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B I O D I V E R S IT A S
ISSN: 1412-033X
Volume 17, Number 2, October 2016 E-ISSN: 2085-4722
Pages: 628-634 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d170235
Short Communication:
Fish diversity of the Batang Toru River System, South Tapanuli, North
Sumatra
DEWI IMELDA ROESMA1,♥, ADA CHORNELIA1, AHMAD MURSYID1, MISTAR KAMSI2, ♥♥
1Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas. Kampus Unand Limau Manih, Padang 26253, West Sumatra,
Indonesia. Tel.: 075177427, Fax.; 075171343, ♥email: dewi_roesma@yahoo.com
2YEL (Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari). JL. Wahid Hasyim, No. 51/74, North Sumatera, Indonesia, ♥♥email: mistar.234@gmail.com
Manuscript received: 9 April 2016. Revision accepted: 4 August 2016.
Abstract. Roesma DI, Chornelia A, Mursyd A, Kamsi M. 2016. Short Communication: Fish diversity of the Batang Toru River System,
South Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Biodiversitas 17: 628-634. A rapid survey on fish diversity was carried in the Batang Toru river system.
The survey was carried out in the wet season between 8-14 February 2015 and 15-21 of March 2015 along various tributaries on the east
(10) and west (1) side of the main Batang Toru river system. We obtained 427 individuals fish samples consisting of 24 species, from 10
families. These consist of Cyprinidae (11 species), Balitoridae (2), Channidae (2), Gobiidae (2), Nemacheilidae (2), Aplocheilidae (1),
Bagridae (1), Cichlidae (1), Mastacembelidae (1), and Sisoridae (1). Four Sumatra fish species were encountered during the surveys,
namely Neolissochilus sumatranus,Nemacheilus pfeifferae,Homaloptera gymnogaster and H. heterolepis.N. sumatranus and Puntius
binotatus were the most frequently found in all of sampling sites.
Keywords: Diversity, endemism, Neolissochilus sumatranus
INTRODUCTION
Freshwater ecosystem may be the most endangered
ecosystems in the world. Fish diversity represents as much
as one third of all vertebrate species, and declines in
freshwater fish is occurring at a greater rate than species
loss in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems (Sala et al.
2000; Dudgeon et al. 2006). Our knowledge of freshwater
diversity is woefully incomplete; especially in tropical
latitudes that supports the greatest proportion of species
diversity (Stiassny 2002). In the Indo-Pacific region,
Indonesia has the highest freshwater fish species richness
(Allen 1991; Kottelat and Whitten 1993) and is a mega-
biodiversity country along with Brazil. Indonesian is home
to approximately 1000 species of freshwater fishes (Suwelo
2004) relative to. 50,000 fish species worldwide (Vida and
Kotai 2006). Of these about 22,000-25,000 species have
been named with valid description (Allen 2000; Gilbert and
Williams 2002) and new species are being discovered or
recognized at a rate of approximately 200 species per year
of which 40% are freshwater fishes (Nelson 1994).
According to Zakaria-Ismail (1994), the distribution
pattern of Southeast Asian freshwater fishes can be divided
into five zoogeographic regions. The island of Sumatra,
Borneo and Java are the fourth zoogeographic area on the
fish distribution and characterized by a high degree of
endemism. Sumatra has a number of major rivers, with the
Batang Toru River being one of them. It is located in
Batang Toru forest. According to Khakim (2011), Batang
Toru forest covers some 136.000 ha of primary forest. The
forest is located in North Sumatra. It is situated in three
sub-districts, North Tapanuli, Central Tapanuli and South
Tapanuli. The greater part of the Batang Toru forest is at
present allocated as production forest and land to be
converted to other uses (81%) and only a small part (19%)
is allocated as protected forest.
Batang Toru River systems and its tributaries are
critical habitat for abundant freshwater fish resources
ranging from socially and economically important species
such as Gariang (Mahseer fish), Puntius (barb) and Rasbora
(minnow). There is lack of knowledge regarding to species
diversity in the Batang Toru while there was an
anthropogenic activities, over fishing till human building
such as dam are known as critical factor for fish diversity
in entire river’s length and its tributaries. It is therefore
critical to assess species diversity along the stretch of the
Batang Toru River in terms of endangered, rare, and
endemic species and related threats from anthropogenic
activities in order to guide planning of conservation
interventions.
