Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research
... This approach aims to bridge gaps between different services and sectors, ensuring that patients receive holistic and seamless care tailored to their personal needs. Stoop et al. [13] emphasize that while tools like the CFS are valuable, they should not be used in isolation, and [11] argue that person-centredness goes beyond these clinical measures. Person-centred care involves empowering and encouraging people to participate actively in decision-making processes about their own care, establishing an accommodating, cooperative, and ongoing relationship between the professional, the person receiving care, and the informal carer, and understanding the specific (health) concerns of the person. ...
... A qualitative design with focus groups was used to generate data on staff experiences of using CGA with frail older persons [13]. The method is ideal for exploring staff experiences. ...
... The analysis was conducted in a stepwise process inspired by the method for focus groups [13,15]. All text was kept in Swedish until the end of the analysis procedure to stay close to the data and not lose content and meaning. ...
Background
The purpose of this study is to exploratively evaluate the geriatric team’s views on the implementation of the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) and Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) on frail older people with acute orthopaedic disorders who are cared for in two geriatric care wards in the southwest of Sweden.
Methods
A qualitative design with focus groups was applied, based on a social constructivist research tradition. This approach differs from other qualitative methods, such as interviews, in that it encourages interaction between research participants and contributes to shedding light on a collective understanding of the world. This means that the analysis is based on the group’s collective input, not individual statements. The study group consisted of 21 professionals participating in four focus groups, with five to six participants per group. The participants in each group represented different professions within the geriatric team, including nurses, nursing assistants, physicians, occupational therapists, and physiotherapists.
Results
The results underscore the importance of the CFS as the basis for CGA, emphasizing the effectiveness of the scale as a shared instrument promoting collaboration in healthcare. Our study uniquely points out the lack of research exploring the team-based use of tools for conducting a frailty assessment using the CFS. The study also highlights the importance of effective teamwork and a person-centred approach. The balance between person-centred care and what is feasible within the organization is crucial to providing the best possible care for patients.
Conclusions
In Sweden, as in other places, how healthcare staff experience their work is key to the quality of care. The study concludes that positive staff experiences with new approaches drive healthcare improvement, benefiting patients and society. This highlights the potential for further improvements in healthcare delivery through continued innovation and collaboration.
Trial registration
Clinical trial number: not applicable.
... As Morgan (1997) notes, focus groups facilitate the emergence of rich, nuanced insights by allowing participants to engage in natural discussions that often reveal underlying social norms and shared beliefs. Similarly, Krueger and Casey (2014) emphasize that this method also uncovers areas of divergence in experiences and viewpoints, which is valuable when investigating sensitive topics like sexual health decision-making. Given these strengths, focus groups provided an ideal platform to capture the collective and contextualized Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
... Third, we established clear group norms at the outset to create a safe environment for honest dialogue, thereby reducing the risk of socially desirable responses. These strategies, informed by the work of Morgan (1997) and Krueger and Casey (2014), helped enhance the quality and richness of our data while minimizing potential methodological pitfalls. ...
... Lastly, it is important to note the use of focus groups for data collection as a potential limitation. As discussed by Krueger and Casey (2014) and Morgan (1997), focus groups can be susceptible to weaknesses such as groupthink, the dominance of more vocal participants, and the influence of social desirability bias. Despite these limitations, this analysis expands on the literature of dyadic trust among Black women engaged in heterosexual sex, and its implications for sexual health. ...
Black women are disproportionately impacted by HIV, such that they are diagnosed at eight times the rate of White women and three times that of Latinas. Given that HIV transmission among Black women is primarily attributed to heterosexual sex, it is imperative to better understand factors that influence Black women’s sexual health decision-making. Previous studies have highlighted the influence of trust on sexual decision-making; however, scant literature focuses on trust in the relationships of Black women, for whom it may differentially impact their sexual health. Nine focus groups were conducted to examine how trust affects sexual health decision-making among Black women who have sex with men (N = 56). Qualitative analyses revealed three themes that highlight how trust can influence sexual behavior: (1) Trust Buffers Risk of Physical and Emotional Harm; (2) Broken Trust Encourages Safer Sex Behavior; (3) Trust Dynamics Influence Sexual Communication Anxiety. This analysis expands on extant literature by identifying how differing forms of trust can be understood and leveraged in the context of HIV/STI prevention and sexual health for women engaging in heterosexual sex. Implications of the study indicate that concepts of trust should be addressed in interventions seeking to improve the sexual health of Black women.
... • Results are presented in tables and charts for clarity. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes related to SME internationalization challenges (Krueger, 2000). Triangulation ensured validity by comparing results across data sources (Creswell, 2010). ...
... This made it possible for us to clear up any misunderstandings and achieve accuracy and comprehensiveness. In order to determine the link between and among the research variables, the data was then appropriately codified and displayed in frequencies and tables (diagrams) (Krueger, 2000). The results are shown in two sections: section A discusses the study's demographics, which will help us comprehend how respondents relate to knowledge management, and section B discusses the study's internationalization goal. ...
The purpose of this article is to explore the challenges faced by Zambian-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in internationalizing their operations. Through a mixed-method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative research, utilizing from a sample size of 250 SMEs and indepth interviews with industry experts this study examined key factors impacting SMEs’ ability to access international markets, including access to finance, regulatory obstacles, and infrastructural limitations. Findings indicate that while Zambian SMEs show a high level of interest in global expansion, significant structural and operational barriers limit their competitiveness and market reach. The article contributes to academic discourse by identifying critical areas for policy and practice reform to support Zambian SMEs in their internationalization journey. This research investigates the primary challenges that Zambian-based Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) face when attempting to internationalize their business operations. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both quantitative data from a sample size of 250 SMEs and qualitative interviews with industry experts. Findings reveal that financial constraints, regulatory hurdles, cultural adaptation issues, and logistical barriers are significant obstacles for Zambian SMEs. The study's insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers, SME stakeholders,
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The case of Zambian based SME’s and scholars, contributing to an understanding of how Zambian SMEs can enhance their competitiveness in international markets. Some recommendations that have been proposed:1. Fostering a cross-cultural community within the company will increase interest amongst personnel from various nations, both technically and in terms of a readiness to share information.2. Gain access to both local and international technical and organizational infrastructures, which are essential for success when you start to internationalize the company.3. A conscious attempt to gather the information required to support the execution of nation entry plans.
Keywords: Internationalization, SMEs, Competitiveness, Global Markets, Culture differences, Policy, Regulatory, Logistics, Infrastructure
... relevância desses métodos e como eles podem ser aplicados para enriquecer a prática fisioterapêutica19 .Nos âmbitos clínicos, os métodos qualitativos permitem uma exploração mais profunda das experiências dos pacientes, suas percepções e as complexidades associadas aos tratamentos[19][20] . Ao conduzir entrevistas em profundidade e grupos focais, é possível captar nuances que não são facilmente quantificáveis, como a qualidade de vida, a satisfação com o tratamento e as barreiras enfrentadas durante o processo de reabilitação 20 .Além disso, os estudos qualitativos fornecem percepções valiosas sobre a eficácia das intervenções e sobre como as práticas fisioterapêuticas são percebidas pelos pacientes[21][22] . ...
... relevância desses métodos e como eles podem ser aplicados para enriquecer a prática fisioterapêutica19 .Nos âmbitos clínicos, os métodos qualitativos permitem uma exploração mais profunda das experiências dos pacientes, suas percepções e as complexidades associadas aos tratamentos[19][20] . Ao conduzir entrevistas em profundidade e grupos focais, é possível captar nuances que não são facilmente quantificáveis, como a qualidade de vida, a satisfação com o tratamento e as barreiras enfrentadas durante o processo de reabilitação 20 .Além disso, os estudos qualitativos fornecem percepções valiosas sobre a eficácia das intervenções e sobre como as práticas fisioterapêuticas são percebidas pelos pacientes[21][22] . ...
