No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the issues in current city planning and rebuilding. It describes the principles and aims that have shaped modern, orthodox city planning and rebuilding. The chapter shows how cities work in real life, because this is the only way to learn what principles of planning and what practices in rebuilding can promote social and economic vitality in cities, and what practices and principles will deaden these attributes. In trying to explain the underlying order of cities, the author uses a preponderance of examples from New York. The most important thread of influence starts, more or less, with Ebenezer Howard, an English court reporter for whom planning was an avocation. Howard's influence on American city planning converged on the city from two directions: from town and regional planners on the one hand, and from architects on the other.
... Within the same concept, Lynch (1964) refers to the necessity of differentiation, enrichment, contrast, diversity of the age of buildings, and diversity of paths (Lynch, 1984). Jacobs (1961) also shows that areas characterized by diversity and density are more attractive and distinctive. Alexander (1987) also shows the principle of densification of centers to give strength and influence to the urban system. ...
... The ability of getting access to other individuals, groups, events, materials, services, data, or locations. (1961;Hillier, 1996;Salingaros, 2000). ...
... Coherence (Jacobs, 1961;Lynch,1962) A multi-dimensional phenomenon and the system would decline without it Diversity (Salingaros, 2000a;Alexander, 2002). The process generates interconnected units that are defined on several distinct scales from small to large. ...
Urban nodes act as connecting cores of the urban environments, actively contributing to spatial connectivity and the developments of vital locations within the cities. This paper presents the concept of 'spatial associativity' as a dimension of sustainable healthy places in cities. The problem lies in trying to encourage the use of public urban nodes because they possess urban indicators with features that enhance the social and cultural interaction aspects and ultimately contribute to improving health. The study uses a descriptive analytical approach to identify associativity indicators that support the growth of healthy nodes. The "DepthMap8" application was utilized to facilitate the two primary analytical techniques for spatial syntax: axial graph analysis (AGA) and visual graph analysis (VGA). Additionally, the reliability utilizing the Alpha coefficient were ascertained by using SPSS to analyze the research sample and questionnaire. This gives a better understanding of the spatial configuration of space and its impact on human behavior in the study area and to verify the possibility of the health node's sustainability. The findings show that the spatial formation of the entire area had a substantial impact on the achievement of associativity indicators in the selected urban node through (Connectivity, Legibility, and Integration indicators). Similarly, the research demonstrates some secondary indicators that assist in linking the area to its urban surroundings, which adds vitality to the process of urban spatial formation and aids in the creation of a healthy urban environment.
... Emerging zones of influence further illustrate this transformation. Refugees have converted public spaces into semi-private or private extensions of shelters, creating territorially demarcated areas that reinforce family and clan identities [22,31]. These zones, categorized into private, semi-private, and leftover spaces, reflect distinct socio-spatial logics. ...
... Privacy: The fact that each district in Zaatari Camp is surrounded by four streets has encouraged refugees to develop territorial behavior, reflecting their sense of belonging and desire for privacy at the district level [9,22,31,36,50,62,[70][71][72]. Ref. [73] theory of proxemics-how humans use space to communicate-resonates with Zaatari's socio-spatial hierarchies, where transitional zones (e.g., tent-covered entrances) mediate privacy and social interaction in densely populated districts. ...
... In Zaatari, refugees' creation of semi-private zones through physical barriers and clustering aligns with Newman's principles, enhancing safety and cultivating communal responsibility [31,36]. Yet unlike Newman's assumption of permanence, these adaptations remain provisional-cement walls are dismantled during inspections, and vendors negotiate seasonal shop displacements. ...
The Zaatari Camp in Jordan exemplifies how Syrian refugees transform a planned grid settlement into an organic urban environment through socio-spatial adaptation, reflecting their cultural identity and territorial practices. This study investigates the camp’s morphological evolution, analyzing how refugees reconfigure public and private spaces to prioritize privacy, security, and community cohesion. Using qualitative methods—including archival maps, photographs, and field observations—the research reveals how formal public areas are repurposed into private shelter extensions, creating zones of influence that mirror traditional Arab-Islamic urban patterns. Key elements such as mosques, markets, and hierarchical street networks emerge as cultural anchors, shaped by refugees’ prior urban experiences. However, this organic growth introduces challenges, such as blocked streets and undefined spaces, which hinder safety and service delivery, underscoring tensions between informal urbanization and structured planning. The findings advocate urban resilience and participatory planning frameworks that integrate socio-cultural values, emphasizing defensible boundaries, interdependence, and adaptable design. Refugees’ territorial behaviors—such as creating diagonal streets and expanding shelters—highlight their agency in reshaping urban systems, challenging conventional top-down approaches. This research focuses on land-use dynamics, sustainable cities, and adaptive urban systems in crisis contexts. By bridging gaps between displacement studies and urban theory, the study offers insights into fostering social inclusion and equitable infrastructure in transient settlements. Future research directions, including comparative analyses of refugee camps and cognitive mapping, aim to deepen understanding of socio-spatial resilience. Ultimately, this work contributes to global dialogues on informal urbanization and culturally responsive design, advocating for policies that align with the Sustainable Development Goals to rebuild cohesive, resilient urban environments in displacement settings.
... Examining the built environment from the perspective of pedestrians is a critical first step in this direction. Walkability, defined as the degree to which the built environment is friendly to pedestrians , combines measures of pedestrian accessibility with amenities and urban design (Jacobs, 1961;Saelens et al., 2003b). Most studies on this topic have relied on typical frameworks to quantify walkability, such as the 3D and 5D frameworks (Cervero and Kockelman, 1997;Ewing and Cervero, 2010). ...
... In addition to potentially overlooking variations throughout the day, static analyses may also lead to biases in strategies for improving the built environment. Early urban researchers noted that trees shade streets during the day, keeping the walking environment cooler and more appealing to pedestrians (Jacobs, 1961). Similarly, more recent studies have highlighted the positive impact of street greenery on walking activities (Yang et al., 2021b). ...
Understanding the relationship between walkability and walking behavior is essential for designing pedestrian-friendly cities. This study examines the spatiotemporal patterns of walkability's effects on walking behavior in Shenzhen, China. To assess temporal aspects, we divided the time of day into five periods: before the AM peak, during the AM peak, between the AM and PM peaks, during the PM peak, and after the PM peak. Walkability was quantified based on four pedestrian needs—safety, convenience, continuity, and attractiveness—and incorporated facility opening hours and pedestrian visual factors derived from street view imagery. Over 1.75 billion walking trips were collected from six months of mobile phone data in 2021. We examined the temporal dynamics of walkability's relative importance and spatial effects on walking trips through machine learning and geospatial models. The results show that convenience was ranked the highest among the four pedestrian needs. Living services were the most important element during the AM peak and between the AM and PM peaks. For the other three periods, leisure services were the highest-ranked factor in relative importance. Based on these results, we propose timing-specific intervention strategies for the building of walkable and inclusive cities.
... Jane Jacobs, for example, studied in the 1960s that modern cities were responsible for the death of public life. Jacobs (1961) criticizes modernist planning theory in his book e Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 [5] ; examines the neglect of small-scale blocks in the urban se ing and the disappearance of open public spaces conducive to social communication. is is the disappearance of human scale in the urban context. Similarly in 1961, Mumford argued that the basic needs, social relations and spiritual needs of people are not taken into account in the modern city [6]. ...
