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Use value of cultural events: The case of the Christmas markets:
Abstract
The Christmas market in Meran (Italy) is one of the top 27 European Christmas markets, attracting around 2000 visitors a day for 50 days. The Christmas market is a cultural and retail event that creates a recreational value for visitors. This paper, using the travel cost method, estimates the recreational use value of the Meran Christmas market for one-day and multiple-day visitors. The aim is to estimate the economic or social value (consumer surplus) of the Christmas market to understand in what way the event creates a benefit for society as a whole. The empirical data were collected via a survey administered at the end of a visit at the Christmas market during the 2011–2012 season. The empirical findings highlight that the use value differs—other than according to travel costs—according to the type of visit experience and to the perceived authenticity.
... Some TCM studies include it in their model by applying a fraction of the average wage to round trip travel time, some individual TCM studies include it as a variable in the regression analysis, and some studies choose to not include it. This study joins the studies that do not include the opportunity cost of time (Affandi et al., 2020;Brida et al., 2017;Heldt & Mortazavi, 2016;Prayaga et al., 2006) with the rationale that the event considered takes place during visitors' leisure time, which could not be used for work, and thus the value placed by visitors might be positive, negative or neutral according to their personal point of view. ...
... Local cultural events are evaluated by: Bedate et al. (2004) with the zonal TCM to assess an organ festival in Spain; Prayaga et al. (2006) with the zonal TCM to assess a gem-themed community festival in Australia; Heldt and Mortazavi (2016) with the zonal TCM and choice modelling to estimate the recreational use value of a regional music event in Sweden; Hall and Shuck (2021) with a simplified method to evaluate a historical reenactment event in Yorktown, U.S.A. Outdoor sporting events are evaluated by: Yeh et al. (2016Yeh et al. ( & 2018 in two studies of the same outdoor swimming event in Taiwan with an individual TCM and contingent valuation analysis; Du Preez and Lee (2016) with the individual TCM to estimate the recreational value of a mountain biking event held in the Baviaanskloof nature reserve in South Africa; by Schilling et al. (2022) with the individual TCM to estimate the recreational benefits produced by two spear-fishing competitions in Australia. A retail event is evaluated with the individual TCM by Brida et al. (2017) to estimate the recreational use value of a Christmas market in Meran, Italy. A nature event is evaluated by Callaghan et al. (2018), with the zonal TCM to estimate the recreational benefits created by vagrant birdwatching in Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Outside this search, other studies have used the zonal TCM to estimate the value of seasonal natural phenomenon such as wildflower blooms (Turpie & Joubert, 2004;James et al., 2007), seasonal food festivals (Star et al., 2020), and volunteer stewardship events (Daniels et al., 2014). ...
... In terms of the Zagara's draw, this study's sample population has most in common with other investigations of local cultural events (Bedate et al., 2004;Prayaga et al., 2006), or retail events (Brida et al., 2017). Local residents of the municipality of Palermo are the primary beneficiaries of the recreational value generated. ...
Botanic gardens are defined by their mission to maintain living plant collections for scientific research, conservation, display and education. This mission represents the potential ecosystem services that botanic gardens aim to produce, with display and education specifically regarding recreational ecosystem services (RES). Visitors must directly experience botanic gardens to transform these potential RES into real benefits, yet the public may not be interested in studying plants during their leisure time. Thus, botanic gardens turn to events to attract visitors. The objective of this study is to estimate the RES benefits created by a botanic garden event and profile the visitors that it brings into the garden. To do so, a questionnaire was distributed at the Zagara plant festival, held in Spring 2021 at the Palermo University Botanic Garden in Sicily (Italy). Respondents are local, young to middle-aged, mostly female, well-educated, upper to middle class and not accompanying children. Most came to the Zagara to observe, admire or purchase plants. Through the zonal Travel Cost Method (TCM), visitors' marginal consumer surplus is estimated to be 6.16 € and the event's total recreational value is estimated to be 26,464.21 €. The study took place during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic and responses also indicate that the Zagara filled consequential visitor needs for outdoor social occasions. This study contributes to the literature on RES benefit valuation by applying the well-accepted TCM to the unexplored subject of special events in botanic gardens with the aim of supporting management decisions.
Management implications
•Botanic gardens are defined by their living plant collections, yet they are also important for human wellbeing;
•Events bring many visitors into botanic gardens, and are responsible for creating social benefits in the form of recreational ecosystem services;
•Garden managers often lack the resources to carry out complicated valuation procedures, but online survey and mapping platforms have made the zonal travel cost method a direct way to estimate the recreational benefits produced by an event, and understand who benefits;
•Such valuations are necessary for gardens to plan events to increase social welfare, optimize ecosystem services and improve inclusiveness.
... Regarding the RP method, numerous empirical applications of the travel cost method are found in the tourism, cultural events and heritage literature (Brida et al., 2017). This research strand started some years later than the SP analysis. ...
... More recently, Torres-Ortega et al. (2018) apply a travel cost on the National Museum and Research Center of Altamira (Spain) assuming that the visit was the main purpose of the trip. RP has been applied to other cultural goods and cultural events: theatre (Willis et al., 2012), concert hall (Armbrecht, 2014), touring art exhibition (Vicente andDe Frutos, 2011), ancient Greek temple (Tourkolias et al., 2015) and famous Christmas market in northern Italy (Brida et al., 2017). As pointed out in this literature, the application of this method in cultural economics is useful for many reasons. ...
... It can inform public policy design and encourage private and public commitment to cultural heritage management. Moreover, this research strand has demonstrated the validity of the travel cost method in the field of cultural events and heritage sites (Brida et al., 2017). ...
The features of some cultural goods allow them to be exhibited in a unified form in one location or separated for display in two or more locations. The aim of the present article is to understand whether the decision to expose a cultural good in two different cities instead of the same location could generate benefits for both. To do so, the case of the Giants of Mont’e Prama is analysed. This recognised heritage complex of archaeological stone statues was found in Sardinia (Italy) in 1974 and first displayed in 2014. Since 2014, interest in these statues has increased among both residents and tourists. Moreover, the location of the exhibition was the subject of a strong discussion among historians and politicians. Historians preferred to display all the statues together in Cabras, where they were found. However, politicians and other authorities decided to divide the statues between Cabras and Cagliari, the regional capital, thus separating the collection into two exhibitions. This analysis is carried out to capture potential spill-over effects in visitors’ behaviour and identify which exposition causes visits to the other. The results indicated that the exposition system is a win–win solution, and the negative effect of overtourism is not observed.
... The translation of the value of a particular non-market good or service into finantial value is not easy to consider, in the case of cultural events, due to the great diversity of characteristics and impossibility of repetition, in exactly the same way. Even the definition of social value is not consensual (Smith et al., 2015;Brida et al., 2017) and therefore it is also difficult to measure . That's why some recent studies choose to highlight the concept of consumer surplus either with or without entrance fee events (Herrero et al., 2011;Andersson et al., 2012;Dekker, 2014;Brida et al., 2017), mainly in cost-benefit analysis. ...
... Even the definition of social value is not consensual (Smith et al., 2015;Brida et al., 2017) and therefore it is also difficult to measure . That's why some recent studies choose to highlight the concept of consumer surplus either with or without entrance fee events (Herrero et al., 2011;Andersson et al., 2012;Dekker, 2014;Brida et al., 2017), mainly in cost-benefit analysis. By doing so, they intend to capture the WTP which is equal to the consumer surplus in free events, while in events with entrance fee, the surplus is calculated by the difference between the WTP and its actual price. ...
