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Transport Justice: Designing Fair Transportation Systems

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Abstract

Transport Justice develops a new paradigm for transportation planning based on principles of justice. Author Karel Martens starts from the observation that for the last fifty years the focus of transportation planning and policy has been on the performance of the transport system and ways to improve it, without much attention being paid to the persons actually using – or failing to use – that transport system. There are far-reaching consequences of this approach, with some enjoying the fruits of the improvements in the transport system, while others have experienced a substantial deterioration in their situation. The growing body of academic evidence on the resulting disparities in mobility and accessibility, have been paralleled by increasingly vocal calls for policy changes to address the inequities that have developed over time. Drawing on philosophies of social justice, Transport Justice argues that governments have the fundamental duty of providing virtually every person with adequate transportation and thus of mitigating the social disparities that have been created over the past decades. Critical reading for transport planners and students of transportation planning, this book develops a new approach to transportation planning that takes people as its starting point, and justice as its end.
Transport
Justice
Designing Fair Transportation Systems
Karel Martens
Transport Justice Karel Martens
“In Transport Justice Martens considers many dimensions of fairness in society’s provision of
physical accessibility, demonstrating clearly how concepts of justice developed by renowned
thinkers like Rawls and Dworkin can be extended to, and quantified in, the assessment of urban
transport systems to improve the process or regional transport planning.” – Martin Wachs,
Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Transport Justice is an exceptionally important and original addition to urban studies
literature. Combining theoretical and practical insights, it shows the way in which transportation
policy, usually a technical domain focused on efficiency, can be a significant contributor to
equity and sets up principles for evaluating transportation systems in terms of the distribution
of benefits.” – Susan S. Fainstein, Author, The Just City
“Karel Martens has written an insightful, thoughtful book that will transform the field of equity
analysis of transportation systems. By focusing on accessibility and establishing new thresholds
for analysis, he presents a new analytical framework that focuses on justice.” – Deb Niemeier,
Ph.D., P.E., Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
California, Los Angeles, USA
Transport Justice develops a new paradigm for transportation planning based on principles of
justice. Author Karel Martens starts from the observation that for the last fifty years the focus of
transportation planning and policy has been on the performance of the transport system and
ways to improve it, without much attention being paid to the persons actually using – or failing
to use – that transport system.
There are far-reaching consequences of this approach, with some enjoying the fruits of
the improvements in the transport system, while others have experienced a substantial
deterioration in their situation. The growing body of academic evidence on the resulting
disparities in mobility and accessibility, have been paralleled by increasingly vocal calls
for policy changes to address the inequities that have developed over time. Drawing on
philosophies of social justice, Transport Justice argues that governments have the fundamental
duty of providing virtually every person with adequate transportation and thus of mitigating the
social disparities that have been created over the past decades.
Critical reading for transport planners and students of transportation planning, this book
develops a new approach to transportation planning that takes people as its starting point,
and justice as its end.
Karel Martens is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning,
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (Haifa, Israel) and at the Institute for Management
Research, Radboud University (Nijmegen, the Netherlands). He also holds the Leona Chanin
Career Development Chair at the Technion.
TRANSPORTATION
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... As such, there are many definitions for the concept of accessibility (Geurs & van Wee, 2004), but with access we refer here to the ease and capability to reach everyday destinations, such as services, jobs and leisure activities. Thus, accessibility provides a useful way to describe how a mobility system facilitates access for individuals to meet their daily needs, as well as an important goal for planning equitable transport systems where the distribution of benefits and burdens is taken into account (Martens, 2016;Martens et al., 2022;Pereira & Karner, 2021;Pereira, Schwanen, & Banister, 2017;Van Wee & Geurs, 2011). ...
... We selected a set of opportunities that align with the basic needs of human beings, in accordance with the view of Rawlsian philosophy on primary social goods (Martens, 2016;Rawls, 1982;Van Wee & Roeser, 2013). The opportunity types that we used are: jobs, educational Fig. 1. ...
