Article

Moisturizing Effects of Diglycerol Combined with Glycerol on Human Stratum Corneum

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Abstract

The water content of the stratum corneum was measured to investigate the skin-moisturizing property of diglycerol in water and in a lotion. The water content of the stratum corneum, to which the diglycerol solution was applied, was lower than that of the glycerol solution for 8 h. However, skin treated with diglycerol in combination with glycerol solution maintained a higher capacitance level compared with that of glycerol solution alone after 8 h. Moreover, the long-term moisturizing effect of the stratum corneum prominently appeared when diglycerol was formulated to the lotion containing glycerol and 1,3-butylene glycol. These studies suggest that diglycerol in combination with glycerol has a long-term moisturizing effect on human skin.

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... However, glycerol is susceptible to environmental humidity, in dry conditions, because its excellent hygroscopic properties damaged human skin by absorbing moisture from the skin. Therefore, glycerol is used in combination with a variety of moisturizing ingredients, which is conducive to the advantages complementation of each moisturizing ingredient and the development of long-term moisturizing products (Tomiie et al., 2016). As found in Fig. 3A, at 43 % RH, the moisturizing ability of all ATKP continued to decline; whereas the combination of 4.2 % glycerol and 0.8 % ATKP showed the best moisturizing. ...
... A high moisture level will decrease the stability of the product. Since glycerol is hygroscopic, its presence in the final freeze-dried product likely results in a high moisture content [24] . In addition, improper procedures of lyophilization may make the moisture in the product difficult to sublimate. ...
Article
Objectives A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019, causing an outbreak of pneumonia [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] globally. Although the use of ready-made reaction mixes can enable more rapid PCR-based diagnosis of COVID-19, the need to transport and store these mixes at low temperatures presents challenges to already overburdened logistics networks. Methods Here, we present an optimized freeze-drying procedure that allows SARS-CoV-2 PCR mixes to be transported and stored at ambient temperatures, without loss of activity. Additive-supplemented PCR mixes were freeze-dried. The residual moisture of the freeze-dried PCR mixes was measured by Karl-Fischer titration. Results We found that freeze-dried PCR mixes with ∼1.2% residual moisture are optimal for storage, transport, and reconstitution. The sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of the freeze-dried reagents were similar to those of freshly prepared, wet reagents. The freeze-dried mixes retained activity at room temperature (18∼25℃) for 28 days, and for 14 and 10 days when stored at 37℃ and 56℃, respectively. Conclusion The uptake of this approach will ease logistical challenges faced by transport networks and make more cold storage space available at diagnosis and hospital laboratories.
... However, these constituents are not the only endogenous hygroscopic factors involved in epidermal water uptake. Glycerol, long used as a cosmetic ingredient, also plays an important physiological role in Stratum corneum hydration [17]. Naturally present in the epidermis and Stratum corneum, glycerol can come from the metabolism of fat in sebaceous glands and from the conversion of phospholipids to free fatty acids (FFA), as well as from the general circulation. ...
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Marine resources exist in vast numbers and show enormous diversity. As a result, there are likely many possible applications for marine molecules of interest in the cosmetic industry, whether as excipients or additives, but especially as active substances. It is possible to obtain extracts from active substances; for example, quite a few algae species can be used in moisturizing or anti-ageing products. In the field of topical photoprotection, mycosporine-like amino acids and gadusol are important lines of enquiry that should not be overlooked. In the field of additives, the demonstration that certain seaweed (algae) extracts have antimicrobial properties suggests that they could provide alternatives to currently authorized preservatives. These promising leads must be explored, but it should be kept in mind that it is a long process to bring ingredients to market that are both effective and safe to use.
... A high moisture level will decrease the stability of the product. Since glycerol is hygroscopic, its presence in the final freeze-dried product likely results in a high moisture content [24]. In addition, improper procedures of lyophilization may make the moisture in the product difficult to sublimate. ...