... For Andersson et al. (2012) the use value represents more than 70% of the total value attributed to the WOW music festival, due to the intense experience users have the chance to live over several days. In these terms, Brida et al. (2017) enhance the value of experience as recreational value, which is all the greater the more intense and authentic the event (Meran Christmas market) is and the shorter its duration. The use of cultural services and consequently a positive view of culture importance is, according to Tohmo (2017), a basic factor to assess the value of a cultural experience, when considering WTP to attend a local concert hall (Sibelius Hall in Lahti). ...
Purpose
Serralves em Festa! is a festival of contemporary artistic expression held annually in the city of Porto attracting a large number of national and international tourists. As there is no entrance fee, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of the perceived value through the attendee’s willingness to pay for the event. The authors also describe the respondents (the “cheap talkers”) who indicated that they are willing to pay for a festival but when compared to other groups their opinion is different.
Design/methodology/approach
Considering the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of visitors, their segmentation and satisfaction level, a regression model was created, based on combination of a double hurdle approach with a contingent valuation (CV) analysis.
Findings
The results show that gender and age above 53 years old are more likely to decide to pay for the event, while place of residence, satisfaction, repeated visits and intention to revisit influence the amount of the event’s payment. The cheap talkers are the respondents residing in Portugal.
Practical implications
Possible options for the implementation of an entrance fee or a system of donations are discussed taking into consideration the segmentation of demand. The authors concluded that an organized system of donations, combined with institutional sponsors, limited advertising (also with negative impacts on the perceived authenticity) and merchandising related to the event could contribute for an increment of the revenues related to the festival. Other implications related to the cultural and economic impacts on the city are also addressed.
Originality/value
It was combined a double hurdle approach with a CV method based on a segmentation of the public, which influences the propensity to pay for the event. This paper makes a contribution to the literature by seeking to deal with the cheap talk problem in CV methods by observing the comparison of the amount of the event’s payment between groups.
... The Christmas celebration provided the opportunity, and the market represents the space in which, for a few days or weeks, all the components lead us to think about the celebration of the event (Brida et al., 2017). ...
The study «A brief history of European Christmas Markets. Case Study: The City of Craiova (2020-2024)» aims to present a brief history of Christmas markets in Europe and to identify how these seasonal events have become, in recent years, a real entertainment industrie, with application on the Craiova Christmas Market. The Christmas markets began to appear in the early Middle Ages for economic reasons: in winter, the food merchants recorded modest sales and began to sell their products near churches, where residents met for Christmas services. The meat sellers were joined by the pastry shops, the confectioners, the toy manufacturers, the ornaments producers, etc. The authorities encouraged and regulated these markets, established the venues, the period, the objects that can be sold. The locals were joined by visitors from other localities, which contributed to the increase in income from these events. At the end of the 19th century, in the Germanic space, the cradle of Christmas markets and the promoter of the decorated tree, the Christmas markets were increasingly numerous and the period of their holding was extended. In the following century, also in Germany, the use of luminous decorations, the specific music, the aromas of mulled wine and gingerbread was imposed, which contributed to the creation of the "Christmas atmosphere", much exploited commercially today. The Craiova Christmas Market began to become a symbol of the city every winter season. The organizers aim every year to exceed their limits in terms of elements of novelty and uniqueness, to bring to the attention of the public varied themes that would attract tourists of all ages, from all social categories and even from abroad. The visibility of the event has increased year by year thanks to intense promotion on radio and television, the written press, but also on Facebook, Instagram or TikTok platforms.
... Outdoor Christmas markets can be traced back to the Middle Ages in German-speaking regions (Brida et al., 2017;Castéran and Roederer, 2013) and historically serve as communal spaces where people gather to experience the festive atmosphere, connect with the community, and purchase seasonal items such as toys, meats, and baked goods (Koudelková, 2017;Lončarić et al., 2020). Markets have long been integral to society, offering social benefits and opportunities for individuals from outside urban centers to purchase seasonal items (Egresi et al., 2021;Marcher et al., 2019). ...
Christmas markets evoke joyful, emotional, and nostalgic impressions to just about everyone. But what about the people behind the booths? Through semi-structured interviews with six sellers and a market organizer in Finland, we apply an interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach to illustrate that positive and detrimental effects on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being co-exist, addressing both physical and emotional stressors of entrepreneurs when selling at Christmas markets. Also, the results showcase well-being trade-offs that bring the sense of fulfillment when doing entrepreneurial activities. This study contributes to entrepreneurship well-being research and research concerning societal implications to the market seller community.
... The shopping motive is definitely less clear in the respondents' declarations. In the questions comprising this construct, the respondents' declarations range between neutral (4) and somewhat agree (5). In turn, the motive of searching for inspiration had the lowest average indicator among studied constructs. ...
This study offers a novel and significant contribution to the understanding of cultural tourism by exploring visitor motivations at one of Poland's largest Christmas markets, situated in Gdańsk. While Christmas markets are deeply rooted in European tradition, research on their appeal in the context of contemporary consumer behaviour, especially in the face of globalisation and secularisation, remains limited. By examining a diverse range of motives - spanning from social gatherings and shopping to tradition and inspiration - this research provides a fresh perspective on how Christmas markets can cater to both traditional and evolving interests. The study’s insights highlight how event-driven tourism can effectively support regional visitation beyond peak tourist seasons, offering a model that could be applied to other locations seeking to expand their tourism appeal throughout the year. Furthermore, the findings emphasise the strategic importance of culturally significant events in strengthening the tourism economy and community engagement within the Baltic region and beyond.
... Understanding the economic impact of popular culture on tourism-related firms is crucial for investors for several reasons. First, given that cultural events can lead to substantial shifts in consumer behavior (Brida et al., 2017), driving increased demand for tourism services, investors need to anticipate these shifts to capitalize on emerging market opportunities. Second, as discussed later, the widespread diffusion of cultural events can enhance brand equity for firms within the tourism industry, resulting in longterm benefits such as increased customer loyalty or the ability to charge premium prices (Reynolds et al., 2022). ...
Popular culture provides numerous benefits to destinations, enhancing their image, reputation, and sales. While previous research on its impact on tourism has predominantly focused on individuals’ perception and behavior toward a destination, little attention has focused on its potential spillover effect on the tourism and hospitality firms. This spillover can create destination brand-related intangible assets that positively influence firm value. Based on the customer-based brand equity theoretical framework, this study reveals that popular culture significantly affects the firm value of the tourism and hospitality industries, with notable effects observed two days after the event. Individual companies operating under the umbrella brand of a destination gain advantages from the improved brand knowledge associated with that overarching brand. The findings also highlight that the unique characteristics and nuances of popular cultural content, such as its genre, popularity scope, and celebrity effect, play a crucial role in shaping the magnitude of its impact.
... Recent trends show an increasing diversity during the winter season (Bausch & Unseld, 2018) which might address the positive economic effects of tourism market and tourism activity diversification as shown by Solarin et al. (2023). This includes interest in skiing, ski touring (Schlemmer & Schnitzer, 2021), health and wellness treatments, events and concerts (Obradovi c & Tešin, 2023), city trips, or Christmas market tours (Brida et al., 2017). Therefore, the type and economic role of winter tourism can show considerable regional differences. ...