Introdução: A complexidade dos fenômenos de saúde e a individualidade dos pacientes demandam abordagens que capturem a riqueza das experiências humanas, as percepções e os contextos sociais. É nesse cenário que os estudos qualitativos se destacam, fornecendo insights valiosos que complementam os dados quantitativos e oferecendo uma visão holística do cuidado em saúde. Objetivo: Refletir sobre as experiências vivenciadas durante a disciplina "Prioridades de Pesquisa Científica em Avaliação e Manejo Fisioterapêutico", destacando a importância dos estudos qualitativos nos âmbitos clínicos e de pesquisa na fisioterapia, e relatar como a orientação de uma professora internacional contribuiu para uma compreensão mais profunda e diversificada dessas metodologias. Metodologia: Trata-se de um relato de experiência da disciplina ministrada no segundo semestre de 2024, no curso de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, conduzida por uma professora convidada da Espanha. Resultados: No presente estudo, foram descritas e analisadas as etapas da disciplina de metodologia qualitativa, enfocando as perspectivas, aprendizados e implicações práticas na formação profissional. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam a significância das contribuições dessa vivência para o crescimento acadêmico e profissional, destacando a importância dos estudos qualitativos nos âmbitos clínico e de pesquisa na fisioterapia. No entanto, salienta-se a necessidade de incorporar ou revisar elementos curriculares, visando promover uma integração mais aprofundada entre as dimensões teóricas e práticas no preparo dos alunos para a pesquisa qualitativa e a docência. Conclusões: A disciplina reforçou a relevância dos métodos qualitativos na fisioterapia, evidenciando como eles proporcionam uma compreensão mais profunda das experiências dos pacientes. A orientação internacional enriqueceu a formação, destacando a necessidade de integrar essas metodologias na prática e pesquisa para melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados prestados.
... The setting was virtual focus groups of students who experienced virtual learning in blended learning from the Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University. Focus groups facilitate interactions between involved participants, helping them through group dynamics to develop new understandings and express views more than what can be reached by a oneto-one interview [11][12][13]. Focus group reflections occur through a process where meanings are constructed collectively, which can be regarded as more naturalistic [14]. Moreover, focus groups provide a collective voice in a non-threatening environment, allowing the building of and on participants' ideas. ...
... Therefore, participants have an active role and articulate their experiences on related issues. The data analysis co-occurs as data gathering as an ongoing process [11][12][13]. ...
Background: This study aimed to evaluate students’ perceptions of their educational experience of online learning in a blended learning dental education. It was also to investigate the online platform in a blended learning setting as an educational mode for future dental education. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological approach was used to gain insight into the students’ experiences. Fifteen students agreed to participate in three synchronous online focus groups held via WebEx; each group consisted of five students. Results: Thematic analysis was carried out iteratively and inductively, and three themes emerged that interrelated with each other and the research question. Students appreciated the blended learning educational experience, particularly the reduced time and cost of travelling to and from the school and the prospect of combining education with home comforts and commitments. Some students still preferred the face-to-face learning mode, as they believed they could concentrate more than on the online platform. The teachers’ communication skills on the online platform impacted on the students’ views on its suitability and its continuum in future education. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, students perceived online and blended learning as more convenient, particularly in a busy and expanding dental curriculum.
... Data collection took place in September 2024, comprising four focus group interviews with 3-4 participants each, aligned with recommendations for smaller focus groups among topic specialists (Krueger, 1994). Each interview lasted between 50 and 60 min on campus. ...
This research explores how intercultural dialogue through a Collaborative Online
International Learning (COIL) project enhances students’ understanding and integration of Indigenous perspectives. The initiative connected Norwegian Early Childhood Teacher Education (ECTE) students with Canadian Teacher Education students to explore Sámi and Métis cultures. Using a qualitative design, focus group interviews with ECTE students employed a hermeneutic approach to interpret experiences and cultural reflections. These insights, analyzed systematically, demonstrated the COIL project’s effectiveness in facilitating intercultural dialogue, fostering intercultural competence, and encouraging self-reflection among participants. Participants developed invaluable skills for integrating Indigenous perspectives into future educational roles, supported by facilitation that
enhanced cross-cultural dialogue and language skills. This study underscores the need for frameworks supporting sustained cultural engagement, acknowledging sample size limitations. Findings advocate for the broader integration of intercultural collaborations in strategies, emphasizing education that enhances cultural competence. Future research should expand with larger samples and varied cultures, using longitudinal studies to assess the impacts on professional development and optimize collaboration educational contexts.
... Focus groups were selected as the data collection method because they offer participants the chance to share, compare, and discuss their experiences in detail, responding to each other and building on fellow group members' responses, thereby providing a rich contextual data source (Breen, 2006;Krueger and Casey, 2015). A standard guideline for reporting qualitative studies was utilized (O'Brien et al., 2014). ...
Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic bacteria, some of which produce toxins that can pose health risks to humans and animals. However, there are gaps in understanding the potential exposure risks associated with cyanobacteria and the public's response to these risks. Research on this topic is lacking in Canada, and this study aims to examine the risk perception and behaviour of recreational water users in relation to cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies. We conducted a qualitative study, holding six focus groups in three different locations across Canada (two per site): Western Canada, Ontario, and Quebec. The participants included parents of children 15 or younger and dog owners. All conversations were recorded, transcribed, and anonymized. Two team members independently analyzed all transcripts, developed a coding scheme, and compiled the coded text for thematic analysis. We organized and interpreted the results within the context of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Three overarching themes were generated from nine TDF domains and three inductively produced constructs: (1) Children and dogs enjoy water contact activities, with parents and dog owners being unconcerned about their water exposure; (2) Cyanobacteria blooms and their potential health risks are a new and unrecognized issue for most parents and dog owners; and (3) Personal, environmental, and social constructs are influ-encers of precautionary actions of recreational water users. This study found that children and dogs could possibly come into contact with water containing cyanobacteria blooms, despite the reluctance of parents and dog owners to acknowledge the potential health consequences. Most parents and dog owners lack knowledge about cyanobacteria and its associated health risks. The issue is further complicated by the optimism inherent in decision-making processes related to engaging in beach activities and other reinforcing factors and environmental circumstances. The findings suggest a need to increase awareness of cyanobacteria in beach water and promote safer behaviours among beachgoers.
... The sample size of the workshop and each focus group will have up to 6 participants for a total sample size of 24 participants who have experience to provide feedback for the Siblings TEAKit based on their knowledge related to family planning and discussions of sibling roles. This sample size has been shown to be sufficient to have a diverse range of perspectives with specialized knowledge and experiences that can be shared [71][72][73]. Further, small focus groups will allow for participants to interact with other with detailed and rich discussions to inform the design of the Siblings TEAKit prototypes [74]. There will be one workshop and three focus groups in total. ...
... Two focus groups with 12 participants total were conducted in a semi-structured manner lasting between 90 and 120 minutes. Group sizes were intended to fall between 4 and 8 people in order to stimulate a conducive group conversation without the risk of too many voices for individual experiences to be shared [18]. A trained member of the project moderated the focus groups using a question guide featuring questions aimed at understanding how patients perceive their radiology experiences led participants through their focus group session. ...
The objective of this study was to identify patient preferences for outpatient diagnostic imaging services and analyze how patients make trade-offs between attributes of these services using a discrete choice experiment (DCE). We used a DCE with 14 choice questions asking which imaging locations patients would prefer. We used latent class analysis to analyze preference heterogeneity between different patient groups and to estimate the relative value they assign to different attributes of imaging services. Our analysis showed that the “Experienced Patients” subgroup generally value diagnostic imaging services in both acute and chronic situations and had a strong preference for hospital outpatient radiology departments (HORD) that would provide services at lower costs, where their images would be interpreted by a specialty radiologist, the clinic would be recommended by their PCP, online scheduling would be available, service rating were higher, and travel and wait times would be shorter. New Patients significantly valued the service rating of the (HORD and online scheduling. HORDs can be more competitive by providing services that live up to expectations better than available retail radiology clinics (RRCs). Most RRCs do not currently offer online scheduling so ease of use may also steer patients towards HORDs. HORDs have the advantage of being linked to the main medical center which has the reputation of having clinical expertise and more sophisticated technology. We conclude that there is room for medical centers to build HORDs that provide an appealing and competitive alternative to current RRC.