... Jane Jacobs, for example, studied in the 1960s that modern cities were responsible for the death of public life. Jacobs (1961) criticizes modernist planning theory in his book e Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 [5] ; examines the neglect of small-scale blocks in the urban se ing and the disappearance of open public spaces conducive to social communication. is is the disappearance of human scale in the urban context. Similarly in 1961, Mumford argued that the basic needs, social relations and spiritual needs of people are not taken into account in the modern city [6]. ...
... Criticizing the urban planning policies of the 1950s, Jacobs has mentioned that the modernist planning theory destroys the human scale in the urban context by ignoring small-scale blocks and communicative open public places in the urban environment, in his study titled e Death and Life of Great American Cities [21]. Simultaneously Mumford, in e City in History, mentions that the cities ignore the human scale, whereas the basic needs, social relations and spiritual needs of people should be taken into account in cities [22]. ...
... When we walk at our usual speed of 4-5 km/ h, we have time to see what lies ahead and where we will step on the road ahead. Lawson a ributed the appearance of buildings around us, appearing and sliding around us throughout our eld of vision to a large extent due to human speed [21]. It can be stated that human movement (walking) is a people-friendly movement that provides a rich city experience. ...
... El diseño urbano como herramienta en la planificación turística Jacobs (1961) analiza la importancia de la diversidad urbana para generar espacios atractivos para los turistas. La mezcla de usos del suelo, la presencia de actividades diversas y la interacción social generan un dinamismo que atrae tanto a locales como a visitantes. ...
... Lynch (1960) Diversidad urbana Combinación de usos del suelo y actividades que generan dinamismo y atractivo en el entorno. Jacobs (1961) Escala humana Diseño de espacios accesibles y cómodos para peatones. ...
El turismo integra elementos naturales y construidos, donde el paisaje y la arquitectura desempeñan un papel fundamental en la atracción de visitantes, contribuyendo a la imagen percibida de los destinos. La arquitectura, como parte del patrimonio histórico y cultural, no solo define la identidad de los lugares, sino que también influye en la experiencia turística, requiriendo diseños sostenibles que equilibren el desarrollo turístico con la preservación cultural y ambiental. La planificación urbana y turística debe considerar aspectos como la capacidad de carga, la distribución equilibrada de los flujos turísticos y la creación de entornos funcionales y auténticos. La gestión de la imagen percibida es esencial para la competitividad de los destinos, requiriendo una colaboración entre actores públicos, privados y comunidades locales para alinear esfuerzos en torno a una visión común. La sostenibilidad, la educación y la tecnología emergen como pilares clave para garantizar que los destinos turísticos ofrezcan experiencias auténticas, resilientes y atractivas, fortaleciendo su identidad y asegurando su desarrollo a largo plazo.
... Walkability has emerged in recent years as one of the key indicators of high-quality urban environments (Delavar et al., 2025;Kim & Gong, 2023). This topic, however, has been researched for decades, dating back to the seminal works of Jacobs (1961) on urban vitality and Ewing and Handy (2009) on urban design qualities related to walkability. Research indicates that walkable urban environments encourage physical activity, which is associated with lower rates of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and other health conditions (Ewing & Handy, 2009;Forsyth, 2015). ...
... Marshall, 2005). Permeability is often evaluated based on block size, street network density, and the availability of multiple route choices for pedestrians (Jacobs, 1961;Stangl, 2015). Research suggests that permeable, fine-grained urban grids support vibrant urban life (Carmona, 2021;Pafka & Dovey, 2016). ...
In the contemporary urban landscape, walkability is shaped by the spatial characteristics of the built environment and its ability to adapt to environmental risks, particularly those posed by climate change. This study explores the intersection of walkability and flood adaptation strategies in waterfront public spaces across nine cities in the Baltic Sea Region, analysing their morphological characteristics with a focus on connectivity, accessibility, and climate adaptability. Using a mixed‐method approach that integrates spatial mapping, quantitative metrics, qualitative analysis, and comparative case studies, this research evaluates the effectiveness of urban structure transformations and the introduction of blue‐green infrastructure, floating structures, and nature‐based solutions in enhancing walkability while mitigating flood risks. The findings reveal significant improvements in connectivity, as indicated by extended pedestrian route networks (increases of 6%–28%), enhanced link–node ratios (increases of 24%–39%), and a substantial rise in the number of urban nodes with direct water access (150%–1900%). These results demonstrate that climate‐adaptive urban design not only strengthens flood resilience but also fosters vibrant, walkable, and socially inclusive public spaces. This study provides valuable insights for urban planners, architects, and policymakers, proposing strategies to integrate flood resilience into walkable urban environments. By emphasising the synergy between walkability and climate adaptation, this research advances the discourse on sustainable urban planning. The findings highlight the potential of adaptable waterfronts, incorporating blue‐green infrastructure and flexible design principles, to enhance urban resilience while maintaining public space quality and accessibility.
... m a d r i d @ a u t o n o m a . c a t Orientación hacia el peatón (Maas, 1984;Schubert, 2014) Cualidad de una ciudad para albergar diferentes personas y actividades en distintos momentos del día (Jacobs, 1961) Capacidad continua y a largo plazo de una ciudad para funcionar como un entorno viable para la interacción, la comunicación y el desarrollo cultural (Yiftachel & Hedgcock, 1993) Interacción social, satisfacción con el barrio, participación social, seguridad, equidad social y sentido de pertenencia (Larimian and Sadeghi, 2019) METODOLOGÍA S t e p h a n i e M a d r i d S o l o r z a D o c t o r a n d a e n G e o g r a f í a U A B s t e p h a n i e . m a d r i d @ a u t o n o m a . ...
... m a d r i d @ a u t o n o m a . c a t "confianza de que la calle es algo propio y de que, en caso necesario, se encontrará apoyo"(Jacobs, 1961) ...
Defensa para obtener el grado de doctora en geografía en la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
... Entrepreneurship also plays a pivotal role in diversifying regional economies. According to Jane Jacobs [10], economic diversity within a region fosters the crossfertilization of ideas and innovation, leading to dynamic growth. Diverse economic activities provide fertile ground for entrepreneurship to take root, enabling the region to be resilient to economic shocks and better positioned for sustainable growth. ...
... This idea is further refined by Kenneth Arrow's focus on specialization and economies of scale, as well as Jane Jacobs's emphasis on diverse, dynamic urban economies [10]. Together, these perspectives highlight the relationship between factors, their structure, and the spatial strategies that drive regional and global economic performance. ...
What matters for economic growth? How we can facilitate economic growth via entrepreneurship? Policy makers needs to invest in culture for creativity, better education, physical capital, digital technologies to create more conducive environment for growth and entrepreneurship. We apply endogenous growth theory to understand how investment into knowledge can and should be translated into productivity, growth, society, creating a better economy. We also discuss why some assumptions of endogenous growth models fail, talking about the European paradox of knowledge - high investment in human capital, training, cultural awareness but this does not translate into growth, jobs and startups. It is not enough to have those investments, but there is a missing link for knowledge to spill over and this is entrepreneurship activity and creating a well-functioning entrepreneurial ecosystems.
... For example transport models that ignore people walking (Gehl 1987), or the emergent effects of people attracting more people (Whyte 1988) within what today are often described as complex-adaptive systems. This has led to urban planning practices based on pseudo-science that quantified motorized traffic but was ignorant of its social effects (Jacobs 1961). More recently the scientific foundations of the urban design theories of the 1960s have been questioned (Marshall 2012). ...
... The physical enclosure of the urban block increases visual and acoustic separation between public and private space. This has been linked to a clear demarcation of the public or private status of land ownership and reduced crime (Jacobs 1961;Lynch 1981). It can also produce a courtyard that is more weather protected and in which children can play under their parents' surveyance (Sim 2019). ...