The strategy and marketing of ski resorts in the European Alps are still characterized by growth orientation and the extension of technical snow production to ensure high snow reliability. In contrast, this study hypothesizes that besides a high‐performing ski resort, winter ski vacationists have further expectations for activities during their stay varying by their skiing skill level and personal preferences. The present study surveys 1413 Alpine ski tourists to identify their daily routines, activities, and used ski resort services. The findings uncover significant differences in the activity profiles with six clearly distinguishable guest segments. The results highlight the need for custom‐tailored product development considering the complete set of winter experiences as well as pricing strategies that specifically target the identified segments. Furthermore, the findings underline that ski resort and destination managers need to include daily changes in snow and weather conditions in their strategies considering climate and demographic change.
... Zawadzki (2020) others estimated economic impact based on participants' declared expenditures (Burillo et al., 2018). Similarly, cultural event economic impact has been measured in several studies, employing a variety of methods (Anderson, 2017;Baldi et al., 2022;Bracalente et al., 2011;Brida et al., 2017;Della Lucia, 2013;Edwards et al., 2014;Ferrucci et al., 2022;Sánchez et al., 2017). For example, Della Lucia (2013) proposed a methodology that combines electronic tools for gathering an events' demand data with Input-Output models. ...
Journal of Event Management Highlights A bibliometric analysis of the event industry research is performed We identified four major analysis clusters We highlighted the main topics and trends, and directions for future investigations Content analysis was performed to reveal the most significant insights about prior research in the event industry space. Abstract In an effort to reveal insights related to the interdisciplinary nature of event-related research, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to assimilate current knowledge from articles published in the Scopus database between 2000 and 2022. We examined publication trends, co-authorship networks, and citation chains, as well as acknowledged contributions from select authors, institutions, and countries to map research trends and trajectories. After article vetting (N=1582 articles), a co-citation analysis of the prior literature identified four major clusters: (1) determinants of consumer decision-making in event tourism, (2) mega sport event legacies, (3) event and tourism experiences, and (4) event content, size, and scope. Finally, a content analysis was performed to reveal the most significant insights about prior research in the event and tourism space.
... As predicted, there is a significant negative correlation between the number of recreation trips and the respondent's distance from the site [90,91]. This finding supports the notion that distance and visit frequency have a negative relationship in studies that use TCM [37,[90][91][92][93]. ...
Lake Tana is a well-known tourist spot in northern Ethiopia that lures both domestic and foreign tourists. The lake’s value is still underrated, despite the site’s immense potential for recreation and tourism. In this study, the recreational value of Lake Tana is estimated, and the consumer characteristics associated with recreational demand are analyzed. The study employs a Zero-Truncated Poisson (ZTP) regression model for data generated by the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM) and draws information from 1094 on-site surveys. According to ZTP regression results, variables that are significantly and positively associated with demand for Lake Tana recreation include the monthly income and age of the visitors and their preference for other recreation destinations such as Tis-Abay and Gondar Fasiledes Royal Castle. However, respondents’ leisure time, overall cost, and residential distance from the recreational site are all negatively associated with the demand for recreation. It is also evident that Lake Tana is endowed with a wealth of attributes, ranging from natural beauty to ancient religious and cultural heritages, making the lake a highly desirable recreation destination. According to the estimation, Lake Tana has a yearly recreational value of around USD 68.5 million. However, it also demonstrates that if lake settings were to improve in quality, the value of Lake Tana would rise considerably, reaching USD 151 million. The value of sentimental attachment implies that determining Lake Tana’s recreational value is a key element in the resource’s sustainable utilization and management. To make greater use of Lake Tana’s recreational amenities, however, uncontrolled waste disposal, favorable recreation facilities, and the spread of water hyacinth should be addressed immediately. Furthermore, it is imperative to maintain the lake’s diverse attributes, as the integration of these attributes is what gives the lake its primary appeal.
... Respondents' residential distance from the site was, as expected, significantly and negatively associated with the count of recreation trips (Becker et al., 2005). The result is in line with the theoretical foundation of a negative relationship between distance and visit frequency in studies applying TCM (Gunatilake, 2003;Becker et al., 2005;Rolfe and Gregg, 2012;Brida et al., 2017). ...
Tis-Abay Waterfall is a famous tourist destination in northern Ethiopia, attracting both domestic and international visitors. Although the site's recreation and tourism potential are enormous, the value of the waterfall remains underestimated; an application of economic valuation methods can provide information to better utilize the resource. This study estimates the recreational value of Tis-Abay Waterfall and analyzes the consumer characteristics associated with recreational demand. Drawing on data from 1044 on-site surveys, the study uses the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM) with a Zero-Truncated Poisson (ZTP) regression model. Results of the ZTP regression suggest that visitors' age, monthly income, and interest in alternative recreation sites like Lake Tana and Gondar Faciledes Royal Castle are variables significantly and positively related with recreational demand for the Tis-Abay Waterfall. However, visitors' recreational demand is negatively associated with respondents' distance from the site, leisure time, and total cost of site access. The appraisal suggests that the Tis-Abay Waterfall has a significant annual recreational value of 17.3 million, with hypothetical quality improvements in the waterfall settings. The value attachment suggests that estimating the recreation value for Tis-Abay Waterfall is a central component in the sustainable use and management of the resource. However, the presence of unfavorable trade-offs with the electric power plant and the inadequate infrastructure and services for reaching the site are major concerns that require immediate attention to make better use of Tis-Abay Waterfall's recreational services.
... The few studies that have been produced on this topic also highlight important aspects of these events on destinations. Brida et al. (2017) estimated the economic and social values of Christmas Market on the case of Merano, Italy. Casteran and Roederer (2013) investigated whether the authenticity of cultural events matters to visitors to Christmas Market in Strasbourg, France. ...
Research results provide an insight into the profile, motivation and activities of visitors of mid-size cities in Central Europe, using Advent in Zagreb, Croatia, as a case study. It is based on a questionnaire survey conducted on a sample of visitors of the event. The event that spread tremendously from 3 to 30 locations in the period 2010-2019, attracts mainly younger visitors with higher educational background, mostly from Croatia, Europe and East Asia, with a complex motivation. Two main groups of visitors are distinguished based on their travel distance, length of stay and motivation.
... Brands use social networks as privileged B2C communication platforms, valuing the rapid transmission of messages and the ease of interacting and receiving feedback from fans and consumers. Brida, Meleddu and Tokarchuk (2017) report that the main reasons for celebrating Christmas are spending time with family and friends, relaxing, and enjoying the Christmas atmosphere. They also understand that Christmas has the potential to positively influence culture, economic development, and encourage tourism in a low season. ...