... We (JG, SN, and CB) created a topic guide to generate open responses. We developed our guide using Krueger and Casey's [49] approach to FG guides, Helfferich's methods [50], the TAM [40,41], and the UTAUT [42]. ...
Background
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in medical care, particularly in the areas of image recognition and processing. While its practical use in other areas is still limited, an understanding of patients’ needs is essential for the practical and sustainable implementation of AI, which could further acceptance of new innovations.
Objective
The objective of this study was to explore patients’ perceptions toward acceptance, challenges of implementation, and potential applications of AI in medical care.
Methods
The study used a qualitative research design. To capture a broad range of patient perspectives, we conducted semistructured focus groups (FGs). As a stimulus for the FGs and as an introduction to the topic, we presented a video defining AI and showing 3 potential AI applications in health care. Participants were recruited from different locations in the regions of Halle (Saale) and Erlangen, Germany; all but one group were from outpatient settings. We analyzed the data using a content analysis approach.
Results
A total of 35 patients (13 female and 22 male; age: range 23-92, median 50 years) participated in 6 focus groups. They highlighted that AI acceptance in medical care could be improved through user-friendly applications, clear instructions, feedback mechanisms, and a patient-centered approach. Perceived key barriers included data protection concerns, lack of human oversight, and profit-driven motives. Perceived challenges and requirements for AI implementation involved compatibility, training of end users, environmental sustainability, and adherence to quality standards. Potential AI application areas identified were diagnostics, image and data processing, and administrative tasks, though participants stressed that AI should remain a support tool, not an autonomous system. Psychology was an area where its use was opposed due to the need for human interaction.
Conclusions
Patients were generally open to the use of AI in medical care as a support tool rather than as an independent decision-making system. Acceptance and successful use of AI in medical care could be achieved if it is easy to use, adapted to individual characteristics of the users, and accessible to everyone, with the primary aim of enhancing patient well-being. AI in health care requires a regulatory framework, quality standards, and monitoring to ensure socially fair and environmentally sustainable development. However, the successful implementation of AI in medical practice depends on overcoming the mentioned challenges and addressing user needs.
... Too few members may limit interaction, while too many may inhibit introverted members from sharing their views (Hennink, Kaiser& Weber, 2019). Krueger (2014) suggests selecting 6 to 8 interviewees to ensure quality discussion and expression of opinions. ...
... This triangulation of data sources increased the depth of insight and reduced bias, enabling the researcher to compare institutional narratives with community realities (Bowen, 2009;Krueger & Casey, 2015). All interviews and discussions were guided by ethically approved protocols, with informed consent obtained beforehand. ...
This study investigates the security implications of smuggling at the Sirari border between Tanzania and Kenya, a hotspot for illicit cross-border activities. Smuggling at Sirari involves the unauthorised movement of goods such as fuel, sugar, and narcotics and has become increasingly intertwined with organised crime, undermining national security and regional stability. The research employed a qualitative case study approach, drawing insights from 107 purposively selected participants, including border officials, local traders, and community leaders. Data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis, and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings reveal that smuggling operations are facilitated by corruption, economic hardship, selective law enforcement, and weak inter-agency collaboration. Participants reported that smuggling not only fuels the proliferation of drugs and weapons but also erodes trust in public institutions and fragments community cohesion. The study also highlights the inadequacy of current cross-border security mechanisms, citing poor coordination between Tanzanian and Kenyan authorities, lack of resources, and outdated enforcement infrastructure. Moreover, the normalisation of smuggling as a livelihood strategy reflects deeper socioeconomic and governance challenges in the borderland region. The paper concludes that addressing smuggling at Sirari requires an integrated strategy that combines enhanced border enforcement, bilateral cooperation, anti-corruption reforms, and community-based development programs. The findings contribute to broader discourses on transnational crime, regional security, and state sovereignty in Africa, while informing targeted policy interventions aligned with Tanzania’s development and security agendas.
... The use of a focus group in this qualitative study was chosen for its ability to generate rich, in-depth insights into participants' experiences and perspectives, while allowing for interaction between participants during the process (Creswell, 2013;Kitzinger, 1994;Morgan, 1997). This interaction enables participants to elaborate on each other's perspectives and often leads to the emergence of ideas and themes that may not surface in individual interviews (Krueger and Casey, 2015). In addition, focus groups are effective in exploring collective experiences within a specific context, making them suitable for studying group-based educational or developmental processes (Bloor et al., 2001), as was the setting for the current study. ...
Purpose
The aim of this study is to explore the subjective personal experiences of individuals that have chosen to take a personal development course focused on increased self-awareness and self-leadership.
Design/methodology/approach
A phenomenological study was performed. The data included self-reported reflections collected during an educational course and a focus group interview two months after course completion. This included data from 14 individuals, 6 men and 8 women, working in various civilian contexts.
Findings
Self-awareness and self-leadership behaviors were identified with main and subsequent subthemes. Self-awareness included the following main theme: (1) Role of reflection, including the following subthemes: (a) tool for understanding one’s own needs, (b) creates awareness of change needed, (c) tool for problem solving and (d) creates awareness of avoidance behaviors. Self-leadership behaviors included the following main and subthemes: (1) changes in private life including: (a) changes for others, (b) conscious presence in private relationships, (c) increased compassion for oneself; and (2) changes in working life: (a) increased acceptance of others, (b) courage to speak up and (c) selectivity over work tasks.
Research limitations/implications
A qualitative approach was used; thus, limiting generalized findings.
Practical implications
The findings highlight individuals’ perceptions over their development process and what role the course had in the process.
Originality/value
The main contribution of the current study is outlining how and in what way individuals perceived a course on self-reflection and self-leadership influenced their self-development. The results outline specific areas of commonality that individuals believe the course contributed to change despite various work backgrounds. Opportunity for time to reflect oneself and in small groups with individuals unrelated to one’s usual background may be beneficial for offering a unique way to gain awareness of areas of meaningful change in individuals’ private and worklife.
... The focus group discussion was done with a purposively sampled group of visitors who attended the Fashion Forward exhibition event. The chosen format in selecting participants was informed by the impact the participant could have on the discussion (Krueger & Casey, 2014;Nyumba et al., 2018). ...
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the experiences of emerging fashion designers in developing digital fashion content and their presence on the virtual spaces referred to as the metaverse. Methodology/Design: The research utilised a qualitative design by conducting five comprehensive interviews with emerging fashion designers and a focus group discussion with conveniently sampled participants. The interview participants were purposively sampled from the final participants who showcased at the exhibition themed Fashion Forward sponsored by the British Council in Harare, Zimbabwe. Each participant was expected to show how their collection fits into the digital world of fashion. The focus group discussion comprised of the guests who attended the event. This strategy was used to specifically choose participants who could offer insightful and varied opinions on the development of digital fashion and the metaverse from emerging fashion designers in Zimbabwe. Findings: The study reveals that fashion designers have acquired digital exposure and experience through self-teaching. The COVID-19 pandemic promoted the application and usage of digital technologies as physical interactions were prohibited. Inspiration in the development of a fashion collection is key, as highlighted by the designers. Digital fashion creates an environment where designers can share the intangible cultural heritage through their inspirations, which in turn supports sustainable fashion design. Practical and Social Implications: Practically, emerging fashion designers can use the metaverse to earn more income if they adopt physical and digital design-“phygital”. Fashion designers need to use diverse social media platforms to enhance brand visibility for their digital or virtual environments. Originality: The research explored how emerging fashion designers have integrated digital fashion concepts into their fashion collections. The focus of the study was on how these designers use the metaverse as a new technological tool that provides an opportunity to the fashion design industry. The study highlights the possibilities of virtual environments for fashion designers.