This paper proposes two new urban morphological measures: Block Enclosure Ratio (BER) and Block Labyrinthineness Ratio (BLR). BER captures the built-up ratio of the block perimeter, linked to the sense of enclosure. BLR is the ratio between the shortest route around a block and its total perimeter, capturing how labyrinthine its shape is. The analytical value of these metrics is demonstrated based on the case study of Paris. Results indicate that these measures combined with diagramming and mapping are effective tools to analyse urban form attributes, and can bridge some of the gap between morphological studies and statistical analysis.
... The built environment shapes human behavior through five dimensions (5Ds), including density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit [28,29]. In The Life and Death of Great American Cities, Jacobs indicated that land use diversity, short block sizes, building age, and high-density development are all closely related to urban vitality [8]. In recent years, the application of big data in urban environments has significantly improved the measurement of the built environment. ...
... Third, intersection density and the residential land use ratio contribute positively to the vitality of the 10-and 15-min community life circles, with contribution rates reaching no less than 7%, making them the second most significant factors after the floor area ratio. This finding aligns with similar studies, such as those by Jacobs and Wang et al. [8,12]. A higher intersection density typically indicates a more compact and well-connected street network, which enhances the accessibility of urban spaces and promotes pedestrian activity [18]. ...
Disentangling the effects of the built environment on urban vitality at the scale of community life circles is crucial for informing precise urban planning and design, particularly in the context of urban renewal. However, studies examining the complex relationships and spatial heterogeneity in these effects remain limited, hindering the identification of built environment characteristics that may generate sustainable benefits. Therefore, this study took Xi’an, a typical high-density city in Northwest China, as an example. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model and the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method were utilized to reveal threshold effects and spatial correlations between the built environment and community life circles’ vitality across varying buffer zones. The results show that (1) there is a significant spatial correlation between the built environment and the core–periphery structure of community life circles’ vitality. (2) Indicators, such as facility accessibility, the floor area ratio, intersection density, and the residential land use ratio, contribute significantly to community life circles’ vitality. (3) While the micro-built environment and socio-economic factors show limited contributions, their collaboration with the macro-built environment can enhance their individual effects, highlighting the necessity of taking them into account together. These findings provide new insights into supporting community life circles’ vitality through urban planning and design.
... However, traditional urban morphology studies face limitations in capturing socio-cultural transformations and daily life practices [28]. Jacobs (1961) pioneered the study of human activities in architectural environments, identifying four determinants of urban life: mixed primary uses, intensity, spatial permeability, and architectural diversity [29,30]. Gehl (1989) argued that successful urban places thrive on street life, where pedestrian activity is a prerequisite for vibrant public spaces [31]. ...
... However, traditional urban morphology studies face limitations in capturing socio-cultural transformations and daily life practices [28]. Jacobs (1961) pioneered the study of human activities in architectural environments, identifying four determinants of urban life: mixed primary uses, intensity, spatial permeability, and architectural diversity [29,30]. Gehl (1989) argued that successful urban places thrive on street life, where pedestrian activity is a prerequisite for vibrant public spaces [31]. ...
The historical authenticity of historic urban areas has been compromised, and community cohesion has declined, necessitating comprehensive methods to systematically identify spatial textures and socio-cultural transformation characteristics. This study investigates the Jianxi Historic Urban Area in Luoyang from a Historic Urban Landscape perspective, integrating GIS, sDNA tools, and semi-structured interviews to analyze material spatial evolution and socio-cultural shifts. The findings reveal stable street network structures enhanced by road expansions, functional intensification marked by rising residential density and tertiary sector growth, and high replacement rates of 1950s–1960s buildings that improved the area’s physical quality but disrupted historical continuity and heritage integrity. Material transformations fragmented collective memory and reshaped residents’ sense of place identity. This research proposes sustainable renewal strategies, emphasizing refined gradient control models, community identity revitalization, and participatory decision-making, offering actionable insights for regenerating historic urban areas.
... This meant that -despite attempts to create their own, sustainable built environments -"most of the world uncritically replicated inappropriate interpretations of Modernist architectural ideals to accommodate the needs of rapid urbanization". Which then in turn resulted in "an urban form and building stock that was socially dysfunctional, highly resource inefficient and unhealthy (Jacobs, 1961(Jacobs, /1992; World Health Organisation (WHO), (1999)" which continues to be seen to this day. As discussed by Cole, specific, targeted plans for regenerative design in more marginalised countries must be created to prevent a rush to replicate -often unsuccessfully -the practices adopted by the Western world. ...
This study uniquely explores the potential for expanding regenerative design practices within the United Kingdom’s construction industry. Regenerative design is a key method for combatting environmental degradation and biodiversity loss through the implementation of new habitats, circular economies and promoting the coexistence of humankind and the natural environment. This research consists of an industry survey investigating current awareness, implementation and obstacles surrounding regenerative design. This survey identified significant gaps in knowledge, prohibitive costs and delays in the local authority approvals process as critical hindrances to progress. Despite 72% of respondents to the survey identifying they were aware of regenerative design, a small fraction of this number demonstrated solid understanding and application of these practices, with only 25% of participants identifying themselves as having an above average understanding of regenerative design. Recommendations to overcome these roadblocks to progress include integrating regenerative design into academic courses by developing specialised modules and workshops, establishing standard details for regenerative features to reduce the delays incurred during technical approval processes and offering financial incentives to encourage wider adoption through tax breaks and public-private partnerships. This research underscores the urgent requirement to adopt regenerative design, to revolutionise the construction industry from sustainability focused principles to active repair and net-positive approaches. These practices are the only way to reverse the destruction already inflicted upon our natural ecosystems and prevent future harm to human health. Future research should aim to build on what has been accomplished to date and begin assessing how specific actions may lead to wider implementation of regenerative design.
... Jacobs' seminal critique in The Death and Life of Great American Cities [16] identified fatal flaws in modernist, car-oriented street planning, cascading urban crises that impact not only economic and environmental degradation but also social fragmentation. Planners adopted a functionalist approach that designed streets as traffic conduits rather than social spaces and place-making tools; streetscapes lost their identity and emotional bonds that formed through sustained interaction with layered environments. ...
The role of Active Street Frontage (ASF) identity is crucial in Ubud as a world-renowned tourist destination. The traditional Balinese street-frontage (TBF) elements provide a sense of place and identity in Ubud that has economic, social, and environmental impacts. This study seeks to examine the influence of TBF components on creating ASF identity in Ubud. The TBF elements under examination comprise such as fence walls (penyengker), green areas (telajakan), foyers (lebuh), roadways (marga), gates (kori), walkways (rurung), and crossroads of primary highways as a civic center (catuspatha). This study employs a descriptive qualitative methodology that incorporates field observations and comprehensive interviews. TBF's elements are not merely architectural features but encoded cosmological and spiritual narratives. The findings indicate that "TBF's activeness" brings the existence of sensory complexity and dynamic socio-cultural moments that encourages tourists to walk. The emergence of traditional space adaptability defines the unique identity of Ubud's ASF. For tourists, TBF elements encourage walkability, due to the physical uniqueness and cultural activities involvement. For residents, the TBF not only has a physical role but also promoting collective identity, community bonds, and a sense of belonging to the area. Cognitively, TBF fostered place attachment through daily rituals and communal practices, embedding collective memory of ASF identity.