The research analyzes the estimated consumption at Christmas time in Portugal. Christmas is a religious holiday and also one of the most consumerist and profitable occasions in Christian countries, which may be considered a contradiction. A quantitative methodology based on a questionnaire was used, where participants answered a set of sociodemographic questions and indicated with whom they would spend the next Christmas. They also indicated the estimated amount they will spend on gifts and consumer goods. The sample consists of 1077 Portuguese individuals over 18 years old. The results show that Portuguese individuals expect to spend more on gifts than on other consumer goods. In addition, the estimated consumption over the Christmas holidays increases with age, the number of people in the household, level of education, and monthly household income. Individuals who estimate spending more are men, religious people, individuals who have a direct family member under the age of 16, married people (or those with a long-term partner). The study helps to understand the motivations of consumption at Christmas time and its importance in economic development. Finally, the research intends to contribute to unravel the spirit of Christmas and expose the symbolism present in society's social and cultural expressions. Percepção do consumismo dos portugueses na época de Natal Resumo A presente investigação tem como objetivo analisar o consumo estimado pelos portugueses na época de Natal. O Natal transporta em si uma contradição, por ser considerado um feriado religioso mas também uma das ocasiões mais consumistas e lucrativas para o mundo cristão. Utilizou-se uma metodologia quantitativa baseada num questionário, onde os inquiridos, para além de responderem a um conjunto de questões de índole sociodemográfica, indicaram com quem passariam a festividade. Indicaram também o valor a gastar em presentes para oferecer e em bens de consumo na época de Natal. A amostra é constituída por 1.077 indivíduos portugueses, maiores de 18 anos. Os resultados demonstram que esses indivíduos estimam gastar mais em presentes para oferecer do que em bens de consumo. Verifica-se também que o consumo estimado para essa época do ano aumenta com a idade, com o número de elementos do agregado familiar, com o nível de escolaridade e com o rendimento mensal do agregado familiar. Os indivíduos que estimam gastar mais na época de Natal são: homens; os que têm religião; os que possuem familiar direto com menos de 16 anos; e os que são casados ou vivem em união de fato. O estudo ajuda a perceber as motivações do consumo na época natalina e a sua importância no desenvolvimento econômico. Espera-se que este estudo venha a contribuir para desvendar o espírito de Natal e expor o simbolismo presente nas variadas manifestações sociais e culturais da sociedade. Palavras-chave: Natal. Consumo. Materialismo. Afetividade familiar. Mercado de Natal. Percepción del consumismo portugués en la temporada navideña Resumen La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el consumo estimado por los portugueses en Navidad. La Navidad conlleva una contradicción, ya que es al mismo tiempo una fiesta religiosa y una de las ocasiones más consumistas y rentables para el mundo cristiano. Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa basada en un cuestionario, en el que los encuestados además de responder un conjunto de preguntas de carácter sociodemográfico e indicar con quién pasarían la próxima Navidad, también informaron la cantidad estimada que gastarían en regalos y en bienes de consumo en la época navideña. La muestra constó de 1 077 individuos portugueses mayores de 18 años. Los resultados demostraron que los portugueses estiman gastar más en regalos que en bienes de consumo. También se verificó que el consumo estimado para esa época aumenta con la edad, con el número de miembros de la familia, con el nivel de educación y con el ingreso mensual del hogar. Las personas que estiman gastar más en Navidad son: hombres; los que tienen religión; los que tienen un familiar directo menor de 16 años; y los casados o parejas de hecho. El estudio ayuda a comprender las motivaciones del consumo en Navidad y su importancia en el desarrollo económico. Se espera que este estudio contribuya a desvelar el espíritu navideño y exponer el simbolismo presente en las variadas manifestaciones sociales y culturales de la sociedad.
Palabras clave: Navidad. Consumo. Materialismo. Afectividad familiar. Mercado navideño.
... Brands use social networks as privileged B2C communication platforms, valuing the rapid transmission of messages and the ease of interacting and receiving feedback from fans and consumers. Brida, Meleddu and Tokarchuk (2017) report that the main reasons for celebrating Christmas are spending time with family and friends, relaxing, and enjoying the Christmas atmosphere. They also understand that Christmas has the potential to positively influence culture, economic development, and encourage tourism in a low season. ...
A presente investigação tem como objetivo analisar o consumo estimado pelos portugueses na época de Natal. O Natal transporta em si uma contradição, por ser considerado um feriado religioso mas também uma das ocasiões mais consumistas e lucrativas para o mundo cristão. Utilizou-se uma metodologia quantitativa baseada num questionário, onde os inquiridos, para além de responderem a um conjunto de questões de índole sociodemográfica, indicaram com quem passariam a festividade. Indicaram também o valor a gastar em presentes para oferecer e em bens de consumo na época de Natal. A amostra é constituída por 1.077 indivíduos portugueses, maiores de 18 anos. Os resultados demonstram que esses indivíduos estimam gastar mais em presentes para oferecer do que em bens de consumo. Verifica-se também que o consumo estimado para essa época do ano aumenta com a idade, com o número de elementos do agregado familiar, com o nível de escolaridade e com o rendimento mensal do agregado familiar. Os indivíduos que estimam gastar mais na época de Natal são: homens; os que têm religião; os que possuem familiar direto com menos de 16 anos; e os que são casados ou vivem em união de fato. O estudo ajuda a perceber as motivações do consumo na época natalina e a sua importância no desenvolvimento econômico. Espera-se que este estudo venha a contribuir para desvendar o espírito de Natal e expor o simbolismo presente nas variadas manifestações sociais e culturais da sociedade. Palavras-chave: Natal. Consumo. Materialismo. Afetividade familiar. Mercado de Natal. Artigo submetido em 29 de março de 2020 e aceito para publicação em 22 de setembro de 2020.
... Even though Malecón 2000 is an important case study of urban regeneration and tourism, no published study is available about the features of its demand, i.e., visitors. According to Brida, Meleddu, and Tokarchuk (2017), demand analysis is critical to identify potential government interventions that will help preserve and manage the features of environmental goods as urban parks. Given the population growth in Guayaquil in the last ten years, it is not unusual that the demand of Malecón 2000 reaches the highest point at certain times of day, leading to overcrowding of sectors. ...
Malecón 2000 is one of the most important urban parks in Ecuador. It is a recreational and ecological park that combines history, trade, culture, and entertainment. It is the most iconic and active hub for economic and touristic activities in the city of Guayaquil. Thus, it is essential to know the characteristics of visitors and the value they attribute to the site and its amenities to promote conservation and improvement policies. Even more, Malecón 2000 is a public good that does not have an explicit market and thus is not incorporated in consumers' decisions. This paper shows an application of the Individual Travel Cost Method to estimate the economic value of recreational use of Malecón 2000, which is estimated at US$ 15.72 per-person-per-visit. These results represent a useful contribution to the conservation and improvement of the site.
... The authors found an indirect use value (similar in nature to the recreational value here) for a Swedish music festival visitors of around $215 per person once converted into Australian dollars. The valuation of the Christmas Markets in Meran Italy also provide a useful comparison of AUD$188 per person (Brida et al., 2017). The Gemfest event in Central Queensland, Australia was valued to be $1.5million in 1998 (Prayaga et al., 2006). ...
Food tourism events have become a large focus for economic development in rural and regional areas. Tourism has been a key driver of food festivals, where they play a role in attracting visitors and generating expenditure in the local economy. While these types of events are generally badged as enhancing sustainability, the criteria and tests for these claims are rarely specified. In this paper we explore how the sustainability of food tourism festivals can be considered and evaluated in economic terms, using a case study of the Truffle Festival- Canberra Region in Australia. A zonal travel cost analysis was conducted to measure consumer surplus, providing potential inputs into individual economic welfare and public good evaluation tests. The results estimate that the event generated consumer surpluses of 8 million overall in 2016, highlighting the importance of artisan food experiences for tourism events. To further implement food experiences as an economic development strategy further consideration and linkages with agriculture, environment and community are required to ensure they are sustainable.