Studies of fish diversity are needed to establish an
inventory of the fish fauna present in the Batang Toru river
systems area. This study aims to develop baseline data that
will be valuable to assess the future environmental impacts
of development and conservation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
We sampled fish in eleven locations in Batang Toru
River systems comprises of Aek Malakut, Aek Toras, Aek
Sikkut, Aek Batang Toru, Aek Marancar, Aek Sitandiang,
ROESMA et al. –Fish diversity of Batanng Toru, North Sumatra
629
Aek Simajambu, Aek Sihoru-horu, Aek Batang Paya, Aek
Na Pot Pot, and Aek Sirabun (Figure 1). Sampling was
done in the sub-districts of Batang Toru, Marancar, Sipirok
in South Tapanuli District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. We
sampled the sites in daylight hours between 8-14 February
2015 and between 15-21 March 2015. The eleven sampling
locations comprised each of two sites (upstream and
downstream reference). Downstream locations refer to
locations towards the main Batang Toru River.
Sampling methods
Sampling was done by following standard procedures
according to Cailliet et al. (1986), using cast fishing nets
(1st sampling session, 8-14 February 2015) and backpack
electrofishing gear (12 Volt) during the 2nd sampling
session (15-21 March 2015). Sampling at each location was
done for approximately one hour. For each fish sample
obtained, we described key characteristics such as body
color, color of fins which may get lost or change after death,
made measurements of the shape of the body,
photographed each sample, and preserved samples with
formalin 10%, after which they were taken to the
laboratory at Universitas Andalas in Padang, West Sumatra.
Not all individual fish caught were taken as a sample. For
those species whose sample number was considered
sufficient, specimens were released back into the river. All
specimens were later preserved in 70% ethanol.
Identifications were based on the main keys for freshwater
fishes in the region (Weber and Beaufort 1916; Kottelat et
al. 1993; Kottelat 2013).
Figure 1. Sampling location in Batang Toru River System, North Sumatra
B I O D I V E R S I T A S
17 (2): 628-634, October 2016
630
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A total of 427 individuals fish samples were collected,
consisting of 24 species placed in 10 families (Table 1).
Samples were collected at 12 locations on 11 rivers. The
species encountered were from the following families:
Cyprinidae (11 species), Balitoridae (2), Channidae (2),
Gobiidae (2), Nemacheilidae (2), Aplocheilidae (1),
Bagridae (1), Cichlidae (1), Mastacembelidae (1) and
Sisoridae (1). A juvenile of Tilapia niloticus, recorded in
Aek Simajambu which predicted as an alien species
because the downstream of the sampling sites has been
used as an area of “Lubuk Larangan” and according to
local people interview, the used they Lubuk Larangan as
cages of Tilapia species. Lubuk Larangan is a segment of
the river where the public is prohibited to catch fish in the
timeframe set together.
We recorded the largest family in Batang Toru is
Cyprinidae which consists of eleven species. Those species
are H. macrolepidota, M. marginatus, N. sumatranus, O.
hasseltii, O. waandersii, P. binotatus, R. elegans, T.
douronensis, T. soro, T. tambra and T. tambroides (Table
1). Cyprinidae is the largest Family of freshwater fish and
are spread all over the world except Australia, Madagascar,
New Zealand and South America (Kottelat et al. 1993;
Nelson 1994). Cyprinids are good source of proteins and as
ornamental fish therefore they are economically important
(Sharma et al. 2014). Hampala macrolepidota,Neolissochilus
sumatranus,Osteochilus hasseltii,O. waandersii,Tor
tambra,T. douronensis,T. soro, and T. tambroides, are
economically important fish, with Tor spp. are sold at high
local prices. Those fish species are also used in traditional
ceremonies in Batak tribe at North Sumatra. Tor spp. are
also potential species for freshwater sport fishing, like
Salmon, because they are strong swimmers. Unfortunately,
population of Tor in native habitats is becoming rare while
their domestication has not been successful, and its
systematic still problematic (Ng 2004).