... Focus group data were transcribed by BG and analyzed collaboratively with an independent qualitative research expert (RB) to ensure triangulation (44). The analysis was informed by Grounded Theory (33) to classify experiential labels into groups and further re ne them into properties. ...
Background: Despite their proven effectiveness, geriatric perioperative units face organizational constraints that limit access to care. A mobile geriatric team can extend expertise to orthopedic wards, assessing older patients at nurses' and nurse’s aides' request. This study explored caregivers' perceptions of the geriatric mobile team and examines the quality of patient care before and after its intervention. Methods: This mixed-methods study used a convergent design. The mobile team provided direct geriatric expertise at the request of orthopedic caregivers and implemented an educational program to enhance their skills in geriatric care. Training included “aging simulation” workshops, error-awareness exercises (“room of errors” workshops), and courses on hospital-associated disability. Quantitative evaluation focused on post-operative care in four key areas: pain management, mobilization, nutritional screening, and continence care, along with adherence to the mobile team’s recommendations. Qualitative analysis involved focus groups with nurses and nurse’s aides to capture their experiences and perspectives. Results: Between December 2022 and April 2023, 38 patients were evaluated by the mobile team (mean age: 84 years ±6.1; 42% male). Patients were relatively independent (median ADL score: 6 [6–6]), with 24% experiencing neurocognitive disorders. The mobile team improved care appropriateness in over 70% of cases across all four domains. Nurses and nurse’s aides reported that the mobile team alleviated their feelings of isolation and lack of recognition by fostering horizontal communication and shared decision-making, reinforcing their role in patient-centered care. Conclusion: In orthopedic settings, a perioperative geriatric mobile team plays a critical role in supporting nurses as clinical care partners and nurse’s aides as frontline caregivers. By providing both hands-on assistance and targeted education, the team strengthens geriatric-centered care beyond specialized geriatric units, enhancing both professional confidence and patient outcomes. Trial and Protocol Registration: The study protocol is not registered as it was a retrospective study.
... The 2030 Agenda's policy document was subjected to a qualitative content analysis, a systematic and flexible method (Schreier 2014), which is designed to be analytical but not rigid (Krueger & Casey 2015). Selection criteria were stipulated beforehand, based on their applicability in instrumental group music education for children -thus excluding targets which could be relevant for singing (for example, making music with lyrics with the possibility of addressing all 17 SDGs), or artistic, community work. ...
This article considers the implications for music education of small-group instrumental teaching in relation to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and specifically its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which emphasise human rights, equality, and democracy. There is a potential connection between the 2030 Agenda and small-group instrumental teaching in Sweden’s art and music schools. The research findings may also be applicable internationally. Using a qualitative content analysis method, relevant aspects of the SDGs were selected. Biesta’s philosophy (2017) of democratic teaching served as a lens through which to view the SDGs’ potential connection to small-group instrumental teaching. The theoretical concept of expanding professionalism posited by Westerlund and Gaunt (2021) is used to address music teachers’ responsibility for applied democracy in their practice.
The key finding is that music education has the potential to help achieve the SDGs in multiple ways, primarily by increasing health and well-being (SDG 3), reducing inequality (SDG 5, 10, 11), and providing accessible, high-quality education (SDG 4). However, it is
important to be aware of not only the possibilities that come with music education, but also the limitations and potential risks. Critical reflection is essential.
... These were conducted at the community level with the target groups(right holders) of development programs. Focus groups serve as a mechanism to gather participants' perspectives in a group context, yielding insights about commonalities and differences [28]. ...
Zimbabwe, like many African countries, has long depended on foreign assistance for its development. However, the recent and sudden drop in global Official Development Assistance (ODA) calls for a re-examination of this dependence as well as the need to accelerate the building of endogenous resilience. Using document review, key informant interviews, observations, and focus group discussions, this qualitative study examines the multifaceted implications of this funding shift in Zimbabwe, revealing its pervasive impacts. The research shows the perception of declining global funding impacting important sectors-with face loss of health, agriculture, and governance-and highlights vulnerabilities in the country. While considerable obstacles exist, including limited domestic resources and weak institutions, the assessment also identifies key opportunities for Zimbabwe to operationalize self-reliance through strengthened domestic resource mobilization and South-South cooperation, as well as a renewed emphasis on local ownership. Moreover, these findings emphasize the absolute necessity of strong Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) systems to ensure the efficient and transparent allocation of limited resources during this transitional process towards sustainability. As such this study concludes that the decline in global development funding represents a crucial juncture for Zimbabwe to plot a course for much more sustainable and locally driven development, with robust M&E systems at the very foundation of that transformative journey in an evolving system of international assistance that is now on the verge of transformation.
... To develop the survey for this study, prior research, To ensure content validity, the questionnaire was reviewed by one professor specializing in lifelong education for individuals with disabilities, two experts in special education, one Ph.D. in social welfare, and another Ph.D. in social welfare with 10 years of experience working at a disability welfare center. For FGI analysis, the question format and process proposed by Krueger & Casey (2000) were applied, proceeding in the following sequence: Opening questions, introduction questions, transition questions, key questions, and ending questions. ...
Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the current state and needs of
lifelong education participation among individuals with hearing impairments.
Methods : The study focused on the lifelong education status and needs of individuals with
hearing impairments in G Metropolitan City. A total of 51 participants were selected through
stratified sampling, and a focused group interview was conducted with three.
Results : First, the survey on the participation status of lifelong education programs among
individuals with hearing impairments in G Metropolitan City revealed that only 58.8% had
participated in such programs. The main reasons for non-participation were a lack of
information (45.0%), lack of time (30.0%), and lack of motivation (5.0%). The primary
purposes of participating in lifelong education programs were for hobbies and leisure
activities (40.6%), expanding opportunities for social participation (43.7%), and acquiring
diverse information (31.2%). An analysis of satisfaction with lifelong education programs
showed an average score of 3.67 ( .85). The highest-rated factors were staff attitudes
toward individuals with disabilities (3.58), the convenience provided by lifelong education
institutions (3.76), and instructors’ attitudes toward individuals with disabilities (3.68). Key
factors identified for the future development of lifelong education included the development
of dedicated lifelong education programs for individuals with disabilities (31.5%), financial
support for programs (20.8%), and the provision of information on lifelong education
institutions and programs (12.5%).
Conclusions : Based on the study’s findings, lifelong education programs for individuals
with hearing impairments should consider life stages and family relationships. Since the
needs of adulthood, middle age, and old age differ, strategies must be tailored
accordingly. specific social policy recommendations were made for individuals with
hearing impairments and families.
... Based on established guidance for focus group research, 46,47 this study aimed to recruit between 6 and 8 participants for the group in order to have enough people to generate varying opinions and perspectives and small enough to allow each individual to participate fully and be heard. ...
Introduction
Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by persistent and pervasive challenges in daily communication. This paper describes the process of designing a digital word-learning intervention for this population that aligns with routine clinical practice, is evidence-based, and has strong theoretical rationale.
Method
The intervention design process involved research collaboration between academics, clinicians and software professionals.
The Medical Research Council's framework for developing complex interventions provided preliminary guidance; greater design depth was introduced by adding recommended elements from a synthesis of intervention design literature. The resulting intervention design was refined with focus group feedback from speech and language therapists, which underwent reflexive thematic analysis.
Results
Intervention design features were generated by aligning word-learning traits characteristic of the disorder with evidence-based vocabulary intervention strategies and clinician requirements for embedding digital practice in routine service-delivery.
Mock ups for a mobile intervention app were developed from the design features and shared for refinement with practicing speech and language therapists who had day-to-day experience of supporting children with DLD.
Conclusion
This paper outlines the process of defining the therapeutic components of a digital intervention, guided by empirical literature and clinician insights. These initial findings will serve as a foundation for co-designing with children with DLD to shape the final design, particularly in terms of motivation and engagement features.
Investing at the design stage in the determinants of successful translation of research into practice, increases the likelihood that the resulting intervention will demonstrate both research effectiveness and clinical uptake.