Purpose-This study investigates how the perceived value of payment methods affects the transaction experience at the Christmas market and how this experience influences consumer willingness to pay. Additionally, this study examines the mediating role of transaction experience. Design/methodology/approach-The sample was taken from tourists who visited the Innsbruck Christmas market in 2023. A total of 347 valid questionnaires were collected through a combination of paper questionnaires randomly distributed offline to Christmas market patrons (random sample) and questionnaires posted online (self-selected sample). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data in this study. Findings-The results demonstrate that consumers' transaction experience at the Christmas market is significantly influenced by their perceptions of cash inefficiency, health risks associated with cash, convenience of cashless payments and security and privacy of cashless payments. Furthermore, the transaction experience has a significant impact on consumer willingness to pay. Additionally, the perceived value of payment methods and willingness to pay are mediated by the transaction experience. Originality/value-This study examines the influence of the perceived value of payment methods on behavioral intentions in Christmas market research. It also demonstrates the mediating role of transactional experience on perceived value and willingness to pay, filling the gap in research on payment methods in Christmas markets. Additionally, the findings offer managerial contributions to destination organizations and retailers/vendors, suggesting that they should prioritize convenient payment methods to enhance revenues.
This study aims to investigate the main effect, and interaction effect of, camping regions and type of accommodation (i.e., general tent; glamping; camping car, caravan, trailer; car including general/modified vehicle) on campers' spending in terms of total, transportation, and accommodation costs. This study recruited a total of 3087 respondents based on the online panel who experienced camping between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021, in order to conduct two‐way ANOVA. Based on the analyses, the current study found a significant effect of the type of accommodation and camping regions on total, transportation, and accommodation costs. The significant interaction effect of camping regions and total, transportation, and accommodation costs suggests that a comprehensive understanding of campers' different needs for the type of accommodation in a diverse range of regions, specifically in Korea, is needed. As a result of the study, the practical implications for the operators of campsites were provided.
The purpose of this literature review is to present an
overview of research regarding the social value of
community events. The review has been conducted
using search terms relating to events, festivals,
communities, social impacts and social value.
Reference lists accompanying sources identified were
also scrutinised to locate any additional material
of relevance for the review. As a result, the review
presented here covers 100+ research texts.
Despite the economic and cultural significance of Christmas in many nations, there has been relatively little geographical research on how it shapes people’s socialities, spatialities, and subjectivities. In this paper, practice theory was used to reflect on the materials, meanings, and competencies associated with older people who host the celebration at home, and thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with 20 individuals aged 65+ explored participants’ experiences of doing so. Findings reveal that homes’ material forms affect older people’s ability to host, while the ‘stuff’ of Christmas such as decorations, special foods, or gifts shape those homes as festive and welcoming places. Food sourcing and preparation were critical competencies for female participants, and shifting capacities to be a host influenced participants’ sense of autonomy and identity. Regardless of the extent to which participants celebrated Christmas, the meanings of hosting centred on social connection, contribution, and shoring up family. Choosing not to host or being unable to contribute in expected ways at Christmas could signify failure, exclusion, or incapability as an older person, parent, or citizen. Examining these issues in the case study, based in Aotearoa/New Zealand, reveals the existence and effects of the social expectations, norms, and obligations that typify Christmas. More broadly, the study highlights the need for geographers to attend to the ways in which celebrations shape and are shaped by diverse practices, places, and peoples and are assembled, reproduced, and resisted.
Land use change is the main driver of nature and biodiversity loss worldwide, and tourism developments contribute to this loss. The combination of Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and Stated Preference (SP) methods can help inform tourism management by translating the environmental and economic impacts of developments into welfare impacts in monetary terms. We perform a CBA at both the local and regional levels for small (S), medium (M), and large (L) developments in a certified sustainable mountain destination in Norway. The L-development is the preferred tourism management locally as local economic benefits outweigh the local environmental costs. However, when we also include the economic and environmental impacts outside of the destination, we find the S-development to provide higher total welfare at the regional level. This shows that local governments’ dual role as regulators and promoters of tourism is problematic since sustainable management should also account for the nonmarket environmental welfare impacts outside of the destination.
In an effort to reveal insights related to the interdisciplinary nature of event-related research, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to assimilate current knowledge from articles published in the Scopus database between 2000 and 2022. We examined publication trends, co-authorship networks, and citation chains, as well as acknowledged contributions from select authors, institutions, and countries to map research trends and trajectories. After article vetting (N=1582 articles), a co-citation analysis of the prior literature identified four major clusters: (1) determinants of consumer decision-making in event tourism, (2) mega sport event legacies, (3) event and tourism experiences, and (4) event content, size, and scope. Finally, a content analysis was performed to reveal the most significant insights about prior research in the event and tourism space.
It is anticipated and analysed in various studies that tourists’ behaviour is likely to witness a transition in the post-COVID 19 period which would majorly include the significance of hygiene, sanitised services, and physical distancing in travel-related decisions. This demands for better visitor management to enhance visitors’ experience at a destination. This perspective study aims to highlight the application of various visitor management techniques at various destinations in the post-COVID 19 phase. After a review of available literature, the effectiveness and drawbacks of different techniques would be discussed from a theoretical context. The current study would help destinations transform in the recovery phase and embrace sustainable development of tourism at destinations. A strategic application of the various visitor management techniques namely, LAC, VERP, VIM, VAMP etc. would assist the destination managers in monitoring the tourists flow, in balancing tourism development, conservation and resolution of the existing conflicts (largely between the local population and tourism stakeholders), and implement policies to minimise the ill effects at different destinations.
This is a chapter from the book: “The History and Evolution of Tourism”. The aim of the book is to provide an overview of tourism evolution in the past, present and future. This book discusses significant travel, tourism and hospitality events while referring to tourism-related notions and theories that were developed throughout the history of tourism. Even so, its scope moves beyond a detailed historical account of facts and events that occurred in the past. In more detail, this book departs from a basic description of these events and theories. Instead, it attempts to bridge these with contemporary issues, challenges and concerns, so that readers may make mental associations of the tourism past with the present and future, consecutively feeding their scepticism, decisions and even the development of new theories. While studying the evolution of tourism, one must look at the past: that is, the history of tourism throughout the centuries. History helps us to understand the past, predict the future and help in creating it.
The aim of the present book is to provide an overview of tourism evolution in the past, present and future. This book discusses significant travel, tourism and hospitality events while referring to tourism-related notions and theories that were developed throughout the history of tourism. Even so, its scope moves beyond a detailed historical account of facts and events that occurred in the past. In more detail, this book departs from a basic description of these events and theories. Instead, it attempts to bridge these with contemporary issues, challenges and concerns, so that readers may make mental associations of the tourism past with the present and future, consecutively feeding their scepticism, decisions and even the development of new theories. While studying the evolution of tourism, one must look at the past: that is, the history of tourism throughout the centuries. History helps us to understand the past, predict the future and help in creating it.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the experience of visitors to UK markets by analysing their Tripadvisor reviews to identify perceived experiential dimensions with a view to informing actions by those responsible for market management to provide a better consumer experience.