Almost all of Sumatran Tor species has been recorded
in Batang Toru. Currently, overfishing and habitat
perturbation bringing them into declining population in the
wild. Taxonomic chaotic also leave a big question for
ichtyologist to make decision about their conservation
status. Tor spp are interesting both for consumption as well
as to be kept as ornamental fish, commonly are known as
Mahseer fish. This fish has low population density
primarily due to degradation of freshwater habitat, both in
quality and quantity. This fish species is very sensitive to
the water changes. In addition, uncontrolled harvesting and
distortion of the riverine ecosystem and its surrounding
habitats have further contributed to the general decline in
number of Tambra fish in the world.
Neolissochilus has three species, which two of them
noted as endemic Sumatra island, one in Toba Lake, North
Sumatra (Kottelat et al. 1993). Most of Tor and
Neolissochilus are threatened especially by forest clearing
and overfishing. N. sumatranus as an endemic island
species named by Weber and Beaufort (1916) as
Lissochilus sumatranus n. sp. Generally, local villager
named both of N. sumatranus and Tor as “Jurung” because
of their morphological similarity.
Puntius binotatus is commonly found in rivers which
are also potentially as ornamental fish. Based on molecular
(Roesma 2011) and morphological studies (Vitri et al. 2012)
the P. binotatus from several locations in West Sumatra
showed an overview of the complexity, genetic variation
and differences in morphological characters between
sampling locations. We need to pay attention on this
species, The status of Puntius is obscure, the delimitation
and nomenclatural validity of the genus have remained
unsettled, largely owing to the scantiness in knowledge of
its inter and intrageneric relationships (Taki et al. 1978).
The synonymous name ofPuntius isBarbodes (Kottelat 2013).
Species with high presence were Glyptothorax
platypogonoides and Nemacheilus pfeifferae (54.55%).
These two species live in clear and fast-flowing water.
According to Kottelat et al. (1993) and Kottelat (2012) N.
pfeifferae distibuted in Sumatra. Previous study suggested
that N. pfeifferae in West Sumatra has low variation in
morphological characters. Species with low variation in
genetic and morphological characters are very vulnerable
to extinction. N. pfeifferae is considered as an ecological
indicator species.
Figure 3. shows the value of Shannon-Wiener (H’)
species diversity index of all locations sampled in the
Batang Toru Rivers Ecosystem. This index gives an
illustration on the species diversity, the productivity of
ecosystems, the pressures on ecosystems, and the stability
of ecosystem. Fish communities respond significantly and
predictably to almost all kinds of anthropogenic
disturbances, including eutrophication, acidifition,
chemical pollution, flow regulation, physical habitat
alteration and fragmentation, human exploitation and
introduced species (Li et al. 2010). A value of H’<1.0
means low diversity, low productivity as an indication of
severe ecological pressures, and unstable ecosystem. A
value of 1.0<H’<3.322 means moderate diversity,
sufficient productivity, with ecosystem conditions being
fairly balanced, and medium ecological pressure. Values of
H’>3.322 mean high species diversity, high productivity
and stable ecosystem. From the 11 samples sites none of
these indicated high diversity. From personal
communication with local people living near the sampling
areas, we know that years ago some people used a poison
to catch fish resulting in mass mortality of fishes in that
area. However, we still sampled rivers with moderate H’
index value. The highest one is Aek Simajambu (H’= 2.06).
We sampled at upper part of a “Lubuk Larangan” on this river.
The next river with a high diversity is Aek Batang Paya
(H '= 1.85). The location is very interesting because of all
kinds of “Jurung” fish which consisting of N. sumatranus,
T. douronensis,T. soro,T. tambra and T. tambroides can
be found in that river. We also recorded the the highest
frequency of presence species in this river is T. douronensis
(42%) from the total number of species collected, followed
by T. soro (15%), T. tambra (3:33%) and T. tambroides
(1.67%). Furthermore, we found that N. sumatranus had
absence percentage value 8.33% among other species in
this locality. This value also observed in Aek Malakut (H
'= 0.59) and Aek Na Pot Pot (H' = 1:16 ) for N.