... In January 2025, formal focus group interviews were conducted in a hospital meeting room, following the practical guidelines for focus groups outlined by Krueger and Casey [46]. With consent, interviews were audio-recorded. ...
BACKGROUND Acupuncture is emerging as a promising treatment for insomnia. However, the determinants driving patients' decisions to pursue or adopt this treatment modality remain underexplored.
... (1) BRAC University: 3 (2) North South University ( Data Collection: Focus groups serve the purposes of understanding rather than inferring, identifying the range rather than making generalisations (Krueger, 2014). To collect data for this study, three focus group talks were held. ...
This research examines the influencing factors of Bangladeshi students' selection of private tertiary educational institutions for Bachelor of Business Studies (BBA) degrees. It employed a qualitative study design. Twenty-one students from different universities were chosen using a purposive sampling technique for three Focus Group Discussions (FGD). A thematic analysis identified common themes and patterns in the responses. It has been found that the institutional reputation and accreditations, the price of a degree, peer and family influence, geographical proximity, infrastructure and resources, and open field and greenery are the most crucial elements that influence the enrolment choice in a university. This research comprehensively explores various influencing elements of business undergraduate students' preferences for private universities in Bangladesh. It captures diverse perspectives through a qualitative approach and purposive sampling. The finding of this research contributes valuable insights for the universities' policymakers and educators of other levels of education. J. of Green Business. Sch. Vol 6(1), Jan-Dec, 2023; pp 19-30
... A systematic review on sample size for saturation in qualitative research suggests that saturation can typically be reached with 9-17 interviews or 4-8 focus group discussions [38]. Focus groups generally include between 4 to 12 participants, which is considered adequate to generate meaningful discussion while ensuring all voices can be heard [39]. Based on this guidance, we aim to recruit an equally representative sample from patients, care partners, and healthcare providers. ...
To determine the key features, utilities, and functionalities of an adherence dashboard so that patients, care partners, and healthcare providers can effectively use it to identify and improve medication nonadherence. A qualitative study was conducted in four stages. In Stage 1, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with patients, care partners, and healthcare providers after showing existing dashboards to gain feedback and determine their needs and preferences for the dashboard. In Stage 2, data gathered from Stage 1 were used to develop paper prototypes. In Stage 3, these prototypes were evaluated by participants to refine the design. Finally, in Stage 4, a framework for the key components of the adherence dashboard was developed based on user feedback. Some of the key features identified include individualized medication adherence, overall adherence summaries, customizable notifications, real-time data visualization, and integration with existing healthcare systems such as electronic health records (EHR). Participants also highlighted the importance of intuitive design, ease of navigation, secure data handling, and the ability to customize the dashboard according to user preferences. This study identifies key features and functionalities and provides a user-centered framework for designing a real-time medication adherence dashboard tailored to the needs of patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers. Future work will focus on developing a fully functional dashboard, integrating it into clinical practice, and evaluating its effectiveness in improving medication adherence.
... Consenting HCPs were invited to participate in telephone focus groups (four to six HCPs per group) [29] or, if they were unable to attend due to scheduling conflicts, to participate in a 1:1 telephone interview. Participating HCPs were emailed the warning signs intervention logic model [11], which was synthesized from the empirical literature and our prior research [11,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36], and described the intervention's goals, activities, mode of delivery, dose, anticipated benefits, and the human and material resources required to provide it. ...
Introduction
Prior research has identified that older rural patients and their families view preparation for detecting and responding to worsening health after a hospital stay as their most pressing unmet need, and perceive an evidence-based warning signs intervention that prepares them to do so as highly likely to meet this need. Yet, little is known about healthcare professionals’ perspectives about potential barriers and facilitators to implementing warning signs interventions, especially in rural communities.
Aim
This study aimed to identify potential barriers and facilitators to healthcare professionals’ provision of a warning signs intervention in rural communities.
Materials and methods
In this qualitative descriptive study, we examined healthcare professionals’ perspectives on potential barriers and facilitators to providing a warning signs intervention. A purposive, criterion-based sample of healthcare professionals, stratified by professional designation (three strata – nurses, physicians, and allied healthcare professionals) who provide health care to rural dwellers in Ontario, Canada participated in semi-structured telephone focus-group discussions or 1:1 interviews on barriers and facilitators to delivering the intervention. Data were analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis.
Results
Twenty-seven healthcare professionals participated in focus groups and 15 in 1:1 interviews for a total of 42 healthcare professionals. Analysis by healthcare professional stratum revealed nine categories of barriers and facilitators: material resources; human resources; healthcare professional communication; healthcare professional knowledge and skill; healthcare professional buy-in; context of rural practice; patient- and family-specific characteristics; risks and liabilities; and timing of intervention delivery. Seven of these categories converged across healthcare professional strata. However, the reasons why different healthcare professional strata perceived the categories as important, and the ways in which they saw them functioning as barriers and facilitators, varied. Our findings shed light on barriers and facilitators that should be considered to ensure successful implementation of the intervention in rural communities.
Discussion
This study adds to the limited research on rural healthcare professionals’ perspectives on barriers and facilitators to delivering a warning signs intervention.
... Sử dụng bộ câu hỏi hướng dẫn thảo luận nhóm bán cấu trúc, gồm 16 câu hỏi mở, xây dựng dựa trên Hướng dẫn điều trị bệnh ĐTĐ típ 2 của Bộ Y tế (2020) và khung phát triển phỏng vấn định tính của Krueger RA và cộng sự 9, 10 . Nội dung câu hỏi tập trung vào nhận thức về bệnh, thực hành TCS (chế độ ăn, dùng thuốc, đo đường huyết...), vai trò của gia đình, cộng đồng và các rào cản hoặc nhu cầu chưa được đáp ứng. ...
Mục tiêu: Mô tả thực trạng tự chăm sóc và phân tích các yếu tố ảnh hưởng, nhu cầu nâng cao năng lực tự chăm sóc của người bệnh đái tháo đường típ 2 tại cộng đồng tỉnh Nam Định. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu định tính trên 120 người (82 người bệnh và 38 người chăm sóc), thu thập dữ liệu từ tháng 6-12/2024 bằng thảo luận nhóm tập trung, sử dụng bộ câu hỏi bán cấu trúc gồm 16 câu. Dữ liệu được phân tích theo chủ đề, hỗ trợ bởi phần mềm NVivo 14. Kết quả: Người bệnh gặp nhiều khó khăn trong tự chăm sóc, đặc biệt là kiểm tra đường huyết, chế độ ăn, tuân thủ điều trị và tập thể dục. Các yếu tố cản trở gồm thiếu kiến thức, kinh tế hạn chế, thói quen sinh hoạt và mức độ hỗ trợ từ gia đình. Cả người bệnh và người chăm sóc đều có nhu cầu cao với các chương trình giáo dục sức khỏe, hỗ trợ tinh thần, hướng dẫn luyện tập và nhóm chia sẻ cộng đồng. Kết luận: Cần thiết triển khai các chương trình can thiệp toàn diện tại tuyến y tế cơ sở, lồng ghép đào tạo kiến thức, hỗ trợ thực hành và tăng cường kết nối cộng đồng, nhằm nâng cao năng lực tự chăm sóc, quản lý bệnh hiệu quả, cải thiện chất lượng sống cho người bệnh đái tháo đường típ 2.
... The FGs were organized differently according to age groups, a common practice sustained in the previous literature [18], to reflect differences in behaviors and perspectives derived from age, including perceptions of time and distance and modal preferences [19]. The age ranges were chosen to capture distinct life stages that typically correspond to different mobility needs and behaviors. ...
