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A COMPARATIVE BIOGEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF MYXOMYCETES IN FOUR DIFFERENT HABITATS OF EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN PART OF TURKEY
Abstract
In this study, Myxomycetes were collected from four different habitats of Hatay province of Turkey during 2010-2015, including Altinozu plateau, Belen Atik highland, Kirikhan Amik plain and Yayladagi Selcen Mountain. From identificated 1047 samples, 102 species were classified in 6 orders, 12 families and 28 genera. 27 species were obtained from natural environment while 114 species cultered by moist chamber technique. In addition, 61 species was obtained from both natural environment and moist chamber technique. Physarales is the highest proportion order (29.4%), followed by Trichiales (25.4%) and Stemonitales (24.5%). The total myxomycetes ratio of these three orders was determined as 79.4%. When samples from four different habitats compared in terms of substrate types, at three habitats, dominant species is lignicol Myxomycetes (65-85%), while at one habitat, corticol Myxomycetes (65%) is the dominant type. Arcyria cinerea, Comatricha ellae, Comatricha nigra, Echinostelium minutum and Stemonitopsis amoena is the most generous species at four areas. Moreover, morphological, chorological and ecological characteristics of Myxomycetes were discussed.
... Dünya genelinde bilinen Miksomiset sayısı 1016 iken [4], Türkiye'de tespit edilmiş Miksomiset sayısı 284'dür [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Yaptığımız bu çalışmada Kumlu ve Reyhanlı ilçelerinde farklı lokalitelerde tespit edilen Miksomiset türlerinin Türkiye Miksobiyotasına ilavesi, ülkemizin biyolojik zenginliklerinin ortaya çıkarılması hedeflenmiştir. ...
... Didymium squamulosum (8) ve Physarum contextum (7) en yoğun bulunan diğer türlerdir. Bu türlere Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de yapılan çalışmalarda da sıklıkla rastlamaktayız [12,[27][28]. Çalışmamızda elde edilen 3 doğal örnekten 1 tanesi yoğun, 1 tanesi nadir ve 1 tanesi de yaygın türdür. Şekil 5. Örneklerin substrat kaynağına göre sayıları Mycetozoa üyelerinin substrat tercihleri ile beraber tercih edilen substratların özelliklerine bakılarak da Miksomisetler sınıflandırılabilirler. ...
... Tarımsal alanlarda kültürü yapılan bitkilerin döküntü odun ve dalları ile tarlalar arasında yetişen bazı Gymnosperm türlerine ait bitkilerin döküntüleri diğer bitkisel döküntülerle karışıp çürümüş, bitkinin en çok ayırt edilebilen ve geç çürüyen kısımları odun dokusu olduğu için tercih edilen en yaygın substrat odun olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu oran Hatay'da daha önce yapılan çalışmalarla benzerlik göstermektedir [12,25]. Şekil 6. Örneklerin substrat çeşidine göre dağılımları Miksomisetler vejetatif evresinde beslenme büyüme ve gelişmesini sağlayan yapışkan bir kın ile çevrelenmiş, multinükleer protoplazma yığını şeklindeki saydam, beyaz, sarı, kırmızı ve hatta siyaha kadar değişen farklı kontrastlarda renk konfigürasyonlarına sahip plazmodyum oluştururlar. ...
... As a result of insufficient utilization of this pulp that comes out after the process, it causes significant amounts of accumulation, thus causing environmental pollution (44). With many studies today, it was shown that these wastes can be a source of organic matter for plants by direct addition to the soil or can be used as a growing medium in the form of a mixture (45)(46)(47). ...
... The moist chamber culture technique that was introduced by Gilbert and Martin (1933) has led to the discovery of many new tiny myxomycetes found on the bark of living trees. With moist chamber culture technique obtained more myxomycetes than natural (Baba et al., 2016b). North American Flora project as author of The Myxomycetes published by the New York Botanical Garden (Martin 1949). ...