ROESMA et al. –Fish diversity of Batanng Toru, North Sumatra
631
sumatranus, , therefore we recommend that three of those
river as preferred habitat of its species as known by the
high number of individuals N. sumatranus (30 individuals
for each river). In despite of this, we also supposed that
Batang Paya (H '= 1.85) and Aek Sirabun (H' = 1.39) are
the preferred habitat by T. douronensis, as known by the
high number of individuals T. douronensis ( 25 and 33
individuals for each river). However, we found that another
three species of Tor species had less appearance for the rest
localities.
There are several factors which contributed to affect the
diversity which interacting each other. They are over-
exploitation, water pollution, flow modification,
destruction or degradation habitat and invasion by exotic
species (Allan and Flecker 1993; Jackson et al. 2001;
Postel and Richter 2003; Revenga et al. 2005).
Environmental changes also contributed which occurring at
global scale, for example nitrogen deposition, warming and
shifts in precipitation and runoff patterns (Galloway et al.
2004; Dudgeon et al. 2006). The freshwater environment
conservation and management are critical to the interest of
all nations and governments (Hadwen et al. 2003; Dudgeon
et al. 2006). The problem for most part of the ichthyologist
is inventories of freshwater biodiversity are incomplete in
many part of the world. Conservation of biodiversity is
complicated posed by endemism, limited geographic
ranges and non-substitutability (Dudgeon et al. 2006).
Table 1. Fish species collected in Batang Toru River System, North Sumatra
Species
Common name
Conservation
status
(IUCN 2014)
Locality
Aplocheilidae
Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton, 1822)
Blue panchax
LC
TRS
Bagridae
Mystus planiceps ( Valenciennes, 1840)
-
NA
BTR, SMJ
Balitoridae
Homaloptera gymnogaster ( Bleeker, 1853)
Balitora sumatranska
NA
MLK, TRS, NPP
Homaloptera heterolepis (Weber & de Beaufort, 1916)
Ray finned fish
NA
NPP
Channidae
Channa lucius (Cuvier, 1831)
Forest snakehead
LC
SMJ
Channa melasoma (Bleeker, 1851)
Black snakehead
LC
TRS, NPP
Cichlidae
Tilapia niloticus Linnaeus, 1758
Nile tilapia
NA
SMJ
Cyprinidae
Hampala macrolepidota (Kuhlt & van Hasselt, 1823)
Hampala barb
NA
BTR, SMJ
Mystacoleucus marginatus (Valenciennes, 1832)
Wader
LC
BTR, BTP
Neolissochilus sumatranus (Weber & de Beaufort, 1916)*
Parmoun sumatransky
NA
MLK, SKT, MRC, STD,
SHR, BTP, NPP, SRB
Osteochilus hasseltii (Valenciennes, 1842)
Silver sharkminnow
LC
SKT, BTR, SMJ, BTP
Osteochilus waandersii (Bleeker, 1853)
Waandersii's hard-lipped
bard
LC
SKT, BTR, SMJ, BTP
Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes, 1842)
Common barb
LC
TRS, SKT, MRC, STD,
SMJ, BTP, NPP, SRB
Rasbora elegans (Volz, 1903)
Twospot rasbora
LC
SMJ
Tor douronensis (Valenciennes, 1842)*
Mahseer
DD
SKT,STD,SHR,SMJ,BTP,
NPP, SRB
Tor soro (Valenciennes, 1842)*
Mahseer
DD
MLK, SHR, SMJ, BTP,
NPP
Tor tambra (Valenciennes, 1842)*
Mahseer
DD
BTP, SRB
Tor tambroides (Bleeker, 1854)*
Mahseer
DD
BTP
Gobiidae
Glossogobius sp.1
Gobies
-
BTR
Glossogobius sp.2
Gobies
-
BTR
Mastacembelidae
Macrognathus maculata (Cuvier, 1832)
Spiny eel
LC
SMJ
Nemacheilidae
Nemacheilus chrysolaimos (Valenciennes, 1846)
-
NA
TRS
Nemacheilus pfeifferae (Bleeker, 1853)
-
NA
TRS, BTR, STD, SMJ,
BTP, SRB
Sisoridae
Glyptothorax platypogonoides (Bleeker, 1855)
-
NA
BTR, STD, SMJ, BTP,
NPP, SRB
Note: MLK= Aek Malakkut; TRS= Aek Toras; SKT= Aek Sikkut; BTR= Aek Batang Toru; MRC= Aek Marancar; STD= Aek
Sitandiang; SHR= Aek Sihoru-horu; SMJ= Aek Simajambu; BTP= Aek Batang Paya; NPP= Aek Na Pot-Pot; SRB= Aek Sirabun. LC=
Least Concern, DD= Data Deficient, NA= Not Assessed in IUCN Red List, Ni=Could not compare to IUCN; *upstream for spawning