Medium-sized cities face unique challenges in fostering sustainable mobility due to their socio-spatial characteristics, including recent decentralized services and urban sprawl. This study examines user-centric factors influencing mobility behaviors in Caceres, Spain, through qualitative focus group analysis with 18 participants across two age groups. By employing a co-occurrence methodology, this research identifies key relationships within four thematic areas: public transport, active mobility, innovation, and urban planning. The findings reveal persistent car dependency despite sustainable policies, driven by the following: (1) inadequate public transport coordination between urban and regional areas, poor information availability, and lack of service synchronization; (2) perceived safety concerns, insufficient infrastructure for cycling, and ineffective pedestrianization strategies; (3) limited adoption of technological solutions due to cultural barriers, preference for informal arrangements, and usability issues with transport apps; and (4) mismatches between urban form and service distribution, proximity perception, and consumer preferences reinforcing car dependency. This study underscores the need for integrated transport systems, mixed land-use planning, and improved accessibility measures to achieve equitable and sustainable mobility transitions. The conclusion includes a series of policy recommendations.
... Os grupos focais diferem dos surveys principalmente por sua dinâmica interativa. Enquanto os surveys coletam dados de forma individual e padronizada, reduzindo a influência social nas respostas (Fowler, 2014), os grupos focais tendem a ocorrer em um ambiente mais coletivo, no qual um moderador orienta a discussão sobre um tema específico, captando não apenas opiniões individuais, mas também como elas se constroem e se transformam no debate (Krueger & Casey, 2014). ...
... This study employed two focus group discussions (FGDs) to obtain deep insights into students' views of rubrics. Compared to a one-on-one interview, it creates a safer space for respondents to share their opinions and feelings (Krueger, 2014). A FGD protocol was developed by the first author and was evaluated by the other authors to ensure the credibility of the FGD questions. ...
Despite the various benefits of rubric-referenced assessment (RRA), multiple studies have revealed its potential pitfalls. Given the scarcity of research on the limitations of RRA and its solutions in the context of Malaysian postgraduates, this study explores the limitations of RRA and proposes potential strategies for improvement from the perspective of postgraduate students in Malaysia. The study adopted a case study qualitative approach and the Activity Theory as the theoretical framework. Five Malaysian postgraduate students provided their responses via two focus group discussions. The participants highlighted that rubrics may stifle creative self-expression, cause inconsistency in scoring, cause confusion among students, and be limited in catering to various learner needs. To address these issues, the participants recommended that the instructor allocate time for students to understand the rubric and engage in discussion about its content. They also proposed flexibility in rubrics to accommodate revisions based on student feedback and implementing scoring calibration sessions or training to maintain scoring consistency. Other suggestions comprised prioritising inclusive assessments, tailoring rubrics for different learner profiles, including specific numerical indicators in rubric descriptions, using a holistic rubric, and providing feedback to students according to the rubric.
... Focus group preparation and delivery was steered by Krueger and Casey (2014) practical guidance. The focus groups took no more than 70 minutes, including the introduction and follow-up process, and were conducted in private spaces within schools (i.e. ...
While work on the relationship between social media use and adolescent mental health has allowed for some progress, research in this area is still relatively new and shows mixed evidence. This is partly the consequence of a rapidly changing field, resulting in conceptualisation and measurement issues that hinder progress. Given the need for robust conceptualisation, the present study included five focus groups with 26 adolescents aged 11-15 in Northwest England, to understand their experiences, motivations, and perceptions of social media use, relating to mental health and wellbeing. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the transcripts. We developed five themes and 10 sub-themes. Young people discussed being present and connected on social media (theme A); identity formation and self-presentation (theme B); enjoyment and managing moods (theme C); exposure to risky content and relationships (theme D); and self-control (theme E). Across these themes three direct mental health and wellbeing outcomes were identified: social aspects, anxiety and self-esteem, plus two less clearly defined experiences around coping and self-control. Our findings also demonstrate the heterogeneity and multidimensionality of social media experience, and point to some possibly differences across age and gender. Overall, this study has contributed to our understanding of the salient dimensions and language to inform the development of an adolescent social media experience measure related to mental health.
... Furthermore, unlike in personal interviews, participants can speak freely and ponder out loud, discuss opposing points of view with the group, and change their minds as the discussion progresses, just like in casual social settings (Krueger & Casey, 2014). Focus group interviews provide more in-depth information than individual interviews because of participant interaction (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2011). ...
The study aimed to analyze ELT students’ reflections on reading and writing course at preparatory class. Case study design and convenient sampling technique were used. 15 ELT students participated in the focus group interviews voluntarily in which semi-structured interview form was used. The data were analyzed using content analysis. The students’ reflections were grouped into four themes as objectives and outcomes, content and materials, learning experiences and evaluation process. The findings of the study indicated that the outcomes of the instruction in preparatory class mostly met the students’ expectations and the objectives of the course were reached. The majority of them were satisfied with the content. Each student had unique learning experiences. The students expressed their satisfaction with the classroom atmosphere. They were also satisfied with the evaluation process. The research findings were discussed in the light of the literature, and recommendations were made for curriculum/syllabus designers, instructors and researchers.
... Focus groups were selected as the method of data collection because they promote increased selfdisclosure (as opposed to one-to-one interviews) by bringing participants with similar characteristics (e.g. women with a diagnosis of endometriosis) together in a safe and respectful space to share their views and experiences (14). ...
Background Endometriosis is a complex, chronic inflammatory condition affecting women and persons assigned female at birth and often characterised by symptoms including chronic pain (pelvic and other pain), fatigue, painful urination and bowel movements, and painful sex along with other comorbidities. Women with endometriosis are frequently dissatisfied with available medical treatments and management. Such dissatisfaction means women with endometriosis are often high users of health care, and use a wide variety of health disciplines, including high use of out-of-pocket and traditional, complementary and integrative health (TCIH) therapies that may be outside of biomedicine. The purpose of this study is to identify people with endometriosis who engage with healthcare providers outside formal biomedical pathways to explore their experiences of the healthcare types they access, have accessed, and their healthcare needs. Methods Qualitative methods were used where focus groups were conducted during 2021, with Australian participants > 18 years diagnosed with endometriosis. Participants were recruited via the Australian endometriosis advocacy organisation QENDO, via social media support groups for endometriosis and via social media pages of clinicians with a clinical focus on endometriosis. The focus groups explored three topics: (i) Healthcare needs and experiences, (ii) experiences with naturopathic medicine, and (iii) healthcare within a group setting. This paper is reporting the results of the first topic (healthcare needs and experiences). Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Two focus groups were conducted with a total of 11 participants. Three primary themes were developed from the dataset: Feeling unheard, neglected and disempowered, receiving poorly coordinated and informed care , and experiencing financial vulnerability due to health system failure. Conclusions The findings of this study reveal that women are consulting with TCIH providers after lengthy, financially burdensome and often harmful “trial-and-error” processes within the medical system. It also reveals the costs of endometriosis health care to be unfeasible, and that healthcare providers across the board (medical, TCIH and allied health alike) require up to date education and information on endometriosis. Improvement at a health systems level is needed including the development of clear referral pathways and inclusion of TCIH healthcare types in allied health plans.
... Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) were employed as the primary data collection method in this study. This method allowed us to gather insights from multiple participants simultaneously and provided the platform to generate a collective understanding of the studied topic through group dynamics [38][39][40]. Due to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions during the data collection period, the FGDs were conducted by the first author in a video-enabled online environment. Each FGD session for this study lasted between 90 and 120 min, with each participant involved in only one session. ...
Purpose
Indonesia's national health system recognizes the interconnectedness of Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), erectile dysfunction (ED), and cardiovascular consequences; thus, it incorporates ED screening as a recommended practice within its national guidelines for T2DM management. However, a notable gap persists concerning the interpretation and application of the guidelines by healthcare professionals (HCPs) within public primary care settings. This study explored the HCPs’ awareness of the Indonesia’s national guidelines for T2DM management and its influence on their care provision for men with T2DM, particularly those at risk of developing ED.
Participants and method
This qualitative study was influenced by Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory approach, focusing on selectively engaging non-communicable disease management teams from primary care centers in Surabaya, comprising general practitioners, nurses, and nutritionists. The data collection took place during the COVID-19 pandemic through online focus group discussions (FGDs) and was analyzed through open coding, focused coding, and category formation processes.