Preprint
A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019, causing an outbreak of pneumonia [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] in Wuhan, China, which then rapidly spread globally. Although the use of ready-made reaction mixes can enable more rapid PCR-based diagnosis of COVID-19, the need to transport and store these mixes at low temperatures presents challenges to already overburdened logistics networks. Here, we present an optimized freeze-drying procedure that allows SARS-CoV-2 PCR mixes to be transported and stored at ambient temperatures, without loss of activity. Additive-supplemented PCR mixes were freeze-dried. The residual moisture of the freeze-dried PCR mixes was measured by Karl-Fischer titration. We found that freeze-dried PCR mixes with ~1.2% residual moisture are optimal for storage, transport, and reconstitution. The sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of the freeze-dried reagents were similar to those of freshly prepared, wet reagents. The freeze-dried mixes retained activity at room temperature (18~25℃) for 28 days, and for 14 and 10 days when stored at 37℃ and 56℃, respectively. The uptake of this approach will ease logistical challenges faced by transport networks and make more cold storage space available at diagnosis and hospital laboratories. This method can also be applied to the generation of freeze-dried PCR mixes for the detection of other pathogens.
Preprint
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Patchouli ( Pogostemon cablin Benth), is a herbaceous plant belongs to the Lamiaceae family characterized by its distinctive fragrance. The primary objective of its cultivation is the extraction of essential oil, which is widely utilized in various sectors, including cosmetics, perfumery, food and beverage production and pharmaceuticals. It is also a shade loving crop and suitable for intercropping in plantation crops especially coffee, tea, rubber and oil palm. The present study was conducted to screening out of the bioactive compounds and their pharmaceutical value in the essential oil of P. cablin grown under both rubber plantations and sole crop via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results revealed that, steroids, terpenes, aromatic compounds and esters were found. In addition, several novel bioactive compounds with high pharmaceutical value are also found. These compounds which provides a way for the preparation of novel health care medicines to treat various health related problems. Hence, patchouli is recommended as the most suitable intercrop under rubber plantation.
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Glycerol is widely used as a moisturizer in personal care products. However, there are few reports on the moisturizing mechanism and moisturizing effect of combining glycerol with other moisturizers. In general, moisturizers function on binding with moisture in the stratum corneum. Therefore, it is thought that the moisturizing effect also changes depending on the combination of moisturizers. In this study, we evaluated the moisturizing effect of moisturizers combined with glycerol in vivo. In this study, we selected natural moisturizing factors (NMF) such as urea, sodium lactate and sodium pyrrolidonecarboxylate as moisturizers to combine with glycerol. The moisturizing effect was evaluated by measuring the increased amount of stratum corneum water content when the moisturizer aqueous solution acted on the skin by the capacitance method. As a result, it was found that the moisturizing effect is synergistically improved by using glycerol in urea, which is one of the NMFs.
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Non-invasive methods to evaluate skin hydration by measuring electrical properties are widely used in the cosmetic industry. However, there is still some controversy about factors that affect measurement. For example, concerns have often been expressed about the possible confounding effect of salts, either in the formulation or on the skin. Ionized salts on the skin may increase electrical conductivity and may lead to changes in electrical properties that are not related to increased water content. We have performed a systematic study of the effects of salt, i.e., sodium chloride, and glycerin on the electrical properties of skin as measured by the three most commonly used instruments, the Nova DPM 9003, the Corneometer CM 825, and the Skicon 200. Formulations containing salt from 0-3% and glycerin from 0-10% were tested for their effects at one and two hours after a single application. Salt lowered the readings in the absence of glycerin and increased the reading in the presence of glycerin. For all three instruments, there was a linear correlation between the measurement and the glycerin level in the presence or absence of salt.