Many people in the world suffer from injuries, burns and cuts caused by accidents, fires and diseases, and their quality of life decreases. To improve the quality of life and to overcome victimization, the healing of the problem wound must be dealt with in a very comprehensive way. Wound healing is a very comprehensive and systematic process. There are many local and systematic factors that affect this process, such as oxygenation defects, hypoxia, ischemia, stress, aging, diabetes. These factors prolong the wound healing process or cause chronic wounds that do not heal. Increasing evidence shows that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the most important factors affecting wound healing in the wound healing process. Reactive oxygen species are at the center of an effective wound healing process. While low reactive oxygen species concentration has positive effects on wound healing, high reactive oxygen species concentration negatively affects wound healing. This review examines the relationship between reactive oxygen species and wound healing.
... As a result of insufficient utilization of this pulp that comes out after the process, it causes significant amounts of accumulation, thus causing environmental pollution (44). With many studies today, it was shown that these wastes can be a source of organic matter for plants by direct addition to the soil or can be used as a growing medium in the form of a mixture (45)(46)(47). ...
... The moist chamber culture technique that was introduced by Gilbert and Martin (1933) has led to the discovery of many new tiny myxomycetes found on the bark of living trees. With moist chamber culture technique obtained more myxomycetes than natural (Baba et al., 2016b). North American Flora project as author of The Myxomycetes published by the New York Botanical Garden (Martin 1949). ...
... As a result of insufficient utilization of this pulp that comes out after the process, it causes significant amounts of accumulation, thus causing environmental pollution (44). With many studies today, it was shown that these wastes can be a source of organic matter for plants by direct addition to the soil or can be used as a growing medium in the form of a mixture (45)(46)(47). ...
... The moist chamber culture technique that was introduced by Gilbert and Martin (1933) has led to the discovery of many new tiny myxomycetes found on the bark of living trees. With moist chamber culture technique obtained more myxomycetes than natural (Baba et al., 2016b). North American Flora project as author of The Myxomycetes published by the New York Botanical Garden (Martin 1949). ...
... The parameters used in identification of drought stress should be easy, rapid, cheap and repeatable. Chlorophyll content of leaves is among these parameters and significant decreases are observed in chlorophyll content of sunflower as it was in various other plants under drought stress [16,22,25,56,57]. Oraki et al. [23] investigated drought resistance of 4 hybrid sunflower genotypes under different irrigation regimes and reported increasing chlorophyll b contents and decreasing chlorophyll a content and yield under water stress. ...
... Decreased chlorophyll contents and higher crop water stress index values were reported for water stress treatments [50]. Several other researchers also reported decreased leaf chlorophyll contents under water stress conditions [25,51,52,56,57]. Thusly, Khayatnezhad et al. [53] reported decreased chlorophyll contents and then reduced yields with water stress treatments in maize. ...
The present study was conducted under water stress (WS) and stress-free (SF) conditions in ran-domized blocks design with 3 replications in 2012 and 2013 to determine drought resistance of normal -oleic (Sanbro and Tunca), medium-oleic (Saray and 10TR054) and high-oleic (P64H34 and Oleko) sunflower genotypes. In stress-free treatments, drip irrigations were performed as to bring the soil moisture level to field capacity when 50% of available moisture in effective root depth was depleted. A total of four irrigations were performed in WS treatments, but irrigations were not performed in SF treatments (except for the initial survival water). The differences between the genotypes with regard to investigated parameters were found to be significant (p<0.01). In the first year of experiments, the greatest yields in WS treatments were obtained from Saray and Tunca genotypes (3147-3109 kg ha-1) with the lowest crop water index (CWSI=0.29-0.31) and the greatest chlorophyll content (CC=46.6-47.7); the lowest yield (2370 kg ha-1) was obtained from Sanbro genotype with the greatest CWSI (0.70) and the lowest chlorophyll content (38.8). In SF treatments, the greatest yields (3818-3646 kgha-1) were observed in Tunca and Saray with the lowest CWSI (0.20-0.26) and the greatest CC (50.86-50.16); the lowest yield (3163 kgha-1) was seen in P64H34 with high CWSI (0.42) and low CC (41.88). In the second year of experiments, the greatest yields (3480-3394 kgha-1) in WS treatments were obtained from Tunca and Saray with the greatest CC (46.83-51.25) and the lowest CWSI (0.24-0.27); the lowest yield (2793 kgha-1) was obtained from P64H34 with the lowest CC (41.28) and high CWSI (0.53). In SF treatments, the greatest yields (4348-4217 kgha-1) were observed in Tunca and Saray with the lowest CWSI (0.12-0.17) and the greatest CC (51.66-45.65); the lowest yield (3848 kgha-1) was observed in Oleko with the greatest CWSI (0.46) and the lowest CC (40.13). Current findings revealed that the genotypes Tunca and Saray were prominent in both WS and SF conditions with regard to yield, CWSI and CC and they were able to use irrigation water optimally and identified as drought-tolerant genotypes. It was concluded that these genotypes could also be used in further drought-resistance studies. The genotypes Sanbro and 10TR054 with the lowest yield in WS treatments were identified as sensitive genotypes.