Findings
Nineteen HCPs participated in four FGDs. The category “Engaging with T2DM guidelines” emerged, encompassing HCPs’ understanding, adherence, and clinical implication of the recommended T2DM guidelines. A significant barrier identified was the HCPs’ lack of familiarity with the national T2DM management guidelines, primarily due to their release during the COVID-19 pandemic. This hindered their ability to identify ED in patients. Additional challenges, such as demanding daily workloads, unequal distributions of healthcare personnel, and variations in qualifications, further restricted their capacity to stay updated with guidelines and recommended practices.
Conclusion
This study identifies a notable lack of awareness among the HCPs regarding the current national guidelines for T2DM management, potentially resulting in inadequate support for addressing the specific needs of men affected by T2DM. Future studies should explore how enhancing HCPs’ skills and knowledge can be effectively translated into the practical implementation of ED screening within T2DM management. Such insights could contribute to optimizing care delivery within Indonesia’s evolving healthcare system.
... All interviews were conducted in the English language as a medium of instruction in both the nursing college and the public academic hospital under study. Communication clarification techniques, such as active listening, probing, paraphrasing, reflection, summarising, and feedback, were used throughout the interviews [18]. Such techniques assisted the researcher in obtaining meaning as understood and expressed by the participants, thus eliminating misunderstanding of information. ...
Background:
Clinical learning opportunities are vital components of nursing education as they contribute to the successful clinical competency development of student nurses. They expose student nurses to varied clinical experiences and opportunities to practice actively, developing and acquiring higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) such as critical, reflective, and innovative thinking, clinical reasoning, and judgment skills. However, overcrowding in the academic hospital under study led to inadequate clinical learning opportunities for student nurses, resulting in a lack of integration of theory and practice and the development of HOTS. Collaborative learning continues to be extensively researched and supported globally as an innovative approach that nurtures and encourages students’ engagement and active participation in clinical learning activities.
Purpose:
To develop collaborative clinical learning strategies to enhance students’ clinical learning opportunities and experiences.
Methods:
A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, contextual, and strategy development framework design was used to develop collaborative clinical learning strategies.
Setting:
The study was conducted in a public academic hospital in Gauteng. The academic hospital caters to work-integrated learning (WIL) for various students from different healthcare disciplines, with a lack of evidence on coordinated and collaborative clinical placements of students.
Participants:
Nurse educators, Clinical Education and Training Unit (CETU) personnel, and operational managers are responsible for the clinical facilitation of student nurses.
Discussion:
A strategy development framework was based on the formulation of strategic objectives, the development of strategic activities, action plans, outcome indicators, and responsible persons.
Conclusion:
Strategies to enhance clinical learning opportunities through collaborative learning were developed to assist nurse educators, CETU personnel, and operational managers in enhancing clinical learning opportunities for student nurses. They would also be guided to provide student nurses with authentic clinical learning experiences to develop and gain the required skills and competencies for collaborative practices.
... The interview protocol will be developed based on a comprehensive review of existing literature and research objectives, covering topics such as AI adoption practices, ethical considerations, challenges, and strategies. Additionally, focus group discussions will be conducted to facilitate interactive exchanges and generate collective insights among participants (Krueger & Casey, 2015). Thematic analysis will be employed to analyze the qualitative data collected from interviews and focus group discussions. ...
This study investigates the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to promote ethical business practices within the evolving landscape of digital marketing in Indonesia. The research aims to elucidate the current state of AI integration, its impact on ethical considerations, and the challenges and opportunities it presents. The study adopts a qualitative approach, employing semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders involved in digital marketing and AI development. Sampling techniques include purposive sampling to ensure representation across industries and snowball sampling to access knowledgeable participants. Data analysis follows thematic analysis principles, identifying recurring patterns, themes, and divergences related to ethical concerns and AI implementation. Preliminary findings indicate a nuanced relationship between AI adoption and ethical dilemmas, with emerging strategies to balance innovation with ethical principles. This study contributes to understanding the ethical implications of AI in digital marketing and offers insights for businesses, policymakers, and scholars aiming to navigate this complex terrain responsibly.
... The first transcription was completed within 48 h of the interview, and the two researchers cross-checked the accuracy of the transcription. The semi-structured questions were divided into the following types presented by Krueger [29]: opening, introduction, transition, core, and closing. ...
Background
Clinical Ethics Support Services (CESS) improve health-care quality by systematically identifying and resolving ethical issues. CESS providers should be trained to understand patients’ difficulties with existential issues and advocate on their behalf. This study evaluates the effectiveness of educational programs to enhance the competencies to solve ethical issues in clinical practice for CESS providers related to life-sustaining-treatment, based on Jonsen et al.’s “the four topics approach.”
Methods
This is an explanatory sequential mixed-method study conducted in quantitative and qualitative phases. Participants included 52 life-sustaining medical workers at general hospitals. The participants were categorized into 24 experimental and 28 control groups, including nurses, social workers, and legal administrations. The program encompassed bioethics, end-of-life care, critical thinking, decision-making training through clinical ethics cases, role-playing, communication skills, and discussions. In the quantitative phase, a quasi-experimental study design with pre-test, intervention, and post-test was used. The program for experimental group was provided through 8 sessions spread across 4 weeks. The participants’ experiences were explored through semi-structured interviews in the qualitative phase.
Results
After the education, the experimental and control groups differed significantly in critical thinking disposition, and hospice and palliative care knowledge. Participants acknowledged that critical thinking education improved their ability to analyze and evaluate clinical ethical dilemmas.
Discussion
The case-based, role-playing intervention effectively enhanced participants’ communication and critical thinking skills concerning life-sustaining treatments. Participants highlighted the importance of ongoing education and professional development to maintain core knowledge and skills, aiming to enhance the quality of care for patients, families, and colleagues.
Trial registration
This study was retrospectively registered as a code (No: KCT0009687) in the Korean Clinical Trial Service on August 9, 2024.URL:https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do?seq=27805&status=5&seq_group=27805&search_page=M.
In the face of a growing plastic pollution problem, global efforts are being directed toward more sustainable solutions in the packaging sector in accordance with circular economy principles. To find more sustainable alternatives, businesses are exploring innovative types of materials and packaging such as bio-based, biodegradable, and compostable plastics. Although the development of compostable packaging applications is desirable for sustainability reasons, there is uncertainty in determining the growth trajectory of this packaging sector. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possible pathways shaped by national policy leading to the compostable packaging market expansion under uncertain conditions, in order to show enterprises and policy makers the importance of involvement in the national circular system to meet the climate policy targets. This study employed a qualitative scenario technique based on the Global Business Network planning approach and focus group interviews conducted among representatives of the Polish bio-based biodegradable packaging market to gather and assess data for describing possible future pathways. This is one of the first studies to use qualitative scenario methods to analyze the possible scenarios for the market growth of compostable packaging and to define transition pathways in relation to national policy and economic conditions. The results of this study reveal that national policy has a decisive role in the development of the compostable packaging market and the closure of its life cycle in line with the circular economy principles. It drives positive and far-reaching changes when it uses a systemic approach and considers all elements necessary for circularity.
There is a relationship between women, migration, religion and education, which is one of the major drivers of rural-to-urban migration, especially among young women who migrate to Agogo College of Education for reasons including the pursuit of education. The study employed a qualitative research methodology to explore the interconnection between women, migration, religion, and education. In-depth interviews with various stakeholders were conducted to investigate the role of Agogo Presbyterian Women’s College in women’s empowerment through education. Also, focus group discussions were held with current students to explore their experiences at the college and their aspirations for the future. Further, archival materials at the college were consulted to provide the historical context for understanding the evolution of Agogo Presbyterian Women’s College, particularly in terms of its enrollment trends and mission activities. The findings are that the Presbyterian Church in Ghana founded the Agogo Presbyterian Women’s College of Education to develop women’s education in the Ashanti Region and beyond. The College has created the opportunity for female migration from rural and urban areas with promising destinations for growth in academic, spiritual, and personal development. Again, the College has transformed and combined the pursuit of Christian principles and service to help shape generations of women who have become leaders in education and social change agents to greatly impact their communities. This case study has contributed to scholarship on women’s migration, education and religion. Keywords: Women, Migration, Religion, Education, Agogo Presbyterian College of Education
Background/Aims
Staff wellbeing within inpatient psychiatric wards is paramount for staff retention and quality of care. However, staff burnout is reported to be common in the NHS, resulting in multiple negative repercussions. The aim of this study was to examine current practice and measure staff burnout in an inpatient psychiatric ward and the factors that contributed to staff wellbeing.