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During the last two decades, accessibility has begun to take a more central role in transport planning and decision making, as its importance has been recognized in many different policy agendas. Although environmental and social sustainability are central in contemporary public policy, the social exclusion effects related to access of opportunities are rarely measured at the national level. In this study, we analyze spatial accessibility to various opportunities in Finland at 1 km resolution and assess accessibility inequalities using the Palma ratio. Furthermore, we test how a web-based tool can be used in stakeholder communication and investigate the usefulness of the accessibility indicators and the tool for planning practice based on focus group discussions with Finnish transport planners. Our results show significant variation in the levels of access to different opportunities across Finnish municipalities. The Palma ratios reveal that the largest disparities are typically located in municipalities surrounding large city regions, where wealthier residents tend to have better access to opportunities compared to low-income populations. Finally, the insights from Finnish planning practitioners reveal that communicating national-level accessibility information via an online tool has high communicative and learning value for various planning and policy processes.
... La introducción de la exclusión social en la discusión sobre sistemas de transporte y accesibilidad (Lucas, 2012) ha tenido un importante desarrollo en América Latina, dado, en parte, por la creciente urbanización y las enormes desigualdades sociales que presentan sus territorios (Blanco et al., 2018). De este debate surge la idea que el derecho a la movilidad es un concepto impugnado ( contested ) y abierto a interpretaciones múltiples, al referir tanto al derecho a sistemas de transporte justos (Martens, 2016) que reduzcan desigualdades sociales -en referencia a la disminución de costos y tiempos de viaje (del Vecchio et al., 2020), lo que favorecería a las poblaciones más pobres (Venter et al., 2018) -, como a una visión crítica de la accesibilidad en la medida en que ésta no se encuentra definida sólo por condiciones físico-espaciales, sino por "una compleja intersección de determinantes socioculturales (…) que inciden diferencialmente en las prácticas de movilidad y las condiciones de accesibilidad" (Zunino et al., 2017:29) . En este sentido, los aportes de Mimi Sheller (2018) hacia una teorización de la "movilidad justa" son claves por cuanto recuerdan que la hipermovilidad de ciertos grupos sociales se construye a partir de la inmovilidad de otros grupos (Cresswell, 2016), determinados por la intersección entre ambiente, clase, edad, raza y género, lo que implica visibilizar las relaciones de poder desiguales que están a la base del discurso y las políticas de (hiper)accesibilidad a la ciudad. ...
Article
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En este artículo se discute el derecho a la movilidad a partir de las experiencias de habitantes de tres ciudades de La Región de los Lagos, en el Sur de Chile. A partir del derecho a la ciudad propuesto por Lefebvre, se expone la tensión existente entre una movilidad deseada y una movilidad prescrita que incluye la visibilización de las desigualdades socio-espaciales vividas por los habitantes que se desplazan cotidianamente hacia ciudades más alejadas. Emerge, desde del análisis de los relatos y acompañamientos de los viajeros, la importancia de la proximidad como una dimensión del derecho a la movilidad en las ciudades intermedias, toda vez que es reivindicada por quienes prefieren viajar diariamente con tal de mantener una dimensión urbana más reducida, familiar, segura y lenta
... Eingeübte technokratische Expert:innenkreise treffen grundlegende Richtungsentscheidungen und legen spezifische Regelungen über Baunormen und Standards fest. Für diejenigen, die nicht zu der verkehrspolitischen korporatistischen Konstellation gehören, gibt es beträchtliche Hürden, sich an diesen Entscheidungsprozessen zu beteiligen (Martens 2017;Schwedes 2011). Auch wenn es einen breiten gesellschaftlichen Konsens darüber gibt, dass es einen grundsätzlich anderen Ansatz in der Verkehrs-und Mobilitätsplanung und -politik braucht, kann von einer Verkehrswende bisher keine Rede sein (Rammert und Schwedes 2023;Schwedes 2021). ...
Chapter
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Zusammenfassung Trotz eines übergeordneten gesellschaftlichen Konsenses mit Blick auf eine Mobilitätswende in Deutschland erhält die historisch geprägte korporatistische Politikkonstellation den Automobil-orientierten Status quo aufrecht. Unabhängig davon bleibt als Treiber fast nur die Zivilgesellschaft. Ihre Initiativen führen zu Beschlüssen auf kommunaler Ebene oder zu Gesetzen auf Länderebene, die eine Transformation der Verkehrsinfrastruktur verlangen. Diese werden nicht konsequent umgesetzt, was zu einer Kluft zwischen Ankündigungen und Erwartungen einerseits und Handlungen andererseits führt. Zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure fordern nichtsdestotrotz die Mobilitätswende ein. Im Berliner Beispiel der „Kiezblocks“ verfolgen sie zweigleisig eine politische und mediale Agenda-Setting-Strategie, um eine Mobilitätswende zumindest lokal herbeizuführen, mit Strahlkraft über Berlin hinaus.