... Myxomycetes spread on decayed Gymnosperm woods, leaves and debris. The Liceales, Trichiales and Stemonitales members are generally known to spread in coniferous forests (Martin and Alexopoulos, 1969;Stephenson & Stempen, 1994;Ergül and Akgül, 2011;Baba et al., 2016). In the present study, myxomycete sporophores were collected from Pinus sp. and Quercus sp., leaves and coarse wood debris. ...
Aim of study: The present study aimed to determine myxomycetes diversity in Belen region located in Hatay province, Turkey. Area of study: The present study was conducted on samples collected in 10 stations in Belen district during 2012 and 2013. Material and methods: Myxomycete sporophores were collected from leaf, tree bark, decayed and non-rotting plant material. Myxomycete sporophores were developed with the moist chamber technique in collected samples. Further myxomycete sporophores were collected in their natural environment. Main results: As a result of the field and laboratory studies, 40 species in 9 families and 19 genera were identified. Highlights: The present study contributed to Turkish Myxobiota.
... The number of myxomycetes are about 1017 in the world (Lado, 2019). The number of the myxomycetes in Turkey are 286 (Ergül et al., 2005b;Baba et al., 2013;Süerdem et al., 2015;Baba, 2015;Baba and Zümre., 2015;Alkan et al., 2016;Dülger et al., 2016;Ergül et al., 2016;Baba et al., 2016;Sesli et al., 2016;Baba and Arslan, 2017;Baba and Özyiğit, 2017;Baba and Er, 2018;Ocak and Konuk, 2018). Aim of this study identify myxomycetes of Selcen Mountain and its close environs. ...
In this study, myxomycetes, which have an important place in forest ecosystem, were determined. Myxomycetes act as saprophyte in the forest ecosystem. In this context, the myxomycet diversity of Selcen Mountain and its close environs was determined. This study has been made on the specimens which were obtained from 11 different station areas of Selcen Mountain and its close environs in 2011-2012. The samples were acquired from barks of trees, leaves and the materials of decayed trees. These materials were employed the Moist Chamber Culture and it was tried to develop myxomycetes sporophore. In addition myxomycetes were obtained from natural environment. As a result of field and laboratory studies 57 taxa belonging to 10 families and 21 genera were identified, and they were added to the Turkish Myxobiota.
... Irrigation skipping at the achene formation stage (I3) should be preferred due to higher IWUE and WUE if water resources are limited. Our finding collaborates (Cicek et al., 2015;Baba et al., 2016). The results stated that there is a steady decrease in both irrigation water use efficiency and water use efficiency with an increase in the amount of water quantities with the exception of control treatment (I4). ...
... Modified from Baba et al. [24]. Morphology: Sporocarps stalked, gregarious, up to 1.5 mm total height. ...
In this study, Myxomycetes samples were collected from Hatay Province of Turkey on various occasions during 2016. As a result of field and laboratory studies, three rare Myxomycetes species were reported for the first time from Turkey. These species are; Physarum murinum A. Lister, Physarum schroeteri Rostaf and Reticularia intermedia Nann.-Bremek. P. murinum and P. schroeteri were harvested from moist-chamber cultures in laboratory, and R. intermedia collected from its natural habitat. Morphological, chorological and ecological characteristics of these species were comparatively analyzed. In addition, photographs of these new records were taken by light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM).