Design/methodology/approach
This research analysed 41,071 Tripadvisor reviews of 61 UK markets. A latent Dirichlet allocation machine learning algorithm was conducted to identify the experience dimensions of visitors. A text analysis was performed to indicate salience and valence of commonly used words.
Findings
Five dimensions of experience are identified: atmosphere, merchandise, local variety, food and disappointment, together with the underlying factors that drive positive experience.
Practical implications
Place and market managers should assess and position their market informed by diverse experiential dimensions. They should also improve and enhance the experience of visitors according to the underlying factors of each dimension.
Originality/value
Retail markets have historically played an important role in the development of urban places. However, the ability to continue performing this role requires a greater understanding of how markets are perceived by those who use them. One way to achieve this is to use emergent technologies to inform decision-making by those responsible for their management. It demonstrates the potential of a new analytical technique using digital technologies to improve one of the oldest forms of retailing.
Purpose
Christmas markets have more recently become important tourist attractions in Europe. The purpose of this study is to understand how does this recurring event impact local businesses and residents. The research focuses on the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Design/methodology/approach
This study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. First, a survey was conducted with local residents to evaluate the impact of the Christmas market on the local community. Residents’ perception of social impacts was ascertained by using a five-point Likert scale. The data collected was then processed using the SPSS software. Second, to assess the impact of the Christmas market on the businesses located in the city’s historic central square, semi-structured interviews with managers and front-line employees were conducted. In total, 21 people were interviewed for this study. The interviews were then transcribed, and the content analysis was applied to the textual data.
Findings
The study found that both residents and local businesses have a positive attitude toward the Christmas market. The only negative impact, identified by a segment of the population and some companies, was crowding of public spaces (including parking problems and traffic jams).
Originality/value
This study is novel in that, with one exception, there are no studies on the community impacts of Christmas markets. Moreover, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on Christmas markets in Romania and one of the very few in Eastern Europe.
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss critically, based on a review of recent literature on the topic, the challenges faced by urban tourism destinations with regards to eTourism and new technologies.
z Bireylerin turizme katılımlarında evrensel değerlerin yanında, içinde yaşadıkları kültüre özgü değerler de etkili olmaktadır. Öte yandan, alanyazında turist davranışlarını açıklamada temel bir konu olan özgünlük (otantisite) konusunun kültürel bağlamına ilişkin görgül çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu eksikliği gidermek için, turistlerin özgünlük algısı üzerindeki bireyci değerlerin etkisi incelenmektedir. Bu amaçla, çalışmada bir kavramsal bir model kurulmuş, Kapadokya Bölgesi'ni ziyaret eden 674 yabancı turistten sağlanan veriler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada demografik ve tanımlayıcı verilerin analizinde SPSS 16.0, ölçüm modeli ve kavramsal modelin analizinde ise SmartPLS 3.1. kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, bireyci değerlere sahip olmanın objeye dayalı özgünlük ve varoluşsal özgünlük algıları üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Buna ek olarak, özgünlüğün turist tatmini üzerinde etkili olduğu, tatminin ise davranışsal niyetleri yordadığı belirlenmiştir. Abstract Besides the universal values, the cultural context that the tourists are embedded makes an impact on tourism involvement. In other respects, the empirical research on the cultural context of authenticity in the relevant literature. This paper attempts to fill this specific literature gap by examining the effects of individualist values on authenticity perceptions of tourists. To that end, a conceptual model was designed and analyzed via the data obtained from 674 international tourists who visited Cappadocia Region. When the demographic and descriptive analysis was done by SPSS 16.0, SmartPLS 3.1 was employed to analyze the conceptual model. We found that individualism affects object-based and existentialist authenticity perceptions of tourists. Additionally, the paper reports the effects of authenticity on tourist satisfaction and the satisfaction predicted the behavioral intentions of tourists.
Purpose -The main purpose of the research was to examine the visitors' attitudes regarding the motives for visiting the St John's Eve Bonfire festival in the City of Karlovac, satisfaction with the festival, repeat visits and recommendations to others as well as regarding sharing the experience through social networks.
Methodology - An exploratory research of the visitors' motives to visit the St John's Eve Bonfire festival in the City of Karlovac was conducted on a convenience sample of 150 visitors on June 23, 2019. Data have been collected using two methods: interview and survey. The questionnaire consists of 23 statements of agreement or disagreement. Statements were measured by a five-level Likert scale (1-strongly disagree, 5-strongly agree) using Uysal, Grahan and Martin (1993) scale. The data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, inferential and multivariate statistics.
Findings - The main motive of visiting the St John's Eve Bonfire festival is to enjoy socializing. There is a positive correlation between satisfaction with the festival and the intention to visit again, recommending it to others and sharing the experience through social networks. There is also a positive correlation between making a repeat visit and recommending it to others. There is a weak correlation with making a repeat visit and sharing the experience through social networks and a positive medium correlation between recommending the festival to others and sharing the experience through social networks.
Contribution - Identifying the motives for visit a particular event is important for identifying visitors' needs and preferences. The paper contributes to understanding what motivates visitors to visit different events. The results of this research are aimed at helping the organizers of various events improve the quality of service and content for different target group of visitors. Further research could investigate visitors' attitudes before the event, during the event and after the event. The researchers should also investigate the correlation of each of the motives for visiting an event with satisfaction and the difference in tourist experience as well as satisfaction between locals and visitors from other cities in Croatia and foreign visitors.
O încercare temerară asupra unui subiect puțin abordat în literatura românească de specialitate, dar în același timp o realizare științifică semnificativă. Autoarea și‐a propus să cerceteze problematica vastă și deosebit de actuală a economiei creative, cu accent pe valențele și particularitățile acesteia în cazul României, abordând tema de cercetare atât din punct de vedere teoretic cât și al analizelor concrete la nivelul României, precum și al cercetărilor aplicative la nivelul orașelor selectate din România.
http://www.editura.ubbcluj.ro/bd/ebooks/pdf/2652.pdf
Temporary public art sculpture trails (T-Pasts) have been used for over 20 years around the world to fulfil a number of objectives. They can help to generate revenue for host towns and cities; they can contribute to place branding; they can provide entertainment for residents and visitors; and they can raise funds for designated charitable causes. They typically feature object characters that have a relevance for the host place and they invariably utilise the same operational model. They receive significant local publicity and various claims are made concerning their economic, social and aesthetic impact. But there is a case to be made that they are ‘hidden in plain sight’ as some people will walk or drive past exhibits without ever seeing them. In this article, we track the history of T-Pasts, categorise them into different types, examine their value for different stakeholders, discuss their various impacts and offer a conceptual impact model. We conclude the article with a discussion that contextualises T-Pasts in relevant themes, including place enabling and place building, and also the significance of the temporary element.
Purpose
In an effort to better understand value-oriented general attendees, the purpose of this paper is to propose and empirically test a comprehensive model to examine the effect of three factors of service quality in exhibitions (i.e. service product, service environment and service delivery) on satisfaction through three factors of perceived value (i.e. emotional value, economic value and social value).
Design/methodology/approach
A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to determine key factors in exhibition service quality, perceived value and satisfaction. A structural equation modeling was conducted to analyze the causal relationships among the factors.
