Antiobesity activity of Moringa oleifera leaves against high fat diet-induced obesity in rats

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www.ijbcp.com International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology | July-August 2016 | Vol 5 | Issue 4 Page 1263
IJBCP International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Print ISSN: 2319-2003 | Online ISSN: 2279-0780
Research Article
Antiobesity activity of Moringa oleifera leaves against high fat
diet-induced obesity in rats
Shamsun Nahar1*, Ferdous Mahmud Faisal2, Jalaluddin Iqbal3,
Md. Mizanur Rahman4, Md. Abdullah Yusuf5
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays Obesity has emerged as a major health
problem and risk factor for various disorders worldwide.1
According to the World Health Organization (WHO)
criteria, obesity is defined by a body mass index (BMI) of
30 kg/m2 or greater. A BMI above the healthy range of
18-25 kg/m2 is common in Western cultures and has been
linked to both consumption of a Western diet (i.e. high
ABSTRACT
Background:
Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat is accumulated to
an extent that health may be negatively affected. The current study was
constructed to evaluate the efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf powder in
management of obesity induced by high cholesterol diet in rats.
Methods:
It was an animal (experimental) study and was carried out in the
department of pharmacology and therapeutics at Sir Salimullah Medical
College, Dhaka in collaboration with Bangladesh Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka from January 2009 to December 2009 for a
period of one year. 24 Adult male long Evans rats were taken as experimental
animal and were grouped as group A and group B. Group A consists of 6 rats
(lean control) treated with normal diet without any drugs for 49 days. Group B
were treated with high fat diet for 14 days then divided into three groups B1, B2
and B3. Group B1 (obese control) received high fat diet without any drugs for
49 days. Group B2 rats were treated with Moringa Oleifera leaf powder in
single dosage of 50 mg/day/ rat orally for 35 days with high fat diet. Group B3
rats were treated with Moringa Oleifera leaf powder in b.d dosage of 50
mg/day/rat orally for 35 days with high fat diet. These animals were assigned as
Moringa Oleifera treatment group.
Results:
The results revealed chronic administration of high fat diet in rats led
to an increase in body weight that is in group B1 significant increase in thoracic
(TC) and abdominal (AC) circumferences as well as body mass index (BMI) in
obese group. On the other side, in group B2 treatment with Moringa oleifera
leaf powder in single dose reduce food intake and BMI in obese groups. Group
B3 treatment with Moringa oleifera leaf powder in b.d. dose resulted in
significant decrease in BMI compared to obese control group.
Conclusions:
The data of the current study provides experimental evidence for
the anti-obesity effect of Moringa oleifera ethanol extract. Thus, present
findings reinforce the advice recommending consumption of Moringa oleifera
to modulate obesity.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Obesity, Rats, HFD
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20162427
1Department of Pharmacology
and Therapeutics, Monno
Medical College, Manikgonj,
Bangladesh
2Department of Urology,
National Institute of Kidney
Diseases and Urology Hospital,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
3Department of Pharmacology
and Therapeutics, Sir Salimullah
Medical College, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
4Principal, Monno Medical
College, Manikgonj, Bangladesh
5Department of Microbiology,
National Institute of
Neurosciences and Hospital,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Received: 26 May 2016
Accepted: 01 July 2016
*Correspondence to:
Dr. Shamsun Nahar,
Email: shamsunpharma1stdec
@yahoo.com
Copyright: © the author(s),
publisher and licensee Medip
Academy. This is an open-
access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution Non-
Commercial License, which
permits unrestricted non-
commercial use, distribution,
and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original
work is properly cited.