... The absence of a relationship between gossypol level and fungus developing on the seed surface may be attributed to environmental and climatic conditions. Similar results were reported by Baba [50]. ...
The first report of myxomycetes from Vietnam was in 2009 by van Hooff, who listed 23 species, including one (Cribraria tecta) new to science, from moist chamber cultures prepared with samples of dead leaves, lychee husks, woody twigs and herbaceous stems. Two other species, both new to science, were reported in a recent paper. The project reported herein investigated the occurrence of myxomycetes in moist chamber cultures prepared with samples of various types of dead plant material collected in three lowland tropical forests in Vietnam. These samples were randomly collected from Cuc Phuong, Bu Gia Map and Nam Cat Tien national parks in the late dry season or between the dry season and the rainy season during 2012 and 2013. From 360 moist chambers, 43 species of myxomycetes representing 19 genera were recorded. The most abundant species were Arcyria cinerea, Collaria arcyrionema, Cribraria microcarpa, Cribraria violacea, Perichaena chrysosperma and Perichaena depressa. The taxonomic composition of the assemblage of species associated with the three study areas was found to be similar to what has been reported from Laos, Myanmar and Thailand, the other regions of SE Asia for which comparable studies have been carried out. In brief, the present project added 32 new records of myxomycetes for Vietnam, increasing the total number of species known from the country to 57.
In SW Virginian upland forest, most species of myxomycetes exhibit differential patterns of distribution with respect to various types of microhabitats potentially available to them and these differences are related to the microenvironmental variation that exists both within and among these microhabitats. Compositional differences that exist for myxomycete communities occurring on the bark surfaces of different species of trees appear to be related to differences in bark acidity and texture. -from Author
Records of myxomycetes obtained as a result of a field surveys carried out at two localities in Laos during October 2008 and a single locality during November 2010 were supplemented with records of species appearing in moist chamber culture on samples of various types of dead plant material collected during the field surveys. These efforts yielded a total of at least 44 species in 17 genera. There appear to be no previous records of myxomycetes from Laos. As such, the study reported herein represents a starting point for future studies to document this group of organisms for another region of Southeast Asia.
The moist chamber culture technique was used to examine patterns of biodiversity and distribution of myxomycetes in four different forest types in Costa Rica, focusing on the substrates represented by the bark surface of living trees and leaf litter. Rarefaction as well as bootstrap analyses were carried out to estimate the completeness of the survey in terms of the numbers of species of myxomycetes present. Both species diversity and myxomycete abundance decreased with increasing elevation and resulting higher moisture levels of the investigated forest types. The two seasonal dry forest types accounted for 90% of the total myxomycete diversity. For bark-inhabiting myxomycetes, species richness was found to be negatively correlated with epiphyte (i.e. mosses, liverworts, and lichens) coverage. For both litter and bark, a higher substrate pH tended to be positively correlated with higher species diversity. Among litter-inhabiting myxomycetes, the proportion of species with rather robust phaneroplasmodia increased with increasing elevation. All of these results indicate that the excess of moisture in continuously moist tropical forests does not favor myxomycete growth and development. Species richness and frequency patterns for both substrate types were found to be comparable with those calculated from a data set reported for a study area in the temperate zone, indicating that myxomycete biodiversity does not reach its highest levels in tropical forests.
In this taxonomic study, myxomycetes of Tayfur Sokmen Campus (Hatay) were collected during 2010-2011. As a result of field and laboratory studies we reported 44 species of protosteliomycetes and myxomycetes. Three of these species (Diderma deplanatum Fr., Didymium megalosporum Berk & M.A.Curtis, and Lamproderma atrosporum Meyl.) are recorded for the first time from Turkey. Lamproderma atrosporum was treated with the moist chamber cultures method in the laboratory but Didymium megalosporum and Diderma deplanatum were determined naturally. The distribution, habitat, and collection numbers of the identified species are given.