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健常な人にとっての一般的な皮膚の悩みとして, 皮膚表面に生じる落屑の発生があげられる。冬季の肌荒れによくみられる現象である。形態学的, 生化学的な検討により肌荒れの現象面については解明されてきたが, 落屑の発生メカニズムはまだ明らかでない。本研究では角層の接着, 剥離のメカニズムを明らかにし, どのような因子が影響しているのか, またどのようなスキンケアが有効かを検討した。角層中には2種類のセリン酵素が存在し, それぞれトリプシン様 (30kDa), キモトリプシン様酵素 (25kDa) であることがわかった。遺伝子解析によりキモトリプシン様酵素はすでに報告されている角層中のキモトリプシン様酵素 (SCCE) と一致した。トリプシン様酵素はIV型トリプシノーゲンと新奇なトリプシノーゲンであることがわかった。角層シートは緩衝液中で単一細胞にまで分散するが, 分散した角層からはデスモソームは検出されなかった。逆に熱処理した角層やセリン酵素阻害剤を添加した場合はデスモソームは分解されず, 分散も起こらなかった。ロイペプシンあるいはキモスタチンの単独では抑制効果はアプロチニンの半分でしかなかった。しかし, ロイペプシンとキモスタチンを混合した場合はアプロチニンと同程度の抑制効果がみられた。この結果からデスモソームが角層細胞の接着に大きな役割をはたしており, このデスモソームを2種類のセリン酵素 (トリプシン様, キモトリプシン様) が分解することにより角層細胞が剥離することが明らかになった。加齢によりトリプシン様酵素の活性が低下することが明らかになり, 加齢による角層の肥厚に酵素活性の低下が関与していることが示された。酵素によるデスモソームの分解は角層中の水分に影響されることが明らかになった。冬季の乾燥により角層中の水分が減少しデスモソームの正常な分解が妨げられた結果, 落屑が生じると考えられた。この研究により角層の剥離過程に二つの因子が関係することがわかった。一つは角層中の水分量である。酵素自体は正常であっても角層中の水分量が減少することにより酵素の働きが妨げられる。この場合は保湿剤が有効であった。もう一つは酵素活性そのものの低下であった。この場合にはデスモソームの分解を促進する薬剤が必要であった。ジカルボン酸類がデスモソームの分解を促進しその種の薬剤としての可能性が示唆された。
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2005 in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, July 31--August 4, 2005.
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Preparations containing the humectant glycerol were applied topically to the skin of young adults, and the physical effects of glycerol on the stratum comeurn were examined using instrumental techniques. Reductions in transepidermal water loss and electrical impedance, smoothing of the skin surface profile, and an increase in the coefficient of friction were found to accompany an improvement in the expertly assessed condition of the skin. Such changes, found to last for periods in excess of eight hours, were similar to those observed transiently after the topical application of distilled water.
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In dermatology and cosmetics, moisturizers are used to soften skin. The objectives of this study were to compare the influence of three different moisturizers on skin hydration and skin mechanics by various non-invasive test methods and to determine the relationship between the methods used. In 27 test subjects, four test areas in each were treated over 3 days, three times a day. An oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion was applied without moisturizer, the same with 10% glycerol, with 10% urea, or with 10% propylene glycol, respectively. Three hours after the last treatment results were measured by using the following instruments: Corneometer CM 820, Skicon 200, Frictionmeter, and Cutometer. In all procedures a significant effect, in the sense of an increase in the data recorded, could be demonstrated by glycerol-treatment. During Corneometer, Frictionmeter, and Cutometer measurements, an additional unidirectional effect caused by the basic emulsion was seen. With all test methods, the influence of urea and propylene glycol was not significant compared to the basic emulsion. For all pretreatments there was a correlation between Corneometer data and Skicon data. Because of the low correlation coefficients between hydration parameters and mechanical parameters, it is to be assumed that other effects of glycerol- and basic-emulsion-treatment-independent from the hydration effect – have an additional influence on the data obtained by using the Frictionmeter and the Cutometer. This indicates that the clinical effect of emulsions should not be evaluated exclusively on the basis of electrical measurements of hydration.
