The thornback ray Raja clavata is common to the varying environments in European waters. Although its dispersal is limited, it occupies a range of habitats along a considerable latitudinal gradient, factors which may contribute to genetic differentiation and local adaptation. Studies employing solely neutral molecular markers, whilst usefully determining population history and connectivity, may
... [Show full abstract] overlook important functional traits under strong environmental selectionsuch as body shape, colouration and armour. We have contrasted the variation in these distinct morphological characteristics with neutral genetic divergence in a number of populations to assess the extent of evolutionary adaptation at both local and broader geographic scales.