Combination anticancer therapy is promising to generate synergistic anticancer effects, to maximize the treatment effect and to overcome multi-drug resistance. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), composed of solid and liquid lipids, and surfactants are potentially good colloidal drug carriers. The aim of this study is to construct a hyaluronic acid (HA) decorated NLCs as nanocarriers for co-delivery baicalein (BCL) and doxorubicin (DOX).
BCL- and DOX-loaded NLCs (BCL/DOX-NLCs) were prepared. HA ligands were used for the decoration of BCL/DOX-NLCs to form HA decorated BCL/DOX-NLCs (HA-BCL/DOX-NLCs). The in vitro cytotoxicity studies of different formulations were evaluated on DOX drug-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (MCF-7/ADR cells). In vivo anti-tumor effects were observed on the murine bearing MCF-7/ADR cells model.
HA-BCL/DOX-NLCs showed highest cytotoxicity and synergistic effect of two drugs in tumor cells in vitro. The in vivo study revealed the greatest anti-tumor activity than all the other formulations in the murine breast cancer model.
HA decorated NLCs could be used as a novel carrier to co-delivery BCL and DOX for breast cancer therapy. HA-BCL/DOX-NLCs could be a promising targeted and combinational therapy nanomedicine.
Although species lists for particular localities have been compiled by numerous workers, relatively few biogeographical studies of myxomycetes (plasmodial moulds) have been carried out. In the present study, the data represented by a total of 3788 collections of myxomycetes made during the period of 1954-90 from two study areas in the mid-Appalachians of eastern North America and study areas in northwestern and southern India were analysed to obtain information on the biogeographical relationships and patterns of occurrence of these organisms. The climate of the study area in southern India is tropical/subtropical, whereas both study areas in eastern North America and the one in north western India have a temperate climate. Based on coefficient of community indices calculated for all possible combinations of the four different data sets, southern India had the lowest overall similarity (mean index = 0.322) to the other study areas. Members of the Physarales made up a much greater proportion (63%) of the collections from southern India than elsewhere, whereas members of the Liceales were conspicuously under-represented when compared to the other study areas. The majority of collections (> 63%) from southern India occurred on leaf litter and other types of non-woody plant debris, whereas > 80% of all collections from eastern North America and north western India were made from woody substrates. These results suggest that myxomycetes show recognizable patterns of latitudinal variation not unlike those described for many other groups of organisms. Not only is the assemblage of species found in tropical/subtropical regions of the world distinctly different from that of temperate regions, but the species present also exhibit quite different patterns of distribution with respect to the types of substrates upon which they typically occur.
Data were obtained on the assemblages of corticolous myxomycetes (plasmodial slime
moulds or myxogastrids) associated with the bark surface of living white oak (Quercus alba)
trees from two different size classes. Bark samples obtained from larger trees were characterized
by higher values for both species richness and diversity when compared to those
collected from smaller trees. This might have been expected since the former possess a
larger surface area and presumably have persisted over a longer period of time. However,
the myxomycete assemblage associated with smaller trees was appreciably different and
did not simply represent a depauperate version of the assemblage associated with larger
trees. This suggests that the differences observed between size classes cannot be simply
attributed to size alone.
The distribution and ecology of the assemblages of myxomycetes associated with four different microhabitats were studied in Big Bend National Park in Texas. During Mar. 2005, twelve plots (30 × 30 m) were established along an elevational gradient that extended from 564 to 1807 m. Samples of aerial bark from dead and living trees, aerial litter (dead but still attached plant parts), ground litter (fallen dead plant parts) and ground bark (fragments of fallen bark) were collected from these plots, which encompassed all of the major vegetation types found in the Park. Four hundred forty-seven moist chambers were prepared, and 95.8 % (428) produced some evidence (either fruit bodies or plasmodia) of myxomycetes. A total of 71 species were recorded, with ground litter yielding most (45 species). Aerial litter, aerial bark and ground bark yielded 44, 39 and 37 species, respectively. Species abundance distribution measures (diversity, dominance and similarities) varied among the four microhabitats as well as among the major vegetation types. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that species distribution patterns were closely related to: (1) the major environmental-complex gradients associated with differences in elevation/temperature/moisture conditions that occur from one locality to another; and (2) the different types of microhabitat.