Article
Synopsis Topically applied water, occlusion and topically applied glycerol were used to investigate and characterize some of the changes which occur in the hydrated stratum corneum. The effects of these treatments were monitored using non‐invasive techniques under controlled conditions. The Servomed Evaporimeter was used to determine natural water flux from the skin surface before and after treatment. The performance of the Evaporimeter in this type of study had previously been improved by attaching a paper baffle to the detector. This eliminated the variance in output caused by atmospheric movement. Experiments were carried out at temperatures below the threshold of thermal sweating and emotional sweating was minimized. Skin surface topography was characterized by means of a new type of profilometer. The instrument's design allowed a diamond stylus to traverse the living skin surface without significantly altering its structure. Changes in skin surface roughness were further elucidated using scanning electron microscopy and macrophotography. In vivo penetration of glycerol was assessed by chemical analysis of stratum corneum layers of treated skin. Samples were obtained by sequential stripping of the stratum corneum using adhesive tape. Topically applied water produced only a transient benefit because of rapid evaporation. More prolonged hydration was achieved by suppressing transepidermal water loss with polyethylene film. This occlusive hyperhydration was characterized by a significant reduction in profile roughness and by a smoother macroscopic appearance. Glycerol achieved the same effects by reducing the magnitude of the natural water flux from the skin surface and by reducing the rate of evaporation of water from applied aqueous glycerol solution or cosmetic product. Both effects were seen as the result of lowered water activity in the proximity of glycerol. Smoothing effects of glycerol on the skin surface, and improved appearance, persisted for at least 24 h. This persistence was explained by evidence for diffusion of glycerol into the stratum corneum where it formed a reservoir. Hydration of the skin is known to affect its barrier function and thereby exert a profound effect on penetration of both lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules. Clinically, this effect may be achieved using liberal applications of occlusive petroleum jelly and ointments. The results presented in this paper suggest that the use of humectants could achieve useful hydration using cosmetically acceptable materials.
Article
Moisturizers and emollients do not only smooth the skin but also make it more supple. To clarify this effect, the short-term influence of tap water, paraffin oil, ethanol and glycerin on skin mechanics was studied. These substances are all common ingredients in moisturizers and emollients. Significant changes were seen already after 10 min of application. The distensibility and hysteresis (creep phenomenon) showed the most pronounced changes. Water and paraffin oil application caused significant (p < 0.03) increases after 10 min of application. The changes persisted for at least 10 min following paraffin oil application, while they disappeared sooner following water application. Application of ethanol had a negative effect on distensibility (p < 0.03). Glycerin appears to have a slow onset of action, but with the changes continuing even after application was stopped. The changes induced by glycerin appear to be similar to those induced by water and paraffin oil. The study shows that some of the most common ingredients in moisturizers and emollients are capable of inducing significant changes in the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo even after a 10-min application, suggesting that the outermost layers of the epidermis play an important role in skin mechanics.
Article
Application of water and glycerin is known to influence skin mechanics. The kinetics of these processes are of great interest. A study was performed to show the immediate changes in skin-mechanics. A Dermaflex machine (R) was used to study 23 healthy volunteers. Water or glycerin was applied to the flexorside of the forearm, and readings were made after 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 min. Regional untreated skin served as baseline. In agreement with earlier studies both substances influenced hysteresis. Water caused a significant increase in hysteresis after 12 and 15 min of hydration (P<0.01). Glycerin caused significantly increased hysteresis after 3 min (P<0.05) and the effect continued to the end of the observation period. No significant differences were seen in the distensibility. The onset of action is rapid for both substances, and the effects are therefore supposed to take place in the outermost layers of epidermis. The effect of glycerin on the hysteresis is more rapid in onset than that of water. Comparing the permeability coefficients, the effect on the mechanical properties of the skin does not appear to be determined by the permeability coefficients as water has a higher permeability coefficient but induces smaller changes than glycerin. Water alone does not appear to be the optimal plasticiser of human skin and other substances soluble in both water and lipids may have an even greater influence on skin mechanics in vivo.
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