Findings
The empirical results indicated that service product and service environment were significantly and positively associated with all factors of perceived value, which in turn significantly influenced satisfaction. Service delivery, however, was associated only with emotional value. On the other hand, all three factors of perceived value significantly influenced general attendees’ satisfaction. The findings indicated perceived value as an important mediator between exhibition service quality and general attendees’ satisfaction.
Originality/value
Clearly identifying specific trajectories from service quality to satisfaction through distinct perceived values can be a stepping stone to establishing effective and efficient marketing strategies for general attendees and customizing for their needs. The distinct and clear associations between service quality and perceived value can help exhibition organizers and practitioners understand the process of determining general attendees’ overall satisfaction.
Christmas markets as annual cultural events are constantly changing and have become a mass phenomenon of our day. Even though they represent a promising strategy to extend low seasons in tourism, the growing number of visitors can negatively impact residents' perceptions of the event and its authenticity. The central purpose of this study is to gain a new perspective on Christmas markets as cultural events focusing on residents by considering them as important actors within a tourism destination. Qualitative interviews with residents of Meran, a Christmas market destination in Northern Italy, explored their meaning for the locals and the impact of increasing numbers of visitors on their loyalty to the event, by implementing the GABEK qualitative research strategy. The results give insights into central aspects of the events' authenticity, show a shift to less commercial settings in rural areas, and highlight some negative impacts.
heatres have a market bounded by the distance theatregoers are willing to travel to see shows and productions. This paper uses count data models (Poisson regression and negative binomial models) to investigate the determinants of attendance at a regional theatre in England. It uses booking data for 29 theatrical productions supplied by the theatre, and matches this, using postcodes, with census socio-economic information on household characteristics. Socio-economic and travel cost (distance) are used to explore theatregoers attendance, and also to estimate consumer surplus, and to assess whether consumer surplus on ticket sales exceeds the annual government subsidy to the theatre.
This paper aims to examine the determinants of visitors’ expenditure behaviour at cultural events. We have analysed visitors’ expenditure at micro–level, divided into expenditure for accommodation and expenditure for food and beverage. The explicative variables taken into account are socio– demographic, economic, psychological, and trip–related attributes. An ad–hoc survey was conducted on the three most famous Christmas Markets in the North of Italy in December 2008 and 2009. To reach our aim we have adopted the robust double–hurdle model. Results indicate that travel purpose, region of origin, perception of the event, length of stay and age are significant factors influencing both the propensity to spend and the amount of money actually spent during visits. The findings provide destination managers and private tourism businesses with practical knowledge useful for destination marketing, event development and customer service.
The main aim of this study is to analyse the influence of the perceived authenticity of cultural events and their products on shopping expenditure. The quantitative analysis is based on 1275 self-administered questionnaires collected among event attendees in three different Northern Italian Christmas Markets in 2008. In order to estimate separately the determinants of the propensity of respondents to shop and how much money they are willing to spend for each kind of purchase, we have adopted a double-hurdle model. The results show that tourists are more likely to spend and that they do spend more if they consider the event and the products sold to be authentic. This study also reveals that socio-demographic factors and visit motives are interrelated with authenticity perception and together affect the amount of personal expenditures during the event. Finally, some implications of the study are discussed.
In recent years a growing number of studies have started to apply non-market valuation methods to estimate the economic value of cultural goods. The majority of these studies use stated preference techniques, such as the contingent valuation method. This study discusses the application of the travel cost method to estimate the economic value of a specific type of cultural good: special exhibitions. The empirical work focuses on the touring exhibition the ‘Ages of Mankind’, one of the first and most representative examples of a blockbuster art exhibition in Spain. This is the first time, as far as we know, that this method has been applied to a large temporary exhibition and is one of the few applications of this method in the valuation of cultural goods.
One of the main concerns of tourism managers lies in stimulating tourists' spending at their destinations. Numerous studies investigating the determinants of tourists' expenditure limit their investigation to the actual expenditure of tourists. This paper extends the existing literature
on tourists' spending by introducing mental accounts theory. Mental budgets set the limit on the expenditure on a particular category of goods in order to avoid overspending in situations in which a rational approach to spending is not possible. The authors apply this theory to a case of visitors'
spending at a Christmas market in Merano. Data were analysed with the Heckman selection model to understand the determinants of mental budgets and the actual spending of visitors and to study how well their intentions are met by their real behaviour. The findings of the paper indicate that
the mental budget is an important component for the analysis of tourists' expenditure.
In this paper the application of the travel cost method for estimating consumer surpluses and total values attributed to the Poseidon temple in Sounio, Greece, is presented. The monument in question is one of the most important archaeological sites in Greece, built in the middle of the 5th century BC. The implementation of the method was supported by a survey of the visitors of the monument, through the completion of an appropriately designed questionnaire with personal interviews. The results of the analysis show that the consumer surplus for visiting the Poseidon temple ranges from € 1.5–24.5 million per year, giving useful insights for the amount of money that are socially acceptable to be spent by the Greek state for the protection and maintenance of the monument. Treatment of travel costs associated with multipurpose trips as well as the type of functional form used to estimate how travel costs influence visitation rates, seem to be the two most important parameters affecting the final results.
Impacts of a music festival may appear in many forms and research in the area of impact assessments is at present developing wider perspectives than being limited to economic impact assessments. Concepts like social, cultural and environmental impacts are now appropriate and traditional cost–benefit analysis is regaining momentum. The purpose of this study was first, to discuss how the value of a festival can be assessed and understood within a cost–benefit framework. Second, it was to evaluate a Scandinavian music festival in terms of Use and Non-use values by the contingent valuation method. The results illustrate the implications of a wider perspective regarding the impacts of a festival. Use value, representing the core experience, is the largest value (€7.4 million) but Non-use value is also important (€3 million). The latter includes the perceived value of externalities such as socio-cultural and environmental impacts which are highly relevant from a sustainability perspective. One conclusion is that Use and Non-use values within a cost–benefit framework can help managers and researchers understand value creation of festivals better.
h i g h l i g h t s < The perceived authenticity has an impact on tourist behavior. < Its monetary value is measured in the case of the Strasbourg Christmas Market. < The more loyal to its origins the market, the more loyal the visitors. < Authenticity represents a measurable financial asset for sites. a b s t r a c t The study of tourism has made authenticity a central issue. Based on the case of the Strasbourg Christmas Market, a successful annual tourist event, this research combines qualitative and quantitative data to analyze how the perception of authenticity is constructed and how authenticity can explain behavior. The dimensions of authenticity of a tourist site (Camus, 2010), namely originality, in the sense that the market is seen as 'an original', and a lack of artificial components, clearly explain differences in visiting frequency in the case of the Strasbourg Christmas Market. In addition, based on our data, we assess the financial value of authenticity and show that authenticity, a concept whose value is sometimes intensely questioned, can indeed be operationalized.
Few applications to assess the value of cultural experiences exist. This is particularly frustrating for cultural institutions, as it provides them with few opportunities to reveal their importance in terms of attractiveness and thus what drives tourism demand. This study applies the travel cost method (TCM) and contingent valuation method (CVM) to assess the value of two rural cultural institutions in order to compare the results of the valuation methods.
The results reveal that visitor experiences consist of a core cultural experience as well as other valuable experiences before and after. Whereas CVM allows for a valuation of the core cultural experience separately from other experiences, the TCM is limited to an overall assessment. The TCM is therefore an inappropriate measure of the value of the cultural experiences when the total experience includes several other experiences.