... Within the transport studies literature for example, the notion of paradigms can sometimes refer to an underlying approach to transport planning as a discipline, as in the case of references to the communicative rationality and instrumental rationality paradigms (Willson 2001). Alternatively, the notion can sometimes refer to a direction of policy change as in the case of references to the accessibility paradigm (Cervero 1997), the sustainable mobility paradigm (Banister 2008;Litman 1999), the automobility paradigm (Dunn 1998;Kenworthy and Laube 1999), the equity and justice paradigms (Levine 2013;Martens 2016). The term 'paradigm' has also entered the policy and planning discourse as a discursive element commonly used by politi-cians, policy-makers and planners to describe a period of significant change in policy development. ...
Article
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Many references to policy paradigms and paradigm shifts can be found in the transport studies literature. Within this literature, diverse ways of interpreting and measuring paradigms and paradigm shifts are evident. This article critically reviews how paradigms are conceived in the transport studies literature and compares these interpretations with the policy science literature where the term has been more widely studied and used. The article proposes a conceptualisation of transport policy paradigms along four key dimensions: problem framing, goals, instruments and evaluation criteria. This conceptualisation helps to increase the clarity and usefulness of the term paradigm for both researchers and practitioners in studying transformative changes in transport policy.
... Often, transportation infrastructure faces a demand which is higher than its supply, resulting in congestion, and long waiting queues; policies for traffic demand management such as congestion pricing are part of highly controversial debates. Especially fairness and equity-concerns are the major impediments for the real-world implementation of transportation policies (Martens, 2016;Gu et al., 2018). ...
Preprint
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Advancements in computer science, artificial intelligence, and control systems of the recent have catalyzed the emergence of cybernetic societies, where algorithms play a significant role in decision-making processes affecting the daily life of humans in almost every aspect. Algorithmic decision-making expands into almost every industry, government processes critical infrastructure, and shapes the life-reality of people and the very fabric of social interactions and communication. Besides the great potentials to improve efficiency and reduce corruption, missspecified cybernetic systems harbor the threat to create societal inequities, systematic discrimination, and dystopic, totalitarian societies. Fairness is a crucial component in the design of cybernetic systems, to promote cooperation between selfish individuals, to achieve better outcomes at the system level, to confront public resistance, to gain trust and acceptance for rules and institutions, to perforate self-reinforcing cycles of poverty through social mobility, to incentivize motivation, contribution and satisfaction of people through inclusion, to increase social-cohesion in groups, and ultimately to improve life quality. Quantitative descriptions of fairness are crucial to reflect equity into algorithms, but only few works in the fairness literature offer such measures; the existing quantitative measures in the literature are either too application-specific, suffer from undesirable characteristics, or are not ideology-agnostic. Therefore, this work proposes a quantitative, transactional, distributive fairness framework, which enables systematic design of socially feasible decision-making systems. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of fairness and transparency when designing algorithms for equitable, cybernetic societies.
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Rekeningrijden is een idee met heel wat gezichten. Het kan onder meer worden gezien als een economisch, slim, en duurzaam project. Voorliggende tekst bespreekt rekeningrijden als een sociaal en rechtvaardig project.
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Self-driving vehicles are one of today’s most significant disruptive technologies. This research is dedicated to the ethical discourse of specific unavoidable accident scenarios, addressing the ethical design of crash algorithms. Building on a critique of existing approaches, an alternative perspective is outlined which integrates contextual factors, decision-theoretical parameters, and metaethical arguments. It utilises concepts from ethics of risk in order to emphasize normative implications for previously unresolved ethical questions. Finally, drawing upon a deontological framework from ethics of risk, the reasonableness and fairness of reciprocal risk imposition are justified as central criteria of a coherent risk practice.
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