KEYWORDS
Balinese, Active, Street-Frontage, Identity, Traditional, Ubud
... In New York, Jane Jacobs famously resisted urban renewal programs (Jane Jacobs, 1961). But that period is also characterized by the Stonewall riots, where the queer community claimed the right to be treated equally in urban spaces (Andersson, 2015), and the civil rights movement that fought against racial discrimination. ...
... De effectiviteit van camera's komt bovendien te laat, na eventuele feiten.De workshopmomenten met de vrouwen bevestigen de impact van een onveiligheidsgevoel op hun ruimtegebruik. Om in te kunnen spelen op een verhoogd gevoel van veiligheid komt in het veldwerk het belang van sociale controle naar voren, in lijn met het gekende eyes-on-the-street principe vanJacobs (1961). Dit kan bereikt worden door het verminderen van visuele barrières zoals muren, en door ruimtes een open en overzichtelijk karakter te geven ...
Reguliere ruimtelijke planning wordt nog steeds gedomineerd door een patriarchaal perspectief. Als gevolg worden de ruimtenoden van vrouwen, en in het bijzonder van vrouwen met een migratieachtergrond, onvoldoende gerepresenteerd. Zij voelen zich in de publieke ruimte minder welkom of zelfs onveilig. Dit artikel wil inzichten bieden in de stedelijke ervaring en specifieke ruimtenoden van vrouwen met een migratieachtergrond. Aan de hand van actieonderzoek met een lokale vrouwengroep en gesprekken met buurtwerkers, planners en andere experten, brengt het inzichten samen over hoe vrouwen in Antwerpen Noord de openbare ruimte ervaren. Centrale thema's die aan bod komen zijn het gevoel van (on)veiligheid of de manier waarop de zorgrol van vrouwen hun gebruik van de openbare ruimte beïnvloedt. Op basis daarvan formuleert het artikel concrete aanbevelingen voor ruimtelijke planners, zoals het stimuleren van betere sociale controle, het inzetten op (semi-)publieke vrouwvriendelijke plekken of het verbeteren van de verschillende stops op dagelijkse routes.
... Studies have shown that access to green spaces can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and improve mental health [33][34][35]. Active and well-used public spaces are essential for the social life of cities, facilitating interaction among people from different social strata [36,37]. In addition to their social function, green spaces improve air quality, reduce noise, regulate temperature, and preserve biodiversity [38,39]. ...
This article investigates the application of a model for calculating sustainable development goal indicator 11.7.1 using the example of Podgorica (Montenegro). Indicator 11.7.1 measures the proportion of open public spaces in relation to the total built-up area of the city, which is a key indicator of quality of life, social integration, and the sustainability of urban areas. Utilizing a methodology based on geographic information systems (GIS) analysis and detailed spatial planning documentation, data on various categories of public and green spaces, as well as street areas, were collected and analyzed. The GIS analysis model enables precise mapping and digitization of areas, while spatial planning documents provide necessary data for verification and compilation. The total area of open public spaces, including parks, squares, green areas, and streets, was calculated to be 1,028 ha. In comparison with the total built-up area of the city, which is 858.49 ha, the proportion of open public spaces is 119.75%. The results of this study highlight the importance of monitoring and improving public spaces for the sustainable development of urban environments. The proposed GIS analysis model and spatial planning methodology can serve as a basis for future research and application in other urban areas, enabling more accurate monitoring and improvement of citizens’ quality of life.
... Вибір підходу до дослідження залежить від мети дослідження, характеру простору та контексту його використання. Системний підхід придатний, якщо потрібно розглянути громадський простір як складну систему, що складається з багатьох взаємопов'язаних елементів [8]. ...
This paper examines the spatial, aesthetic and functional characteristics of public spaces, their role in social interactions and the relationship with the urban environment. The role of landscaping as an important element of modern urban planning and its impact on the quality of public spaces in cities is considered. The historical prerequisites for the formation of urban green zones, their evolution, also modern approaches to the planning of public spaces with an emphasis on environmental sustainability and comfort are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the vertical greening of facades, exploited green roofs and urban areas for which mobile greening structures are intended, had proposed as a means that can provide a significant improvement in the quality of air in cities and lead to savings in electricity for air conditioning due to a decrease in the temperature of walls and roofs in the case of placing such systems in the immediate vicinity of the mentioned objects. The article contains recommendations for improving the quality of urban areas through the creation of green areas of public space.
... The aforementioned supervision is exercised by other visitors who use the space in an expected and accepted way. They play a positive role in the sense that they might react appropriately if something arouses their concern or they notice a threat [105][106][107]. This type of surveillance and social involvement is relevant to areas frequented by children, which are perceived as safer through this lens. ...
This study aimed to check whether physical signs of children’s presence in the urban space have an impact on sense of safety and preferences. We based the study on an intra- and inter-group design, whereby respondents assessed two types of space: housing estates and green areas. The photos were manipulated to create three scenarios: control (without elements related to children), denotation (spaces supplemented with children’s
playgrounds), and connotation (spaces containing elements associated with children). Each scenario was assessed by a separate group of respondents, who were further split between men and women. Analyses have shown that in residential districts, spaces with childrelated connotations foster a feeling of safety and enhance the general appeal of the place, especially among women. In turn, direct signs of the presence of children (denotation) have a lesser impact on the positive assessment of the space. In green areas, adding child-related details did not affect women’s feelings but lowered men’s evaluations of safety and preference. The findings suggest that elements associated with children should be used selectively, taking into account the type of space and differences in perception between the sexes. These observations can support the creation of sustainable urban environments: safe and inclusive housing estate and park designs, especially in the context of building cities that foster social integration without exclusions. This is a preliminary study that paves the way for further exploration of the topic. In order to be able to analyse adults’ preferences and safety in more depth, it seems interesting to investigate the shared perception of landscape by children and adults and the possibilities of participatory design of public spaces.
... In the 1960s, sociologist and urbanist William H. Whyte and writer Jane Jacobs developed the concept of a place, or the idea of desirable public areas. They discussed improving the aesthetics of streets and public areas as opposed to merely ensuring that they serve their intended purposes (Jacobs, 1961;Whyte, 1980). The term "topophilia," which refers to humans' affective connections to their material surroundings, was first used by Yi-Fu Tuan. ...
India’s deep-rooted cultural diversity offers a complex and vibrant context for placemaking, where public spaces must respond not only to environmental conditions but also to community-specific traditions, rituals, and social practices. This study examines how understanding local culture can serve as a critical attribute for effective placemaking in India. Drawing upon theories of place, space, and global placemaking initiatives, it highlights the transformation of spaces into meaningful places through community participation and cultural expression. While placemaking practices in the Global West often emphasize sociability, accessibility, activity, and comfort, this paper argues that in the Indian context, cultural specificity must be an added dimension. The study critically analyses traditional Indian neighbourhoods, such as the Pols of Ahmedabad, to illustrate how indigenous spatial arrangements successfully integrated community practices into public life. It also critiques contemporary urban development trends in India, where standardized designs have led to placelessness, failing to nurture authentic community engagement. Through a literature review and contextual analysis, it emphasizes that a culturally sensitive approach—accounting for socio-economic, physical, and perceptual contexts—is essential for creating inclusive, vibrant, and sustainable public spaces in India. The research advocates for redefining placemaking attributes for the Global South, positioning culture as a core driver rather than a peripheral concern in public space design.
Keywords: Placemaking, Local Culture, Public Spaces in India
... Urban regeneration provides an opportunity to address issues like a neighborhood's lack of identity, an absolute lack of public spaces, and excessive urban density, which makes road widening, green space development, and tree planting along sidewalks unfeasible. [2] While change is required in vulnerable regions with fragile historic treasures, it must be progressive rather than abrupt, to prevent what Jacobs [3] called "the sacking of a city." "If change is necessary, it should be managed and controlled to avoid extreme dislocation and reestablish the greatest possible link with the past," writes Lynch [4] . ...