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International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology | July-August 2016 | Vol 5 | Issue 4 Page 1264
saturated fat, high calorie content), and sedentary
lifestyles.2 Individual is considered obese when the
amount of fat tissue is increased to such an extent that
physical and mental health are affected and life
expectancy reduced.3
Overweight and obesity are also defined as abnormal or
excessive fat accumulation triggered by disproportion in
energy intake and expenditure.4-6 In addition to this
attenuation in adipogenesis and over expression of
pancreatic lipase enzyme which plays a pivotal role in
progression of obesity.7 The literature review revealed
that alteration in dietary habit and less physical exercises,
too, increase the frequency of obesity and related
disorders.8-9 Further, obesity has been found to be
associated with various disorders such as osteoarthritis.10
ischemic heart diseases (IHD) atherosclerosis, diabetes,
and hypertension.11-13 A streak of evidence indicates that
serotonin, histamine, dopamine, and their associated
receptor activities are closely associated with obesity
regulation.7 Most importantly, strong evidences are
available that elicited the role of leptin, ghrelin, and
neuropeptides in obesity.14-16
Currently, no pharmacological treatment provides
sustained weight loss with minimal adverse effects.17,18
Thus, attempts have been made to reduce body weight
with such pharmacological intervention that possesses
minimal side effects. A variety of natural products,
including crude extracts and isolated compounds from
plants, can induce body weight reduction and prevent diet
-induced obesity.19-20 Literature review has revealed that
various herbal plants such as fucus vesiculosus, citrus
aurantium, yacon syrup, curcumin, nigella sativa,
camellia synensis, green tea, and black chinese tea are
used in the management of obesity.21-24 M. O. (M.
oleifera) lam that belongs to moringaceae family is
commonly known as drumstick tree that possesses
various nutritional and medicinal values attributed to its
roots, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.25,27 Data
revealed that most of the parts of the plant possess
antimicrobial activity, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and
for cardiac stimulation.28-34 Recently,
hypocholesterolemic activity of M. oleifera was explored,
but its antiobesity activity has not been investigated;
hence, the study delineated with antiobesity property of
M. oleifera leaves powder in experimentally induced
obesity.35 The current study was constructed to evaluate
the therapeutic potential and the possible mode of action
of Moringa oleifera leaf in the treatment of obesity in
adult male albino rats. This goal could be achieved
through using anthropometric measurements and testing
the hypothesis that the anthropometric index may predict
obesity adverse effects on lipid profile and the
effectiveness of the herbal therapy in the treatment of
obesity in rats.
METHODS
The study was carried out in the department of
pharmacology and therapeutics of Sir Salimullah Medical
College in collaboration with Bangladesh Council Of
Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka during
the period of January 2009 to December 2009. 24 adult
male long Evans rat, (150-180gm) were taken for this
experiment and divided into 4 groups .They were kept in
cages in room maintained at 26-290c with a 12 hours
light-dark cycle and were allowed free access to food and
water ad libitum. 24 Adult male long Evans rats were
grouped as group A and group B. Group A consists of 6
rats (lean control) treated with normal diet without any
drugs for 49 days. Group B were treated with high fat diet
for 14 days then divided into three groups B1, B2 and B3.
Group B1 (obese control) received high fat diet without
any drugs for 49 days. Group B2 rats were treated with
Moringa Oleifera leaf powder in single dosage of 50
mg/day/ rat orally for 35 days with high fat diet. Group
B3 rats were treated with Moringa Oleifera leaf powder
in b.d. dosage of 50 mg/day/rat orally for 35 days with
high fat diet. These animals were assigned as Moringa
Oleifera treatment group.
Collection and preparation of plant
Moringa oleifera leaves were obtained in large quantities
from BCSIR campus, Dhaka. Then the leaves were
shade-dried by spreading over a sheet of paper under a
ceiling fan for five days. The dried leaves were ground in
an electric mixer into fine powder and stored in clean
sterile glass container. 50 mg of M. oleifera leaf
powder/rat/day was administered with normal diet and
high fat diet according to experimental design.
Diet formula
HFD that consists of 58% fat, 25% protein and 17%
carbohydrate, lard (13%), cholesterol (1%), vitamin, and
minerals (0.6%) as a percentage of total kcal ad libitum,
respectively, was administered every HFD that consists
of 58% fat, 25% protein and 17% carbohydrate, lard
(13%), cholesterol (1%), vitamin, and minerals (0.6%) as
a percentage of total kcal ad libitum, respectively, was
administered every day 36. The composition of normal
diet consists of 58% fat, 25% protein and 17%
carbohydrate, lard (13%), cholesterol (0%), vitamin, and
minerals (0.6%). Cholesterol was purchased from Sigma
Chemical Co., USA.
Body weight and food intake
The body weight (gm) was recorded on day one and then
weekly consecutively for 49 days using a digital
weighing balance. In addition to this, the daily food
intake for each group was measured weekly for 49 days.
Anthropometrical measurements
At the end of the experimental period, rats were fasted
overnight (12-14 hours) and the abdominal circumference
(AC) (immediately anterior to the forefoot), thoracic
circumference (TC) (immediately behind the foreleg),

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International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology | July-August 2016 | Vol 5 | Issue 4 Page 1265
body length (nose-to-anus or nose-anus length) were
measured in anaesthized rats. The body weight and body
length were used to determine the body mass index.37
BMI = 

Statistical analysis
In the present study, all results were expressed as
mean±S.E. of the mean. Statistical package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS) program, version 14.0 was used to
compare significance between each two groups.
Difference was considered significant when P ˂0.05.
Percentage difference representing the percent of
variation with respect to corresponding control group was
also calculated
% Difference = 

