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Inclusive Smart City: An Exploratory Study
João Soares de Oliveira Neto
1(&)
and Sergio Takeo Kofuji
2
1
Department of Technological and Exact Sciences (CETEC),
University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB),
Av. Rui Barbosa, 710, Cruz das Almas, BA zip 44380-000, Brazil
jneto@ufrb.edu.br
2
LSI - School of Engineering/Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo,
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380 –Butantã,
São Paulo, SP zip 05508-010, Brazil
kofuji@usp.br
Abstract. Smart City Projects are getting more and more attention from the
academy, industry and government in a global scale. We investigate some
problems People with Disabilities (PwD) face in the urban space; we also
observed some improvements that assistive technology should have in order to
assure autonomy and independency to each and every citizen. We walked along
1 km in the downtown area of São Paulo taking pictures and recorded a range of
difficulties that impaired persons, elderly people, pregnant women and so forth
can have while trying to orient themselves in metropolises. The results of this
observation are the principles of a broader view of Smart Cities: Inclusive Smart
Cities.
Keywords: Inclusive smart cities Accessibility Assistive technology
Smart cities People with disabilities
1 Introduction
Technology has been strongly perceived as a key element in the daily life of con-
temporary cities. In recent years, municipalities have invested in Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) solutions in order to increase the efficiency and
productivity of several local services/systems –such as transport, communication,
water, business, city governance and others [1]. The offer of such services has trans-
formed the way people interact with each other, with institutions and with the public
space –namely, the city.
After the rise of several Smart City initiatives in different parts of the globe [2–5],
the central point of this kind of initiatives has progressively changed to considering the
role that citizens must play in a Smart City. Even considering this new approach, it is
rare to find academic research and industry products that deal with accessibility issues,
as is the employment of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to help
persons with disabilities in the urban space. To be considered “smart”, a city must
reinforce the participations of everyone recognizing the diversity of citizens, struggle
against the segregation of minorities, and try, as much as possible, to eliminate, not
only physical but also digital, barriers. That is what we call Inclusive Smart City.
©Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
M. Antona and C. Stephanidis (Eds.): UAHCI 2016, Part II, LNCS 9738, pp. 456–465, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40244-4_44
This is an exploratory study on the challenges that people with disabilities face
when they need to interact with the urban space and on how universal access and
technology and can help them to move safely through and to better explore the city.
Our main objectives are: (i) observing the urban space looking for opportunities make
the urban space decipherable to PwD; (ii) looking at already installed assistive tech-
nology tools in the urban space trying to find opportunities to maximize their usability;
and (iii) formulating some of the seminal principles of Inclusive Smart Cities.
This paper is organized as follows. First, we briefly discuss definitions and main
features of Smart City projects. Then, we point out some aspects of accessibility in the
urban space and the importance of assuring independence and autonomy to every
citizen living in cities. Section 4describes the methodology of our study and presents
some relevant pictures and notes taken during the observation of the selected neigh-
borhood. The findings are presented in Sect. 5as well as some of the seminal principles
of the Inclusive Smart City approach. Finally, Sect. 6presents our conclusions.
2 Smart Cities
Finding a universal definition for the term “Smart City”is not a trivial task. This is a
widely multidisciplinary subject. Therefore, different fields will conceive different
definitions based on each different point-of-view and focusing in one or more particular
aspects. [6] states that “Smart City”is not a static concept. It is rather a process –no
end point -, a series of steps that will make the city more livable, resilient and ready to
deal with new challenges. However, [6] underlines some aspects, which are strongly
information-driven, which can better delineate some elements that Smart City projects
should consider:
•A modern digital infrastructure to provide access to useful data enabling citizens to
access the information they need, when and where they need it;
•Service delivery must be citizen-centered, meaning that citizens’needs must be in
the forefront. City-administrators must collaborate with each other and share the
information management in order to provide a coherent service and a consolidated
view of data that, most of time, is spread over a multiplicity of silos;
•An intelligent physical infrastructure (computers, sensors and other Internet of
Things components) to collect and to transport data supplying services and enabling
those services to perform their tasks;
•An openness to learn from others and to experiment with new approaches and new
business models; and
•Transparency of outcomes/performance to feedback citizens/ enterprises with data
collected from the city and to enable citizens to compare and to challenge
performance.
For the purpose of better management and control, urban systems are grouped in
layers: natural environment (resources, environment, topography); infrastructure
(utilities, buildings, roads); resources (minerals, oil, air); services (building services,
transport, water, power); and social systems (people, policy, culture, commerce) [7].
Instrumenting cities with sensors and actuators allows citizens and city-administrators
Inclusive Smart City: An Exploratory Study 457
to access real time information on air quality conditions, traffic jams, natural disasters
and emergency situations, health campaigns, job opportunities and so on.