In the recent period of fast economic development, population growth and demands, and changing lifestyles, most outdated regions in metropolitan centers have faced many difficulties in making the required adjustments and adaptations to current needs and changes. This paper looks at the role of community participation in urban regeneration projects and reviving run-down areas and how it can be used to help localities in economic as well as social renewal without changing the identity of the area. The urban regeneration of a Railway Staff Neighbourhood (N.F., B. Colony) in the district of Kamrup Metropolitan, Assam, NorthEastern India, is the subject of this research. The paper also aims at an urban reuse idea to develop a regenerative approach as a countermeasure to urban degradation, with a strategy that involves community engagement in the project. The research was based on numerous site visits and interviewing various stakeholder groups, particularly the local community, at all levels. The study examines a new experience in the neighbourhood in establishing an alternative use of the abandoned quarters based on addressing the community and the problems faced by them.
... At the individual level many around the world have compared their friendships with that of Friends characters Chandler and Joey's or their sex lives to that of Sex and the City star Samantha Jones (Adriaens and Van Bauwel, 2014;Behm-Morawitz and Mastro, 2008;Blanchet and Vaage, 2012). At the level of municipal policy, the example of Greenwich Village -as famously praised by Jacobs (1961) -long served as an example of a model neighborhood for city policymakers in the West (Flint, 2009;Van den Berg, 2018). And at the levels of national and world politics, the French Revolution has served as a highly influential comparator, indicating that a revolution by ordinary citizens is possible, thus inspiring diverse revolutionary cases such as the Russian Revolution and the Fall of the Berlin Wall (Sewell, 2005). ...
Comparison is ubiquitous in social life, yet some comparisons are far more common, institutionalized, and influential than others. Building on work in cultural sociology, we call these repertoires of comparison (RoCs). Institutionalized across one or more social fields, RoCs are employed at different levels of society (local, national, global) and across myriad social contexts (sports clubs, city offices, the media). For example, horrific events are frequently compared to the paradigmatic case of 9/11 to assess their gravity, while Greenwich Village long served as a model neighborhood for municipal policymakers. Our aim in this article is to put RoCs on the sociological map. Although such common comparisons have been indirectly analyzed in scholarship on repertoires, symbolic boundaries, orders of worth, and commensuration, we argue that conceptualizing them as a distinct phenomenon is analytically useful. RoCs matter because they: (a) encode and express moral judgments; (b) shape our frames of reference; (c) guide aspirations and aversions; and (d) inform symbolic boundary drawing. We then discuss how RoCs emerge, become contested, and which social factors contribute to their transformation or replacement. We show how RoCs are a fundamental dimension of social and political life and illustrate how this concept can be used to analyze understudied aspects of research on culture and politics.
... There are several conceptual justifications for the use of this spatial unit of analysis. Micro-places are unique behavioral settings that capture the daily rhythms of urban life and contain the specific activity hubs where people interact (Appleyard, 1981;Jacobs, 1961;Whyte, 1943). ...
... To address this trade-off between vegetation and density, one proposed solution is the "towers in the park" urban planning model pioneered by Le Corbusier 42 surrounded by extensive green spaces, has been criticized for its potential negative social and sustainability outcomes. For instance, high-rise buildings with significant setbacks can reduce street-level social interactions, potentially leading to social isolation, as noted by urbanist Jane Jacobs 43 . Additionally, high-rise construction is often more carbon-intensive than low-or mid-rise buildings due to the need for more robust materials like steel and concrete 35 . ...
In the past two decades, global cities have experienced a decline in urban population density, marked by urban land expansion outpacing population growth. The impact of this trend on urban population exposure to surface urban heat island (SUHI) has not been fully examined by considering the intra-city spatial variations in both population distribution and surface temperature. In this study, we examine the temporal trends of population-weighted SUHI extremes (as a proxy for spatial heat exposure) in the 1,000 largest global cities using high-resolution data from 2003 to 2020. Our findings reveal that cities with declining population densities experience a slower increase in population-weighted SUHI extremes compared to the rise in the area-average values, by approximately 0.5 ± 0.04 K per decade for every 1,000 persons/km²/year decrease in density (R² = 0.71; P < 0.01). Conversely, cities undergoing densification face greater challenges in mitigating rising heat exposure. We further show that vegetation changes have a moderate association with changes in population-weighted heat exposure (R² = 0.56), whereas variations in surface albedo exhibit a negligible relationship (R² = 0.03). These results underscore the need for strategic urban planning to balance the benefits of densification with the imperative of reducing heat exposure risks. Urban greening efforts may offer some mitigation potential, while albedo-based interventions require further investigation to assess their effectiveness at scale. As cities worldwide pursue sustainability and economic growth through increasing density, it is critical to integrate heat exposure consideration into urban planning to enhance climate resilience.
... Cities today are confronted by numerous challenges that range from rapid urbanisation to environmental degradation and social inequality. The revolutionary classical work of Jacobs (1961) argued for vibrant, mixed-use cities that nurture community interaction. Later scholars argued for collaborative planning approaches that engage people affected by planning and design decisions in the process of making those decisions (Healey, 1997;Innes and Booker, 2004;Sanoff, 1999). ...
Cities today are confronted by numerous challenges that range from rapid urbanisation to environmental degradation and social inequality. The revolutionary classical work of Jacobs (1961) argued for vibrant, mixed-use cities that nurture community interaction. Later scholars argued for collaborative planning approaches that engage people affected by planning and design decisions in the process of making those decisions (Healey, 1997; Innes and Booker, 2004; Sanoff, 1999). These fundamentals have informed a growing body of knowledge that postulates that urban resilience can meet contemporary challenges but should be regarded as both a reaction to crises and a positive process that roots sustainability within urban design decision making.
This issue of Urban Design and Planning (URDP) builds on these foundational positions and examine the way in which contemporary urbanism can employ both traditional wisdom and innovative practices to address multifaceted urban challenges. The issue features articles that echo a commitment to address questions relevant to environmental management, socio-cultural preservation, methodological innovation, and digital participation. They demonstrate that achieving urban resilience involves responding to emergencies or crises and an anticipatory approach that blends economic, environmental, and social sustainability into cohesive urban design strategies.
... The term emerged in the 1930s as a response to urban expansion and the need to preserve the environment and agricultural land, though it was not yet fully developed as a concept [3]. In the 1960s, planning reformers introduced different models for dense cities, e.g., Jane Jacobs in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities [4]. The term "compact city" was coined in 1973 by mathematical scientists George Dantzig and Thomas L. Saaty in their book Compact City: A Plan for a Liveable Urban Environment, which aimed to achieve more efficient resource use [5]. ...
The compact city has garnered significant attention from researchers in academia, particularly in recent years, due to its relevance to various global challenges, such as climate change, COVID-19, economic crises, and urbanization. Given the vast knowledge represented in the compact city literature and its diverse perspectives, this study aims is a comprehensive literature review through bibliometric analysis. Following the PRISMA protocol, a total of 570 articles from the Scopus database published in English between 1973 and 2022 underwent screening at two main levels of bibliometric analysis: performance analysis and science mapping. The findings of this study reveal a substantial increase in scientific production related to the compact city over the years. Furthermore, the concept of the compact city encompasses multiple dimensions, with a significant emphasis on the urban dimension. Remarkably, Asian countries (regions), particularly mainland China and China-Hong Kong, demonstrate a notable interest in the compact city concept. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the scientific production of compact city literature, highlighting its growth, multidimensionality, and geographic focus, which can inform future research and policymaking efforts.