RESULTS
The results of the current study revealed that there is
significant increase in the thoracic circumference (TC),
abdominal circumferences (AC) (P <0.05) in obese group
with respect to the lean control group. On the other hand,
there is significant decrease in TC, AC (P <0.05) of obese
groups treated with Moringa oleifera leaf powder versus
the obese control group (Table 1).
Table1: Effect of treatment with Moringa oleifera leaf powder on the anthropometric measurements of obese male
rats. Data were represented as mean±S.E of 6 rats/group.
Group
TC (cm)
AC (cm)
Body length (cm)
Body weight (gram)
Lean control group A (6)
11.50±0.27
14.25±0.16
23.5±.67
152.50±1.70
Obese control group B1 (6)
15.00±0.27
A (30.43%)
18.25±0.25
A (28.07%)
23.5±.64
180.83±3.02
Obese+m.o single dose group B2 (6)
12.62±0.26
B1 (-15.87%)
14.87±0.23
B1 (-18.52%)
23.5±.65
169.16±2.02
Obese+m.o b.d. dose group B3 (6)
12.12±0.23
B1 (-19.20%)
14.62±0.26b
B1 (-19.89%)
23.5±.63
169.66±1.04
The results of the current study revealed that there is
significant increase in BMI (P <0.05) in obese group with
respect to the lean control group. On the other hand, there
is significant decrease in BMI (P <0.05) of obese groups
treated with Moringa oleifera leaf powder versus the
obese control group (Table 2).
Table 2: Effect of treatment with Moringa oleifera leaf
powder on BMI of obese male rats.
Group
BMI
Lean control group A (6)
0.275±.01
A α B1
21.09%
Obese control group B1 (6)
0.333±.01
Obese+m.o single dose group
B2 (6)
0.31±.01
B1 α B2
6.90%
Obese+m.o b.d. dose group
B3 (6)
0.305±.01
B1 α B3
8.40%
DISCUSSION
A growing body of evidence indicates that natural
products having anti-obesity effects can be arranged into
five categories based on their distinct mechanisms; they
produce
 Decreased lipid absorption
 Decreased energy intake
 Increased energy expenditure
 Decreased pre-adipocyte differentiation and
proliferation, or
 Decreased lipogenesis and increased lipolysis.38
The present study aimed at exploring the potential role of
Moringa oleifera in ameliorating the anthropometric
measurements, in obese rats. In view of our data, both TC
and AC showed significant increase in obese group. As
well, BMI revealed significant increase in obese group
relative to the lean control group. These findings come in
line with the previously reported data that there is fat
accumulation in the thoracic and abdominal regions due
to the high cholesterol diet.37 This indicates that the
observed increase in body weight may be due to excessive
energy intake and the adipose tissue accumulation. BMI
has been stated to be a simple reliable estimate of body fat
and obesity in rats.37 There are positive correlations
between daily lipid intake and BMI as well as fat
deposition.39
The observed reduction in these anthropometric measures
in obese rats as a result of treatment with Moringa
oleifera may be due to the inhibition of dietary lipid
utilization. Earlier report by Dongmeza and co-workers
indicated that a higher inclusion level of moringa extract
or its fractions such as saponins and tannins have been
associated with the reduced energy required for protein

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International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology | July-August 2016 | Vol 5 | Issue 4 Page 1266
and lipid biosynthesis leading to lower growth
performance and nutrient utilization. Therefore, moringa
has the ability to reduce body lipid and consequently
energy retention.40
Moringa oleifera extract has beneficial effect on lipid
profile through cholesterol reducing effect. Hassarajani et
al have investigated its mechanism of action.41
Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained by the two
processes, cholesterol biosynthesis in which HMG-Co-A
reductase catalyzes rate limiting process and cholesterol
absorption of both dietary cholesterol and cholesterol
cleared from the liver through biliary secretion. The
HMG-Co-A/mevalonate ratio has an inverse relationship
to the activity HMG-Co-A reductase. The result of Jain et
al indicated that the activity of this enzyme is
significantly depressed by the ethanolic extract of
Moringa oleifera.42 Thus, the cholesterol reducing action
of the ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera indicated its
hypolipidemic activity.
Figure 1: BMI of rats fed a high fat diet and treated
with Moringa oleifera leaf powder.
Moringa oleifera leaf is a good source of phytochemicals
including flavonoids, phenolics, carotenoids and β-
sitosterol.43 Saluja et al could isolate β-sitosterol from the
stem of a hybrid variety of Moringa oleifera.44 β-
sitosterol is a plant sterol with a structure similar to that of
cholesterol, except for the substitution of an ethyl group at
C24 of its side chain. It is believed that this compound has
the ability to lower cholesterol by lowering plasma
concentrations of LDL-C.45 Therefore β-sitosterol in the
leaves of Moringa oleifera is a bioactive
phytoconstituents that accounts for the hypolipidemic
influence of Moringa oleifera extract. Moreover, Moringa
leaves act as a good source of natural antioxidant due to
the presence of various types of antioxidant compounds
such as ascorbic acid, flavonoids, phenolics and
carotenoids.43 Therefore, Moringa oleifera could prevent
the oxidization of LDL-C with consequent increase in
HDL-C level.46
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the present study provided experimental
evidences for the anti-obesity activity of Moringa
oleifera. This effect was documented by the improvement
of anthropometric measures Thus, from the present study
it can be concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder is
beneficial to the weight management, which supports its
traditional claim. Further, studies are carried out in order
to determine the active principle of this plant, followed by
the identification of the mechanistic approach of M.
oleifera leaf powder that helps in weight management.
Funding: No funding sources
Conflict of interest: None declared
Ethical approval: The study was approved by the
Institutional Ethics Committee
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Cite this article as: Nahar S, Faisal FM, Iqbal J,
Rahman MM, Yusuf MA. Antiobesity activity of
Moringa oleifera leaves against high fat diet-
induced obesity in rats. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol
2016;5:1263-8.