The Antimicrobial Effect of Commercial Available Local Brand of Toothpastes Against Some Dental Caries Microorganisms

Abstract

The present study was designed to choice the best toothpaste , were using every day to reduce proliferation microorganisms in mouth as well as bad smell of mouth because of presenting microorganism in mouth and were found food between teeth. The antimicrobial activity of seven different toothpastes Emoform, Colgate, Signal , Crest , Sanino, Close up & Sensodyne were evaluated on some pathogenic oral microorganisms : Streptococcus mutans, Micrococcus spp., Proteus vulgaris Staphylococcus aureus & Candida albicans. After wash the volunteers teeth with toothpaste, Emoform toothpaste was more effect than another type by killing of all type of bacteria. The antimicrobial activity was performed by using agar well diffusion method demonstrate that the Emoform toothpaste its more effect than another types. the diameter of inhibition zone was (30, 25, 23, 31, 27 and 35 mm) against C. albicans, S.aureu, Str. Mutans ,Micrococcus spp, P. vulgaris , S. epidermidis and B. subtilis respectively. In conclusion the antimicrobial activity of Emoform, Colgate , Crest were better than Sanino, Sansodyne and Close up.

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Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology 6544-ISSN: 2311 8854 & Online-Print ISSN: 2073
Special Second International Scientific Conference for the Life Sciences Faculty of Education for Women / University of Kufa / 2016 Issue
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The Antimicrobial Effect of Commercial Available Local Brand of Toothpastes Against Some
Dental Caries Microorganisms
Sura Ihsan Abed Jabuk1 , Raad Abdulabass Al-harmosh2, Nagham Adel Ghani jabuk3
1University of Babylon, College of Science , 2University of Kufa , College of Science , Kufa, Iraq
3University of Alqassim Green, College of Food Science Alqassim ,Iraq
Abstract
The present study was designed to choice the best toothpaste , were using every day to reduce proliferation
microorganisms in mouth as well as bad smell of mouth because of presenting microorganism in mouth and were
found food between teeth . The antimicrobial activity of seven different toothpastes Emoform, Colgate, Signal ,
Crest , Sanino, Close up & Sensodyne were evaluated on some pathogenic oral microorganisms : Streptococcus
mutans, Micrococcus spp., Proteus vulgaris Staphylococcus aureus & Candida albicans. After wash the volunteers
teeth with toothpaste, Emoform toothpaste was more effect than another type by killing of all type of bacteria. The
antimicrobial activity was performed by using agar well diffusion method demonstrate that the Emoform toothpaste
its more effect than another types. the diameter of inhibition zone was (30, 25, 23, 31, 27 and 35 mm) against C.
albicans, S.aureu, Str. Mutans ,Micrococcus spp, P. vulgaris , S. epidermidis and B. subtilis respectively. In
conclusion the antimicrobial activity of Emoform, Colgate , Crest were better than Sanino, Sansodyne and Close up.
Key words: Antimicrobial activity , toothpaste, teeth decay
Introduction:
Bacteria form an important group of microorganisms
found in both healthy and diseased mouths. There have
been more than 300 types of bacteria found in the
mouth[1]. Commensal bacteria are regarded as
beneficial by depending against the colonization of
invading pathogen [2].
One might think thus suggests that the oral cavity is a
relatively easy environment for bacteria to colonize.
However, relatively few of the oral bacteria are found
further along the gastro-intestinal tract. This illustrates
the unique ecology of the oral cavity and the
specialized of the bacteria that resides in it [1].
More over, a bacterial accumulation on oral surfaces
is a major factor in the development of most of the
common dental diseases such as dental caries and
penitential disease [3].
Toothpastes and brushes are among the physical
forces that remove plaque. Fluoride containing
toothpastes have a significant effect on the initiation
and progression of cares [4].
Within these fluorides containing toothpastes is a
cationic agent called chlorhexidine. Chlorhexidine has
been documented for it’s ability to inhibit the formation
of dental plaque. However, the use of chlorhexidine has
a few drawbacks. The first drawback is the staining of
teeth and tongue [3].
Triclosan, a compound commonly used for
disinfection is another broad-spectrum antibacterial
agent manufactured specially for use in oral care [5].
This study was aimed to test the effect of seven
commercial toothpaste against teeth decay bacteria .
Material & Methods
A- Isolation Method
The samples were collected from 100 people with
sterile swab from teeth decay and were taken to the
microbiology laboratory 30 min after collection. Each
sample was inoculated onto blood agar plates,
Chocolate agar, MaConkeys agar was also used and
incubated aerobically. Sabouraud glucose agar was
used for culture Candida spp. All plates were incubated
at 37C for 24 hours, with further 24 hours incubation if
there were no growth [6].
B- Steps of identification and maintenance of test
organisms
Direct smears were prepared and stained with gram
stain. All morphological arrangement and its reaction
with the stain were studied by using light microscope.
Biochemical reactions, sugar fermentation tests, bile
solubility, starch hydrolysis, gelatin digestion, catalase,
lecithinase, indole production and nitrate reduction
tests, which are the most characteristics tests to
differentiate between them. All pure cultures were
stored and maintained in nutrient broth at 4˚C for
further use[7].
C-Collection of toothpastes
Seven type of toothpastes brands commonly used in
Iraqi were bought from the market, and immediately
taken to the Laboratory, Microbiology Department,
University of Babylon .
D-Testing the bactericidal activity of toothpastes:
Choice [10] volunteers from positive result and wash
their teeth with all type of toothpaste and then the

Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology 6544-ISSN: 2311 8854 & Online-Print ISSN: 2073
Special Second International Scientific Conference for the Life Sciences
Faculty of Education for Women / University of Kufa / 2016 Issue
URL: http://www.uokufa.edu.iq/journals/index.php/ajb/index
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Email: biomgzn.sci@uokufa.edu.iq
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bacteria were isolated after wash . The toothpaste used
in a separate days about 7 days to collect samples
concerning the different toothpaste.
E- Antibacterial Assay
The antibacterial activity of the different toothpaste
was done by agar well diffusion method by mixing 2g
each of the toothpastes in 5 mL of sterile distilled water
respectively of the various toothpaste brands. A sterile
8mm cork-borer was used to made wells in the Muller
Hinton agar media. 0.2ml of the toothpaste dilutions
was introduced into each of the wells while the same
amount of sterile distilled water was introduced into the
first well as control. The plates were incubated at 37˚C
for 24hours. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated
by measuring the diameters of inhibition zones (mm).
[8].
F-Statistical analysis:
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS
statistical computer software version.
Result& Discussion:
The use of a toothpaste as an adjunct to tooth
brushing may assist oral hygiene practices in a number
of ways. It may prevent plaque formation by interfering
with bacterial adherence to the tooth surface and
reducing salivary bacterial numbers [ 9].
In this research present 79 samples positive from 100
samples 56 samples from male, 23 from female,
(p˂0.05) table (1) The result showed the most prevalent
type of bacteria isolated from teeth decay was
Streptococcus mutans table (2).
After wash the volunteers teeth with toothpaste,
Emoform toothpaste was more effect than another type
by killing of all type of bacteria, followed by Crest and
Colgate that kill all type of bacteria except one Table
(3) .
Table (1) the number of positive and negative result isolated from teeth caries
Type of samples
Positive NO.(%)
Negative NO.(%)
Total NO.(%)
Male
56(56)
14(14)
70(70)
Female
23(23)
7(7)
30(30)
Total NO.(%)
79(79)
21(21)
100(100)
p˂0.05 significant difference
Table(2) :Type and number of bacteria isolated from teeth
Number
Type of bacteria
43
Candida albicans
32
Staphylococcus aureus
45
Streptococcus mutans
5
Micrococcus spp.
14
Proteus vulgaris
26
Staphylococcus epidermidis
19
Bacillus subtilis

Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology 6544-ISSN: 2311 8854 & Online-Print ISSN: 2073
Special Second International Scientific Conference for the Life Sciences Faculty of Education for Women / University of Kufa / 2016 Issue
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URL: http://www.uokufa.edu.iq/journals/index.php/ajb/index
http://iasj.net/iasj?func=issues&jId=129&uiLanguage=en
Email: biomgzn.sci@uokufa.edu.iq
Table (3) In vivo effect the using toothpaste on teeth caries bacteria
Volunteers
People
Bacterial type
number before
using toothpaste
Bacterial number after using toothpaste
Crest
Mild mint
Colgate
miswak
Signal
Sensodyne
Extra fresh
Emoform
Gum care
Sanino
original
Close up
Deep action
1
7
2
-
3
5
-
2
2
2
5
-
2
3
3
-
1
3
3
7
-
-
4
4
-
-
2
4
3
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
5
6
-
-
2
4
-
2
-
6
2
-
-
-
2
-
1
-
7
6
-
-
2
4
-
3
-
8
4
-
-
-
3
-
1
2
9
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
10
2
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
The diffusion method can be used as a preliminary
test for detecting antimicrobial activity in
substances or products. Since the diffusion
phenomenon depends on each substance’s physical-
chemical properties, as for example its diffusion
coefficient, as well as the medium where the
diffusion occurs [10]. The effect of seven
toothpaste on growth of bacteria by using well
diffusion method demonstrate that the Emoform
toothpaste its more effect than another types.
Followed of Crest, Colgate and Close up while
Sensodyne and Sanino are less effect on the isolated
bacteria (p<0.05 ) table (4).
The stronger antimicrobial properties of Emoform
toothpaste belong to the ingredients (glycerin,
magnesium, carbonate, hydroxide, sodium
carbonate, potassium nitrate, sodium chloride,
cellulose gum).
Table(4):The diameter of inhibition zones (mm) in seven toothpastes against bacteria
Diameter of inhibition zone[mm]
Crest
Mild mint
Colgate
miswak
Signal
Sensodyne
Extra fresh
Emoform
Gum care
Sanino
original
Close up
Deep action
Candida albicans
30
24
15
3
30
12
23
Staphylococcus aureus
28
22
12
2
25
8
18
Streptococcus mutans
31
21
9
1
23
14
22
Micrococcus spp.
26
28
16
0
31
18
16
Proteus vulgaris
24
19
20
0
27
7
25
Staphylococcus epidermidis
32
17
13
5
35
19
24
Bacillus subtilis
28
20
8
0
31
10
19
Bacteria
Toothpastes

Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology 6544-ISSN: 2311 8854 & Online-Print ISSN: 2073
Special Second International Scientific Conference for the Life Sciences
Faculty of Education for Women / University of Kufa / 2016 Issue
URL: http://www.uokufa.edu.iq/journals/index.php/ajb/index
http://iasj.net/iasj?func=issues&jId=129&uiLanguage=en
Email: biomgzn.sci@uokufa.edu.iq
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p˂0.05 significant difference In conclusion this study, the Emoform was better than other toothpastes Crest, Colgate &
Signal .
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Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology 6544-ISSN: 2311 8854 & Online-Print ISSN: 2073
Special Second International Scientific Conference for the Life Sciences Faculty of Education for Women / University of Kufa / 2016 Issue
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URL: http://www.uokufa.edu.iq/journals/index.php/ajb/index
http://iasj.net/iasj?func=issues&jId=129&uiLanguage=en
Email: biomgzn.sci@uokufa.edu.iq