migrators species
B I O D I V E R S I T A S
17 (2): 628-634, October 2016
632
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
Aplocheilus panchax
Channa lucius
Channa melasoma
Glossogobius sp1
Glossogobius sp2
Glyptothorax platypogon
Hampala macrolepidota
Homaloptera gymnogaster
Homaloptera heterolepis
Macrognathus maculata
Mystacoleucus marginatus
Mystus planiceps
Nemacheilus chrysolaemos
Nemacheilus pfeifferae
Neolissochilus sumatranus
Osteochilus hasseltii
Osteochilus waandersii
Puntius binotatus
Rasbora elegans
Tilapia niloticus
Tor douronensis
Tor soro
Tor tambra
Tor tambroides
Percentage
Species
Figure 2. Percentage of fish species detected in Batang Toru River System, North Sumatra
Figure 3. Shannon-Wiener species diversity in the Batang Toru River, North Sumatra
It is recommended to pay attention to the water
condition in those rivers because it is important for Jurung
fish habitat. As this fish species is a migratory species,
heading to the headwaters for spawning, they need clear
water and fast flowing rivers. We also found higher
densities of N. pfeifferae in Aek Simajambu and Aek
Sirabun than in other rivers. Both of them have a clear river
water, rocks, sand gravel substrate, 0.85 to 0.88 flow
velocity m/s and largely shielded by vegetation. We
consider this species as an ecological indicator species. An
ecological study need to be done to support our prediction.
We also looking at similarity of species richness among
the tributaries (Figure 4). Those tree were constructed
according to presence and absence species between the
river system. Among 11 tributaries, we recorded that Aek
Sitandiang and Aek Sirabun shared the same species
ROESMA et al. –Fish diversity of Batanng Toru, North Sumatra
633
Figure 4. Similarity index of presence and absence species among
tributaries
closely. Both of rivers showed the same species such as N.
sumatranus, P. binotatus, T. douronensis, N. pfeifferae, G.
platypogon with similarity index 0.828. There are three
groups according to the similarity of species present among
eleven rivers. Those are Aek Sikkut, Sitandiang, Sirabun,
Batang Paya, Na Pot Pot and Marancar as group 1, Aek
Sihoru horu and Malakut as group 2, and Batang Toru,
Simajambu and Toras as another group. The rivers in group
1 commolny has the same species recorded such as N.
sumatranus, P. binotatus, T. douronensis, N. pfeifferae, and
G. platypogon. Whereas the second group only have two
similar species detected (N. sumatranus and T. soro).
Batang Toru and Aek Simajambu have 6 similar species
recorded (M. planiceps, H. macrolepidota, O. hasseltii, O.
waandersii, N. pfeifferae, G. platypogon) but in
comparison to group 1, they only have two common
species. The similarity value between group and river
provided in Figure 4.
Batang Toru River system has a complex water flows
systems with variety environmental variables along the
tributaries. There was lack evidence of relationship
between different environmental affect the species richness
in this study. Further research and survey are needed in
order to know the factor which might be causing the
differences of species assemblages in each locality.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like thanks to the Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari
(YEL) and Environmental Resources Management (ERM)
for their financial support to the activities described in this
study. We also would like to acknowledge to Biology
Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Universitas Andalas, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia for
the permit and support during field and laboratory work.
Finally, we thanks to all parties that contribute for this
inventory study.
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