... %) (Fig. 13), the configuration of the segment as an inner patio is the most explanatory variable (2.36), since these spaces have children's recreational facilities and can be perceived by mothers as safe and protected places because they are surrounded by buildings. These predominantly residential buildings feature balconies and windows overlooking the inner patio, a design element which, according to Jacobs (1961), is thought to enhance the sense of security through "eyes on the street" surveillance. The inclusion of aesthetic attributes is a factor that increases the BP of Model 1, explained by the positive correlation of the presence of public benches, a children's playground, trees (NDVI index) and larger benches. ...
Social Capital (SC) is embedded in individuals who cultivate strong interpersonal relations and actively participate in their communities. Empirical research suggests that pedestrian-oriented neighbourhoods increase social interactions, which are essential for the development of SC. The Superblock Action Plan in Barcelona has become a world-renowned initiative to massively transform car-used space into people-centred design. In this paper, we analyse how structuring (i.e. permanent infrastructure) and tactical (i.e. temporary-mobile infrastructure) interventions in the Sant Antoni area, one of the first superblocks, are correlated with expressions of SC in the form of people's behavioural patterns. To achieve this, extensive field observations of public space usage and urban settings at micro-scale level were carried out and further analysed through multivariate techniques. The results reveal a stronger correlation between social behaviour and structuring interventions than tactical ones. Variables such as inner courtyards, urban furniture, terrace protection from vehicular traffic, commercial premise cus-tomisation and prosocial interaction infrastructure contribute significantly to promoting behavioural patterns associated with SC. These findings have considerable implications for the deployment of public programmes to reclaim land from cars.
This article develops the concept of displaced placemaking as a theoretical and methodological framework for examining how individuals experiencing forced migration engage with environments through art-based practice and Earth–outer space perspectives. Drawing on observations and creative work at sites in northern and southern Finland, the study explores how experiences of spatial and cultural rupture shape human–environment relationships across multiple temporal and spatial scales. Rather than treating displacement solely as a condition of loss, the framework emphasises how observation, documentation and engagement with more-than-human systems can generate new, non-assimilative forms of environmental connection.Displaced placemaking draws from complexity theory, environmental humanities, and critical bioart practices to offer methods that are both materially accessible and conceptually responsive to structural exclusions. Through tools such as scalar analysis, temporal recalibration and boundary identification, the approach situates localised environmental experience within broader planetary systems without assuming continuity, origin or territorial fixity. The study contributes to scholarship on migration and environmental ethics by articulating practices of attention, co-creation and situated accountability, while interrogating the boundaries of ecological knowledge production across disciplines and scales.
This Perspective suggests six conceptual propositions to advance care-centric planning and governance in support of SDG 11. By prioritizing relationships, responsiveness, and collective well-being, while also integrating empowerment, environmental stewardship, and cultural diversity, a care-centric approach fosters more inclusive and sustainable cities. Drawing on selected practice-based examples, we illustrate care’s potential to inspire novel governance approaches, and to stimulate discussion about urban planning for more just and resilient urban environments.
This paper examines the relationship between urban public spaces and emerging technologies in smart cities, focusing on São Paulo and Berlin. Both cities, despite their distinct urban policies and socioeconomic conditions, are developing interactive environ- ments that integrate digital and physical spaces. The research explores ethical, aesthetic, and Artificial Intelligence communica- tion structures that promote social inclusion and environmental sustainability. A mixed-methods approach combines qualitative observations with quantitative analysis to assess public engagement. Consequently, the findings underscore the necessity of aligning technological innovation with ethical values, accessibility, and cultural diversity and advocate for human-centred urbanism that balances technological advancement with social well-being.
Sumário: 1 Introdução. 2 Urbanismo e direito urbanístico: normas cogentes garantidoras do bem-estar dos habitantes. 2.1 Cidade, urbanismo e direito urbanístico: preocupação com o coletivo. 2.2 Patologias das cidades e análise da criminalidade. 2.3 Ecologia humana, Comportamentalismo e a análise da criminalidade urbana pela Escola de Chicago. 3 Novo substrato biológico da violência urbana: a desordem urbana. 3.1 Aspectos biogenéticos da violência: o nascimento da criminologia. 3.2 Aspectos bioambientais da violência: a desordem urbana e a criminologia oriunda da Ecologia Humana. 3.3 Desordem urbana como agressão às funções urbanísticas garantidoras da qualidade de vida na cidade. 4 Crimes cometidos no ambiente urbano: tipologia segundo a teoria das atividades rotineiras. 4.1 Teoria das atividades rotineiras: explicação socioambiental contemporânea da violência. 4.2 Pressupostos da teoria da atividade rotineira para a ocorrência de um delito urbano. 5 Políticas públicas protetivas das funções urbanísticas e minimizantes dos delitos urbanos. 5.1 O mapeamento da violência em Belo Horizonte: exemplo concreto de aplicação da ecologia humana e da teoria da atividade rotineira no Brasil para prevenção de crimes. 5.2 O planejamento urbano como política pública eficaz no combate à criminalidade urbana. 5.3 O lazer e a recreação: exemplo de respeito à função urbanística eficaz no combate à violência urbana sofrida e praticada por jovens. 5.4 Garantia de trabalho e de moradia digna: políticas públicas sociais eficazes para o combate da violência. 6 Conclusão.
O objetivo do trabalho consistiu em compreender e registrar como a expulsão da escola de samba Vai-Vai, para a construção de uma estação de metrô, foi vivenciada pela comunidade identificada com esse importante lugar de memória do bairro paulistano do Bixiga. Como recurso metodológico, realizamos entrevistas em profundidade com seis atores sociais do bairro cujas histórias de vida estão ligadas ao samba e/ou a coletivos culturais do bairro. A análise, guiada pelo Modelo Analítico para Estudo da Consciência Política, de Salvador Sandoval (1994), deixa evidente o sentimento de injustiça presente na comunidade, que avalia que as perdas causadas à memória e à identidade do bairro poderiam ter sido evitadas.
Clarifying the mechanisms by which the micro-scale built environment influences urban vitality is an important scientific challenge, to guide precise urban planning in the context of urban renewal. In this study, we quantify the intensity of human activities through Baidu heat maps, analyze social interaction patterns using social media check-in data, and integrate built environment elements such as road network topology, 3D building morphology, and the spatial distribution of points of interest (POIs). A machine learning technique combining a real-encoded Accelerated Genetic Algorithm-Projective Pathfinding Model (RAGA-PPM) and Shapley Additive Projection for Interpretability (SHAP) for Interpretability Analysis (IPA) was used to investigate the nonlinear mechanisms of 17 factors affecting urban vitality in Macau Peninsula, China. Firstly, the explanatory power of the built environment for comprehensive vitality was significantly better than the other dimensions. Two factors, population vitality and microblogging check-in vitality, contributed the most to the composite vitality value. Secondly, road network density was the most important built environment factor affecting urban vitality in Macau Peninsula (SHAP = 0.025). Finally, the impacts of built environment factors on urban vitality showed nonlinearities, and the threshold effects of the core factors (road network density, spatial fractal dimension, and openness to the sky) showed a consistent neighborhood-level pattern. This study establishes a framework for micro-vitality mechanisms in high-density cities, addressing the limitations of traditional methods in modeling complex nonlinear relationships. The methodological integration of RAGA-PPM and SHAP advances the innovative paradigm of applying interpretable machine learning to the study of urban form.