If visitors travel for the sake of only one cultural experience, TCM may be preferable due to its simple applicability and cost efficiency. If, however, as is most often the case, a cultural experience is part of a bundle of experiences, the application of CVM is recommendable. This is also the case, if only visitors who state the cultural experience to be the primary reason for travelling are included.
ABSTRACT This paper explores the recreational val ue of single-day trips to Lake Erie beaches. Individuals visiting Maumee,Bay and Headlands State Park beaches were surveyed during the summer of 1997, and the results were used to estimate travel cost demand functions for beach visits. The results suggest that single day visitors take an average of 6 trips per year to Maumee Bay State Park beach, and 7 trips per year to Headlands State Park beach. The estimated value of a day at the beach is 15 for Headlands. When aggregated over potential users, these results suggest that beaches are highly valuable public resources along Lake Erie's shoreline. 3 THE VALUE OF DAY TRIPS TO TWO LAKE ERIE BEACHES
Heritage and culture are two important components of the leisure sector. This leads to the question of how such non-market goods may be valued. In this paper we have opted for the travel cost method, widely used in the valuation of natural assets, to estimate the demand curve. Using this method, it was possible to calculate the consumer surplus value of four different cultural goods or services in the Castilla y León region of Spain. The four cases studied included a cultural artistic event, a village comprising an historic ensemble, a museum located in a provincial capital and a cathedral representing an example of a historic monument.
Much academic effort has been invested in the development of methods and models that measure economic impacts from mega-events, so that academic knowledge in this area is quite coherent and well established. There are three different types of analysis that address the issue: input–output analysis, cost-benefit analysis and computable-general-equilibrium analysis. In this article, academic knowledge about these three major approaches to economic impact analysis of mega-events is presented. All three have their advantages and disadvantages, as will be discussed. A framework of analysis, synthesizing the three approaches, is also suggested, before concluding remarks regarding the economic impact of mega-events are made, based on empirical studies from a number of mega-events.Asian Business & Management (2008) 7, 163–179. doi:10.1057/abm.2008.4
Special events play an important part in tourism and recreation choices in Australia, and many receive funding from various levels of government. However, the economic case for funding special events often focuses on estimates of expenditure, employment and indirect impacts rather than estimates of economic benefit or consumer surplus. The study discusses the application of the travel cost method for estimating consumer surplus associated with a special event. The event studied is the annual four-day 'Gemfest' in the sapphire fields of Central Queensland. Surveys were conducted in 1998 and 2002, and the derivations of the appropriate models, welfare calculations and comparisons over time are outlined.
Considering the importance of market segmentation as a marketing tool to determine promotional pol-icies, this paper aims to contribute to the tourism literature using the two-level approach proposed by Vesanto and Alhoniemi (2000) as an alternative and effective method to conduct cluster analyses. For this purpose, an empirical study was conducted interviewing tourists who visited three different Christmas Markets in Northern Italy. The two-level approach is based on two clustering techniques used in sequence: a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) followed by a clustering algorithm. The Silhouette index (Rousseeuw, 1987) is used as a guideline during the second level in the selection process of both the best clustering techniques (between hierarchical and non-hierarchical) and the best partition. The analysis identified three cluster segments and this paper demonstrates the suitability of the clus-tering method adopted. In the discussion of the results, marketing and managerial implications are also highlighted.
This paper aims to examine the determinants of the visitors’ expenditure behavior at Christmas Markets. We have analyzed the visitors’ expenditure at micro-level, dividing them into spending on accommodation and on food and beverage. The explicative variables taken into account are socio-demographic, economic, psychological, and trip-related attributes. An ad-hoc survey was conducted in the three most famous Christmas Markets in the North of Italy in December 2008 and 2009. To reach our aim we have adopted the robust double-hurdle model. Results indicate that travel purpose, region of origin, perception of the event, length of stay and age are significant factors influencing both the propensity to spend and the amount of money that visitors spend during their visit. The findings offer destination and private tourism businesses practical knowledge useful for destination marketing, event development and customer service.
Historic St. Mary's City located in rural southern Maryland, marks the 17th century British Colonial capital of the State of Maryland. As with most cultural heritage sites, Historic St. Mary's City can be classified as possessing public goods-type characteristics, and as such, welfare benefit estimates must utilize non-market valuation techniques. To date, the primary valuation methodology used for cultural heritage sites research involves stated preference methods. This study is one of the first to employ a revealed preference methodology, the zonal travel cost model, to estimate the consumer surplus welfare measures of a cultural heritage site. We analyze three years of visitor sample data to compare three functional forms of visitor demand. The average of the annual individual consumer surplus measures ranged from approximately 8.00 to8.00 to 19.26, depending on the functional forms used. When aggregated to the total number of individual paid visitors, the average annual benefit estimates range from approximately 75,492 to75,492 to 176,550.
An index of factorial simplicity, employing the quartimax transformational criteria of Carroll, Wrigley and Neuhaus, and Saunders, is developed. This index is both for each row separately and for a factor pattern matrix as a whole. The index varies between zero and one. The problem of calibrating the index is discussed.
Without market outcomes for comparison, internal consistency tests, particularly adding-up tests, are needed for credibility. When tested, contingent valuation has failed. Proponents find surveys tested poorly done. To the authors' knowledge, no survey has passed these tests. The 'embedding effect' is the similarity of willingness-to-pay responses that theory suggests (and sometimes requires) be different. This problem has long been recognized but not solved. The authors conclude that current methods are not suitable for damage assessment or benefit-cost analysis. They believe the problems come from an absence of preferences, not a flaw in survey methodology, making improvement unlikely. Copyright 1994 by American Economic Association.
The economic impacts of cultural tourism (Chapter The book handbook of cultural tourism (Series: Routledge handbooks)
- J G Brida
- M Meleddu
- M Pulina
Brida, J. G., Meleddu, M., & Pulina, M. (2013c). The economic impacts of cultural
tourism (Chapter 2.14). In M. Smith, & G. Richards (Eds.), The book handbook of
cultural tourism (Series: Routledge handbooks) (1st ed., pp. 110e115)., New York:
Routledge, ISBN 9780415523516.
On the integrability of demand functions Preferences, utility, and demand: A Minnesota symposium (pp. 114e148)
- L Hurwicz
- H Uzawa
Hurwicz, L., & Uzawa, H. (1971). On the integrability of demand functions. In
J. S. Chipman, L. Hurwicz, M. K. Richter, & H. F. Sonnenschein (Eds.), 1971.
Preferences, utility, and demand: A Minnesota symposium (pp. 114e148). New
York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich (Chapter 6).
Valuing environmental and natural resources: The econometrics of non-market valuation
- T C Haab
- K E Mcconnell
Haab, T. C., & McConnell, K. E. (2002). Valuing environmental and natural resources:
The econometrics of non-market valuation. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar
Publishing Inc.
Routledge handbook of ocean resources and management (p. 612)
- H D Smith
- J L Su Arez De Vivero
- T S Agardy
Smith, H. D., Su arez de Vivero, J. L., & Agardy, T. S. (2015). Routledge handbook of
ocean resources and management (p. 612). London and New York: Routledge,
ISBN 978-0-415-53175-7.
Letter cited in the economics of public recreation: An economic study of the monetary evaluation of recreation in the national parks
- H Hotelling
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