However, the gain acquired with better transactions between citizens and local
governments, as well as a better relationship between citizens and (public and
non-public) service providers are not –or, at least, should not be –the major outcomes
of Smart Cities projects [8,9]. Since the context of Smart City projects is the city as a
whole, such projects can mitigate the segregation of citizens regarding information
access once the users of Smart City initiatives form, by definition, the wide variety of
citizens living in the city.
3 Accessibility and the Urban Spaces
One of the key issues of contemporary societies, accessibility has brought together
national and international organisms, governments and social movements around the
needs of persons with disabilities. Concisely, the design (or redesign) of products,
devices, services and environments [10] means a wide range of advantages to PwD: the
ability to access - products, places, information, systems and so on –that were only
previously accessible to people without disabilities. Assistive technology is mostly
developed making use of Universal Design principles, in order to guarantee access to
the widest possible range of abilities. Designing taking into account accessibility
principles is designing for everyone.
The United Nations emphasize in their Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities that accessibility has to “enable persons with disabilities to live indepen-
dently and participate fully in all aspects of life, States Parties shall take appropriate
measures to ensure to persons with disabilities access, on an equal basis with others, to
the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications,
including information and communication technologies and systems, and to other
facilities and services open or provided to the public, both in urban and in rural areas”
[11]. This right to access concerns the physical layer (building, roads, and other indoor
and outdoor facilities), such as to the digital layer (information, communications and
other services, including electronic services and emergency services).
Cities continue to be one of the greatest obstacles for PwD: wheelchair users must
deal with potholes; impaired–hearing persons must count mostly on their vision to
compensate for the lack of sound; people with limited walking abilities have to move
over sidewalks with changes in level; visually impaired have do deal with the lack of
appropriate signs regarding places and objects. Specific laws and governmental regu-
lations have treated part of these problems associated to the physical infrastructure of
the urban space. In Brazil, for instance, number of municipalities have made it
mandatory to adapt sidewalks equipping them with tactile floor indicators; buildings
must be readapted with ramps, curb ramps and elevators –even old buildings are
motivated to be retrofitted; parking lots must be reserved for elderly people and PwD;
public spaces restrooms must fit PwD needs; buses must provide platform lifts, etc. As
expected, those changes take time, but there have been advances and progress.
When the focus moves to the digital layer of the urban tissue (applications, systems,
ICT services and electronic services), there is still a particular absence of digital
458 J.S. de Oliveira Neto and S.T. Kofuji
services oriented to all diversity of citizens living in a city (including PwD, elderly
persons, children, pregnant women, foreign people that do not speak the local language
etc.). When discussing Smart City initiatives, accessibility and assistive technology, we
rarely find options of services. Most applications in this field (route tracers, maps,
emergency systems, sharing economy apps, ride-sharing programs, point of interest
maps, bus tracker apps, smart parking and others) are not at all capable to interact
properly in a non-excluding manner. Public administrators have more and more pro-
vided free Wi-Fi zones in squares and public buildings, but unfortunately, most PwD
are not able to fully benefit from this service.
As most of our activities are becoming digital, providing digital services in an
inclusive manner is to allow every citizen to occupy a place in a digital society and in a
moving democracy era, potentially assuring the mitigation of the digital divide caused
by the lack of full access to both urban physical and digital layers.
4 Methodology
This is a qualitative and exploratory research once the problem cannot be completely
envisaged; it has not been clearly defined and has to be “discovered”[12]. One of the
purposes of our research is to gain familiarity with the relationship between accessi-
bility, urban spaces and Smart Cities, as background. Also, the exploratory approach
helped us to gain experience in the difficulties faced by PwD in their daily routine when
moving along streets, avenues, buildings, squares and other urban equipment. As the
research subject is still new –namely, how Smart City initiatives could be inclusive –
the exploratory research allowed us to learn while theories are still being formulated.
With 11.8 millions inhabitants, São Paulo –Fig. 1(a) - is a representative example
of a contemporary megalopolis. We have chosen a 1-km route in São Paulo downtown
Fig. 1. Map of São Paulo and studied area in São Paulo downtown
Inclusive Smart City: An Exploratory Study 459
depicted in Fig. 1(b) in order to
explore (i) what kind of information
is signed in a very confused area of a
huge city, (ii) what kind of assistive
technologies are found in the urban
space, and (iii) opportunities for
employing technology to adapt the
urban digital layer so that the urban
space can be more inclusive.
While walking, we have taken
some pictures of obstacles and
potential opportunities for developing
assistive technology in the urban
space; we also have written down
some descriptive notes. The result of
this documentation process can be
seen in the following Figs. 2,3,4,5,
6,7,8and 9.