Filth is a material and a semiotic category that has long been used to classify and govern the human and the nonhuman world. Undesired social groups and forms of life are elided with disgusting elements of the environment to justify their suppression or eradication. The science and the management of filth have been central to modernity and have profoundly shaped urban life. The rise of microbiology revealed the microbial origins of some diseases, empowering visions of the sanitary city in both the metropole and the colony. This drove substantial investments in sanitation, hygiene, and the removal of animals and agriculture. However, recent research on the human microbiome has demonstrated the salutary role of some microbes for human well-being. It highlights the value of forms of material previously categorized as filth and calls for a recalibration of modern, antibiotic hygiene practices and modes of architecture and urban planning. This new microbiology is driving a nascent, probiotic turn in urban theory that overlaps with a wider appreciation of the beneficial role of nature in the urban environment, and the development of more affirmative models of urban hospitality premised on living with social difference. This review and perspective examines these connected developments, explores their implications for urban political ecology, and outlines a new research agenda. It starts with a chronology of the shifting material and semiotic relationships with filth in science and society, before identifying six key research questions to guide an interrogation of this new chapter in the storied history of filth and the city.
Since the reform and opening-up policy, the accelerated urbanization rate has triggered extensive construction of new towns, leading to architectural homogenization and environmental quality degradation. As urban development transitions toward a “quality improvement” paradigm, there is an urgent need to synergistically enhance the health performance of human settlements through the optimization of public space environments. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the built environment of urban streets on residents’ perceptions. In particular, in the context of rapid urbanization, how to improve the mental health and quality of life of residents by improving the street environment. Changbai Island Street in the Heping District of Shenyang City was selected for the study. Baidu Street View images combined with machine learning were employed to quantify physical characterizations like street plants and buildings. The ‘Place Pulse 2.0’ dataset was utilized to obtain data on residents’ perceptions of streets as beautiful, safe, boring, and lively. Correlation and regression analyses were used to reveal the relationship between physical characteristics such as green visual index, openness, and pedestrians. It was discovered that the green visual index had a positive effect on perceptions of it being beautiful and safe, while openness and building enclosure factors influenced perceptions of it being lively or boring. This study provides empirical data support for urban planning, emphasizing the need to focus on integrating environmental greenery, a sense of spatial enclosure, and traffic mobility in street design. Optimization strategies such as increasing green coverage, controlling building density, optimizing pedestrian space, and enhancing the sense of street enclosure were proposed. The results of the study not only help to understand the relationship between the built environment of streets and residents’ perceptions but also provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for urban space design.
Streetscapes in old urban areas are not only an important carrier to show regional economies and city style, but also closely correlate to urban residents’ everyday life and the hustle and bustle in which they live. Nevertheless, previous studies have either focused on a few examples with low-throughput surveys or have lacked a specific consideration of spontaneous features in the data-driven explorations. Furthermore, the impact of spontaneous streetscape features on diversified social sensing has rarely been examined. This paper combined the mobile collection of street view images (SVIs) and a machine learning algorithm to calculate eight types of spontaneous streetscape elements and integrated two online platforms (Dianping and Sina Weibo) to map the distribution of economic vitality and social media perception, respectively. Then, through comparing multiple regression models, the impacts of the spontaneous streetscape characteristics on social sensing were revealed. The results include the following two aspects: (1) overall, the spontaneous streetscape features have a certain similarity in the impact on both dimensions of social sensing in Quanzhou, with significant clustering and transitional trends and strong spatial heterogeneity; and (2) specifically, the spontaneous streetscape elements can be divided into three categories, given the differentiated roles of significantly positive, negative, and polarizing impacts on the social sensing results. For example, proper use of open-interface storefronts, ads, and banners is consistent with the common suggestions, while the excessive pursuit of interface diversity and the use of cultural elements may bring an ambiguous effect. This paper provides a transferable analytical framework for mixed and data-driven sensing of streetscape regeneration and can potentially inspire related decisionmakers to adopt a more refined and low-cost approach to enhance urban vitality and sustainability.
Highlights-Social interactions, among other things, affect peoples' attraction to public spaces.-Permeability, flexibility, and accessibility are the spatial structural factors that directly impact social interactions in public spaces.-The main goal of the formation of the Space Syntax Theory is to describe the social rationale behind the basic layers of spatial configuration.-The spatial plan has a direct impact on interactions in the space. Extended abstract Introduction Man is intrinsically a social being whose surrounding space constitutes his social relations. The extent to which the environment affects man's performance has always been a major concern for environmental designers. Marketplaces are highly important in this regard as thriving, bustling public places. The urban space combines social relations and the structural context, which meets man's collective functions and conveys a semantic load. It is not made simply for being seen and walked through, as it also helps form social relations among various people in the community. The urban space involves the pleasure and enjoyment of various social groups and their active, continued social presence therein. The marketplace structure has served as the heart of Islamic-era cities in the attempt to meet man's basic needs, including economic, religious, social, and tourism-pilgrimage needs. It provides a good example for investigation of the reasons for high social interaction and how these interactions are affected by the architectural context. This article seeks to answer the following questions: How does structure impact the social interactions in the historical bazaar of the city of Tabriz, Iran? How does the bazaar structure contribute to the improvement of social interactions in Saray-e-Amir? How does the bazaar structure reduce social interactions in Saray-e-Dodari? Theoretical Framework This research aims to identify the structural components affecting the interactions in the marketplace and investigate the role of Tabriz's bazaar as a living, dynamic example of traditional Iranian marketplaces in the interactions occurring there. A review of the literature indicates that Space Syntax can help examine these issues, and an investigation of the components obtained from previous research may serve to help investigate the relevant factors. The components include permeability, flexibility, accessibility in the space syntax, flooring, furniture, spaces for stopping and sitting, visibility, etc. These are structural factors affecting social interactions, which can be investigated with various spatial techniques. As suggested in the literature, the term syntax bears contextual meanings; in other words, it is defined in association with relevant terms. If a building is considered as an object composed of a spatial-communication system, this system will be represented by a plan that manifests the function of syntax in the architectural space.
Capteurs connectés, portiques biométriques, cartographie prédictive : les dispositifs numériques et l’intelligence artificielle sont de plus en plus nombreux dans le domaine de la sécurité. Ces nouvelles technologies de sécurité urbaine sont souvent présentées comme les briques de base des « safe cities », villes sûres. Cet article propose de se départir de cette terminologie industrielle, pour s’intéresser à l’action publique en matière de sécurité urbaine en mobilisant les outils traditionnels des sciences sociales ainsi que les apports des science and technology studies (STS). À rebours d’une vision plus techno-centrée, il insiste sur la diversité des acteurs publics et privés qui contribuent à ces politiques de sécurité urbaine, sur les luttes et les collaborations entre eux, ainsi que sur leurs pratiques ordinaires. Cette introduction propose d’abord une généalogie du cadrage de la « safe city », puis engage un dialogue critique avec les surveillance studies , en concevant la surveillance comme étant toujours encastrée dans les pratiques des acteurs sociaux, plutôt que comme un concept uniformément explicatif des rapports sociaux. Elle aborde ensuite les activités de sécurité urbaine à l’aune des questions liées à la numérisation du travail. Finalement, elle conclut sur les enjeux méthodologiques d’une telle démarche, régulièrement confrontée aux difficultés d’accès au terrain. En effet, ces technologies émergentes, au fonctionnement complexe, font l’objet d’une politisation croissante liée aux controverses sur la surveillance et au respect des libertés.