Methods
Data were collected from 10 staff members who worked on the ward through a questionnaire and from five staff members through individual interviews between June and August 2021. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis was used to analyse the interviews.
Results
Staff reported different experiences of burnout that affected their wellbeing. Two main themes were identified from the qualitative data: the environment and access to resources. Eight sub-themes were also identified. The environment theme had three sub-themes: staff, patients and the physical environment. The access to resources themes had five sub-themes: personal resources, the Trust wellbeing initiatives, staffing, level of control and access to practical support.
Conclusions
Personal burnout scores had the highest median, while work-related burnout scores had the greatest range. Factors impacting staff wellbeing and burnout included staffing, patient presentations, physical environment, work-life balance, sense of autonomy and practical factors.
Implications for practice
Findings from this study could facilitate employers' understanding of factors associated with burnout. Furthermore, the service recommendations discussed may be implemented locally and systemically to improve staff wellbeing.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi penerapan pendekatan Appreciative Inquiry (AI) dalam meningkatkan pelayanan sepenuh hati pada karyawan Gereja Katolik Santa Perawan Maria di Fatima Sragen. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, penelitian ini mengumpulkan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan AI mampu mendorong karyawan untuk lebih berfokus pada kekuatan dan potensi yang ada, sehingga meningkatkan komitmen dan kepuasan mereka dalam memberikan pelayanan. Dalam kesimpulannya, pendekatan ini tidak hanya meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan, tetapi juga memperkuat hubungan antar karyawan dan jemaat, yang pada akhirnya berkontribusi pada pengembangan komunitas gereja yang lebih harmonis.
نظرا لأن الذكاء الاصطناعي أصبح مدمجا بشكل متزايد في جوانب مختلفة من حياتنا ، بما في ذلك المجال التعليمي ، فمن المهم تطبيق المبادئ الأخلاقية لتوجيه تطوير ونشر أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي. يهدف هذا النهج الموجه أخلاقيا إلى التخفيف من الأضرار المحتملة أو النتائج التمييزية الناتجة عن خوارزميات الذكاء الاصطناعي. نتيجة لذلك ، ظهرت العديد من اللوائح والمبادئ الأخلاقية التوجيهية لأخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي على مستوى المؤسسات والمستوى الوطني . ومع ذلك ، فقد أولت الأدبيات اهتماما ضئيلا نسبيا للاعتبارات الأخلاقية المحددة في مجال الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم . تمثل أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم تقاطعا معقدا ، مما يستلزم الجمع بين أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي العامة وأخلاقيات تكنولوجيا التعليم. يهدف هذا المقال إلى إيجاد المكونات الرئيسية لإطار أخلاقي لأصحاب المصلحة التربويين والتي يمكن استخدامها لتحديد القضايا الأخلاقية في نظام الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم . في هذه الورقة ، نحدد المنهجية المستخدمة في هذا المقال لإنشاء إطار أخلاقي للذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم . ونظرت مراجعة الأدبيات المنهجية أولا في أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي وأخلاقيات التعليم وأخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم لتوحيد القيم الأخلاقية والمعايير الأخلاقية لأخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم . بناء على هذه المعرفة من الأدبيات ، تم جمع معايير أخلاقية إضافية من خلال التشاور مع أصحاب المصلحة. تم بعد ذلك تصنيف هذه المعايير الأخلاقية من قبل الخبراء واستخدامها لتشكيل إطار أخلاقي.
The study investigates the impact of engaging creative comics and cartoons in social studies courses on the students’ academic achievement and identifies the students’ views in this regard. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the embedded design—one of the mixed methods research designs—was employed. The study sample consisted of 91 students in three different classrooms studying in the 5th grade of a secondary school affiliated with the Directorate of National Education in Erzurum, Türkiye, in the 2022/23 academic year. The academic achievement test developed by the researcher was used to reveal the impact of materials consisting of creative comics and cartoons on students’ academic achievement. In addition to that, a focus group interview was conducted with the students in the experimental groups to reveal their views about the use of creative comics and cartoons. The quantitative data were analysed with SPSS 26.0 software, whereas the qualitative data were analysed with content analysis. The results of the study showed a statistical significance in favour of the experimental groups with respect to the average scores in the post-test, while there was no such statistical significance between the experimental groups in which either creative comics or cartoons were used. All the other data considered together suggested that the students who participated in the focus group interview liked the given materials and expressed positive views.
Background
Pain is a common symptom in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) that often is associated with plexiform neurofibroma (pNF) tumors. To date, no patient-reported outcome measures have been validated specifically to assess pNF-related pain intensity or pain interference in this population. Such measures are sorely needed since pain is being considered as an outcome in clinical trials targeting reduction of pNF. The study aims were to: (1) obtain qualitative information from individuals with NF1 and pNFs about their pain and its measurement and (2) modify existing scales to assess pNF-related pain intensity and pain interference for NF1 clinical trials.
Methods
For this multi-site, qualitative study, 56 individuals (26 children, 6–16 years; 30 adults, 18–68 years) with NF1 and pNF participated in a focus group and/or individual interview about pain intensity and pain interference (concept elicitation) and also provided feedback about existing pain measures (Numeric Rating Scale-11 and Pain Interference Index) assessing these domains (cognitive debriefing). Four additional waves of cognitive debriefing interviews further refined the measures. Qualitative concept elicitation data from transcripts were coded, analyzed using NVivo software, and thematic analysis was conducted using both deductive and inductive techniques. Additional themes and systematic problems and suggestions regarding the measures were gleaned from reviewing the field notes and interview transcriptions generated by the cognitive debriefing sessions.
Results
Concept elicitation themes included descriptions of two types of pNF-related pain (chronic and episodic), variability of pain over time, varying ability to recall pain, lack of knowledge of pNFs, and the ways pain interferes with daily activities. Cognitive debriefing themes included information on how to rate pNF-related pain intensity apart from other pain; problems and suggestions regarding the measures included difficulty comprehending some items and preferences for alternative wording and formatting. Based on these qualitative results, the measures’ instructions, items, and formatting were modified to create the PAin INtensity Scale for plexiform neurofibromas (PAINS-pNF) and the Pain Interference Index for plexiform neurofibromas (PII-pNF) for administration on a mobile app or web-based platform.
Conclusions
The PAINS-pNF and PII-pNF are promising self-report measures developed using patient engagement to evaluate tumor pain intensity and pain interference in NF1 clinical trials. The second phase of the study to provide reliability, validity, and normative data for individuals with NF1 and pNFs ages 8 years and older is underway.
The exposé outlined two research projects: After (us) the flood / Behind the flood: Links of flood-inducing precipitation with the climate crisis in media coverage and its impact on support for climate protection measures – A case study in Lower Austria, 2024, and Bridge between alarmism and positive visions: The potential of combining disruptive and positive climate communication.
- submitted February 2025, accepted March 2025.
This study aims to explore the application of Agile methodologies in the planning and development of a back-office application tailored for PT. SMRTA AMERTA ADIWARNA's Sukhakala photobooth operations. By addressing the company's challenges in operational efficiency, data accuracy, and real-time decision-making, this research outlines a strategic approach that integrates user-centered design principles with iterative development processes. The proposed back-office application is expected to enhance internal operations, improve financial management, and support strategic growth, ultimately contributing to the company's long-term success in a competitive market.
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