Fig. 2. Overlapped information layers Urban land-
scape is made by layers of sensorial information
(sight and hearing most of the time). These layers
are overlapped in perspective.
Fig. 3. Some very important information is not accessible to every citizen Extremely important
information shown in the city is mostly textual. PwD, blind people, elderly persons and foreign
people can not access this information at all or may have great difficulty in discovering what
places and objects in the city are –as is the case of the information shown at bus stops.
460 J.S. de Oliveira Neto and S.T. Kofuji
5 Towards the Inclusive Smart City
The data collected and shown in Sect. 4reinforces the hypothesis that cities still do not
make very important information accessible –and that, in many cases, can be vital –to
guide citizens in the urban space. Some aspects observed in the area selected determine
that the urban space is a still more complex system concerning PwD needs. On the other
hand, these aspects establish that cities are a source of research opportunities regarding
the improvement of assistive technology already installed and/or the development of
new products and services driven to PwD to allow them to fully use the urban space.
Fig. 4. Low floor and tactile floor indicator Low floor and tactile floor indicator can be very
useful for people with reduced mobility/wheelchair users and visually impaired people. Yet, as
shown in Fig. 4, sometimes they float on the sideway: no signs show how to reach them –
especially to blind people.
Fig. 5. Touristic places Low floor and tactile floor indicator can be very useful for people with
reduced mobility/wheelchair users and visually impaired people. Yet, as shown in Fig. 4,
sometimes they float on the sideway: no signs show how to reach them –especially to blind
people.
Inclusive Smart City: An Exploratory Study 461
Hence, we propose an approach to deal with the observed lack of accessibility in
the urban space and with improving the tools already offered to PwD in cities: the
Inclusive Smart City. Inclusive Smart City is a new citizen-centered approach that
combines pervasive technologies (hardware and software) and the Universal Design
methodology in order to: (i) provide mechanisms that allow people with disabilities to
interact with the urban space and to access geolocalized information and services;
(ii) use ICT to mitigate the segregation of people with disabilities, creating innovative
solutions or adapting some of those already in use but not available to everyone.
The urban space is a rich source of visual, audio and spatial data. People with
disabilities have to face the obstacle of not perceiving one (or several) of these channels
of information. A blind person, for instance, does not perceive what is drawn in a traffic
sign a few meters away. If he/she does not know the place, he/she will probably not
find where the public bathroom is (even though the place shows the appropriate sign).
Thus, the main feature of the Inclusive Smart City is the ability of identifying
places and objects (or things) and making this information digitally available.
Once this information is available, it can be sent to devices that receive the information
and personalize this information according to the disability of the user.
Fig. 6. Emergency situation warnings There are some places even the goodsighted are not able
to find. Or places that deserve special attention such as touristic and historical places. These
places have to be made reachable by PwD, too. Some well-known alert mechanisms concerning
dangerous situations are mostly not accessible to PwD: warning sounds at the exit of
underground parking can be misjudged due to street noises; textual messages addressed to
escalator users cannot be accessed by impaired persons (“Keep left free”–in Fig. 6).
462 J.S. de Oliveira Neto and S.T. Kofuji
Fig. 7. Business opportunities Entrepreneurs are missing commercial transactions with PwD
once holiday sales, renting and selling signs, as well as advertisement messages do not reach a
significant part of the population that has valuable income. Another accessibility barrier is the
identification of business and stores: PwD are simply unable to identify stores they are in front of,
or to be “flaneurs”/wanderers in the streets and shopping malls.
Fig. 8. Urban common facilities Urban facilities –such as bus stops, taxi stations, police
stations, hospital, restrooms –that are spread all over the city are not easily found by PwD. Most
of these places are identified by signs and even by text written on the road.
Inclusive Smart City: An Exploratory Study 463
6 Conclusions
A Smart City should enable every citizen to use all the services offered, public as well as
private, in the way best suited to his or her needs. PwD are part of the city and have to take
advantage to full access to products, urban equipment, services and information. They
need independency, autonomy and safety. Based on the experiment held in a 1-km area of
São Paulo downtown, we propose the Inclusive Smart City approach: a broader infor-
mation digitalization, the use of Internet of Things, Pervasive Computing, Wearable
Computing, Cloud Computing and other technologies to enhance the role of assistive
technology already available in cities. We believe that the Inclusive Smart City approach
can help PwD to explore neighborhoods and to know things and places by themselves.
Fig. 9. Subway station In large cities, the subway is a very important transport modality. The
larger the subway station, the more confusing direction identification is. Finding information is a
very hard task even for non-PwD., PwD usually depend on volunteers and subway personnel to
help them to move inside these complex “universes”.
464 J.S. de Oliveira Neto and S.T. Kofuji
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