluated in this study. ...
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Oral supplementation of β-glucans may be able to improve the health of companion animals. However, little is understood regarding the effects of yeast β-glucan on diet processing and intestinal function. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to determine the carry through of yeast β-glucan during extruded diet production and its impact on diet utilization by dogs. Three diets were formulated to contain increasing levels of a yeast β-glucan blend at 0, 0.012 and 0.023% inclusion. Processing inputs were held constant during extrusion to allow for evaluation of output parameters and physical characteristics of kibble. Yeast β-glucan concentration was analyzed in extruded diets using the glucan enzymatic method, resulting in >100% recovery. Twenty-four Labrador Retrievers were assigned to one of three dietary groups of 8 dogs each with an equal distribution of sex and age. Dogs were fed dietary treatments for 24-d adaption followed by 4-d total fecal collection. Feces were scored on a 1-5 scale, with 1 representing liquid diarrhea and 5 hard pellet-like with a fecal score of 3.5-4 considered ideal. Fresh fecal samples were collected for analysis of short chain fatty acid concentrations. Apparent total tract digestibility was calculated by total fecal collection (TFC) and titanium (TI) marker methods. Data were analyzed using a mixed model procedure in software (version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Dry bulk density, kibble diameter, and kibble length did not differ among dietary treatments. Intake was similar among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Dogs required about 26% more food than estimated [130*BWkg 0.75] to maintain body weight among all treatments. Fecal score was not different (P > 0.05) among dietary treatments but was lower than ideal at an average of 2.6. Nutrient digestibility was not affected (P > 0.05) by inclusion of the yeast β-glucan. By method, the TFC procedure resulted in higher (P< 0.05) digestibility values when compared to the TI procedure. In addition, yeast β-glucan did not alter short or branched chain fatty acid proportions. Overall, processing parameters, physical characteristics of kibble, stool quality, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health in dogs were not affected by the yeast β-glucan blend.
... In addition, the 27 patients who survived had no adverse effects after 5 years of treatment. Meng [67] evaluated the ability of βglucan (orally 1 time/day for 12 weeks) to prevent the number of infections in children during the cold season, and even at higher concentrations, no relevant adverse effects were recorded. In the work of Urbancikova et al. [68], the effect of Journal of Immunology Research β-glucan in the treatment of herpes was observed, and even with the glucan extract being used for 120 consecutive days, no adverse effects were observed. ...
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Sepsis treatment is a challenging condition due to its complexity, which involves host inflammatory responses to a severe and potentially fatal infection, associated with organ dysfunction. The aim of this study was to analyze the scientific literature on the immunomodulatory effects of glucans in a murine model of systemic infection induced by cecal ligation and puncture. This study comprises an integrative literature review based on systematic steps, with searches carried out in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases. In most studies, the main type of glucan investigated was β-glucan, at 50 mg/kg, and a reduction of inflammatory responses was identified, minimizing the occurrence of tissue damage leading to increased animal survival. Based on the data obtained and discussed in this review, glucans represent a promising biotechnological alternative to modulate the immune response and could potentially be used in the clinical management of septic individuals.
... Based on title and abstract, 58 articles were discarded and 24 studies were left for full-text screening. Finally, 13 studies were included in qualitative synthesis [41][42][43][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. One study [49] did not provide any quantitative data, thus 12 studies were included in meta-analysis. ...
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Purpose Yeast β-glucans are known for their immune-modulating effects; however, their effects on human upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to use a systematic review and meta-analysis approach to investigate the effects of yeast β-glucans for the prevention and treatment of URTIs in healthy subjects. Methods Databases including Pubmed, Web of Science, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched and 13 RCTs investigating the effects of yeast β-glucans on the incidence, duration, and severity of URTIs in healthy subjects were included. Results The results showed that compared to the placebo group, yeast β-glucan could significantly reduce the incidence of URTIs (OR = 0.345, 95% CI = 0.192 to 0.620, p < 0.001), decrease the average number of URTI episodes (SMD = − 0.315, 95% CI = − 0.500 to − 0.130, p < 0.05), and decrease the duration of URTIs (SMD = − 0.312, 95% CI = − 0.561 to − 0.064, p < 0.001). Improved severity of symptoms was found in yeast β-glucan group compared to the placebo group in the majority of included studies. In addition, yeast β-glucan was well tolerated and safe in general. Conclusion These findings suggest a positive effect of yeast β-glucans on human URTIs. However, due to the high heterogeneity and small number of included studies, more high-quality research and clinical trials are warranted.
... Trials in children with a history of recurrent RTIs showed that fewer volunteers encountered episodes of common childhood infectious illnesses related to the respiratory system in the intervention group compared to the placebo. 28,29 Furthermore, children affected by RTIs while receiving beta-glucan had a significantly lower frequency and duration of such incidents. Jesenak et al. (2013) 28 detected statistically significant modulation of specific humoral and cellular immunity parameters in this group and in NK cells. ...
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