La mise en place de systèmes de vidéosurveillance automatisée suscite de nombreuses controverses quant au rapport entre le coût financier et démocratique de son déploiement et sa réelle utilité. Notre article vise à contribuer à ces questionnements en étudiant la fabrication et le déploiement de deux systèmes de vidéosurveillance automatisée : AIView qui est appliqué à la vidéosurveillance des magasins et AICity qui concerne la surveillance de l’espace public. L’enquête repose sur une étude de bout en bout des systèmes d’IA auprès des acteurs qui participent à sa fabrication et à son fonctionnement : data scientists, travailleurs de la donnée et utilisateurs du système. Nous contribuons à la littérature en montrant que la surveillance automatique s’appuie toujours sur des médiateurs humains. En effet, pour fonctionner les modèles s’appuient à la fois sur le travail d’annotateurs de données, qui lui fournissent une vision simplifiée du réel sous la forme de jeux de données, et sur les vidéo-opérateurs qui interprètent les sorties des systèmes intelligents. Ces deux groupes de travailleurs permettent une adaptabilité en temps réel du système de surveillance aux besoins émergeant de situations complexes.
Given the escalating use of digital tools and the Internet of Things in public spaces for quality control, there is an imperative need to address the following question: How can cities enhance the adaptability of their public spaces in the face of various risks and threats, especially those with consequences spanning all urban areas? The COVID-19 pandemic directed unprecedented attention to public spaces, prompting studies on the role of their digitization in influencing their usage during times of crisis. Here, the question arises: Can digital transformations in public spaces be beneficial during crises? While the digitalization of public spaces has its critics, as examinations indicate, the use of certain tools in these locations during the pandemic was able to positively impact their performance. Amsterdam, through the utilization of digital solutions during the COVID period, functioned notably as a significant case study in enhancing the efficiency of public spaces. The aim of this study is to examine the creation of a comprehensive framework that investigates some of Amsterdam's public spaces during the pandemic. The focus of this study is on evaluating the digital solutions applied to public spaces, with an emphasis on resilience against unforeseen challenges. A list of some digital tools that have made public spaces adaptable during the COVID period is reviewed in this section. In essence, the goal is to learn lessons from Amsterdam and present this perspective for similar experiences in cities worldwide to contribute to the resilience and strengthening of their public spaces.
Natural Property Rights presents a novel theory of property based on individual, pre-political rights. The book argues that a just system of property protects people's rights to use resources and also orders those rights consistent with natural law and the public welfare. Drawing on influential property theorists such as Grotius, Locke, Blackstone, and early American statesmen and judges, as well as recent work in in normative and analytical philosophy, the book shows how natural rights guide political and legal reasoning about property law. It examines how natural rights justify the most familiar institutions in property, including public property, ownership, the system of estates and future interests, leases, servitudes, mortgages, police regulation, and eminent domain. Thought-provoking and comprehensive, the book challenges leading contemporary justifications for property and shows how property both secures individual freedom and serves the common good.
In a rights-based legal system, a government may justly condemn property on two main distinct grounds. The eminent domain power authorizes governments to take private property upon payment of just compensation, if the taken property is going to be used by the government or by the public at large. Governments may also condemn and redistribute private property under the police power, primarily when doing so seems clearly likely to secure an average reciprocity of advantage to all the affected owners. If a government action does not satisfy either set of standards, however, it constitutes a violation of property rights. This chapter applies the justifications it studies to familiar disputes about irrigation systems, the creation of dams and mills, the acquisition of land for mining rights of way, urban renewal programs, the redistribution of land in Hawaii to deal with oligopoly, and the redistribution of land to facilitate economic development in Kelo v. New London (2005). This chapter also considers the skeptical view holding that it is impossible to distinguish between police regulation and eminent domain or between public and private uses.
Drawing inspiration from Italy’s rich urban lighting traditions—from festive luminarie to local celebrations—this research synthesizes digital fabrication, urban design, and sensory experience into a spatial proposal that addresses safety as an embodied, emotional experience.
Keywords:
Adaptive Environments · Parametric Design · Perceptions of Safety · Responsive Urban Design · Responsive Lighting System for Public Space
Using the development of motorised transport, the chapter explores how wealth accumulation for a few has affected the environment of the many and continues to do so, both in terms of energy exploitation and the physical infrastructure required. It looks at who pays for roads and who benefits, variables not currently considered in both SDG 9 and SDG 11 that share a common interest in sustainable transport and infrastructure under the premise that economic growth will improve accessibility. Through the development and impact of Henry Ford’s cars on the built environment, this chapter shows how the link between SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry Innovation and Infrastructure), assumed positive in the SDGs can, in turn, be found to be negative if the impact of wealth accumulation is taken into account.
The article explores the qualities of public buildings in the perception of visitors. Analyzing their reviews on public buildings, the study examines how architectural design contributes to both improving the use of public spaces and strengthening social interaction, creating integrated and inclusive spaces that contribute to the well-being of the community.
Optimizing the built environment to foster urban vitality is essential for effective urban planning and sustainable development. Previous studies have predominantly focused on analyzing the relationship between the built environment and urban vitality at either a macro or micro-scale, often assuming a predefined linear relationship. In this study, we investigate the potential non-linear interactions between the built environment and urban vitality by employing an interpretable spatial machine learning framework that integrates the XGBoost model with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithm. Additionally, we analyze the determinants of urban vitality across both micro and macro-scales using multi-source data, semantic segmentation models, and street view imagery. Our findings reveal the following key insights: (1) the distribution of urban vitality exhibits spatial heterogeneity within the main urban area of Shanghai, with high vitality areas concentrated in the Huangpu District and at intersections with neighboring districts, demonstrating a decline from the center to the periphery; (2) the XGBoost model outperforms other comparative models, showcasing superior capabilities in simulating and predicting urban vitality; (3) among the various built environment factors influencing urban vitality, building coverage, population density, and distance to the CBD exert the most significant effects, while the green view index and the number of bus stops contribute relatively less; (4) all built environment factors demonstrate nonlinear impacts and exhibit certain threshold effects on urban vitality. The analytical outcomes of this study provide valuable insights for optimizing the spatial layout and resource allocation within urban settings, offering references for urban planning and sustainable development initiatives.
The rapid pace of urbanization has led to unequal benefits for residents, creating significant inequality issues and discussions around Sustainable Development Goals 10 and 11. Accurate measurement of inequality within urban areas is essential for effective mitigation strategies. Traditional methods rely on survey-based census data, which are time-consuming and delayed, while some studies use coarse proxies like nighttime lights. However, these methods are limited by resolution and fail to capture fine-grained disparities within communities. To address this, we aim to leverage accessible urban imagery, which offers detailed visual features. Two key challenges must be addressed: 1) accurately perceiving micro-level inequalities within neighborhoods, and 2) ensuring that this perception is interpretable for policy guidance. To address these gaps, we propose UI-CoT, a framework that leverages the power of urban imagery-based visual language models in urban inequality perceiving, enhanced by Chain-of-Thought prompting to improve reasoning capabilities. We fine-tune a visual language model to predict three essential neighborhood inequality indicators: the income Gini coefficient, dominant race, and racial income ratio. Extensive experiments show that our model can effectively perceive micro-level inequalities, with the incorporation of Chain-of-Thought reasoning further improving the model's performance by 17.2%. This research offers valuable insights into addressing inequalities within urban environments and demonstrates the potential of web resources in empowering urban sustainable development. The code and data are available at https://github.com/tsinghua-fib-lab/UI-CoT.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.